Experiment no # 1

Introduction:
Vapour-Liquid Equilibrium (VLE) can be defined as a condition where
liquid and vapour are in equilibrium to each other. Rate of liquid evaporated to
vapour s is the same as rate of vapour condensed into liquid. It is called equilibrium
state when there is no net rate difference, this vapour-liquid interconvertions is zero.
For pure Substance, it is implies at the boiling point.
The purpose of this experiment using Vapour-Liquid Equilibrium is to construct an
equilibrium curve for methanol and water system at atmosphere pressure. The
mixture of methanol and water is fed into the evaporator. After the heater is on, the
mixture is left to boil. The evaporated vapour then rise and cooled down by the
condenser. The condensed liquid will fall back into the evaporator. This cycle
continues until it reach the equilibrium state, when the temperature become constant.
The sample of the liquid and the vapour are taken for test. By using the
Refractometer, we can determine the composition of the mixture or the Refractive
Index (RI). Refractive Index is define as the ratio of velocity of light in a vacuum to
its velocity in a specified medium. An example for the application of Vapour-Liquid
Equilibrium (VLE) in an equipment is the Distillation Column. In the equipment,
the VLE concept are used. The reboiler in the column is used to boil the necessary
mixture and the condenser is used to cool down the vapour.
Theory:
Vapor–liquid equilibrium (VLE) is a condition in which a liquid and its vapor
(gas phase) are in equilibrium with each other, a condition or state where the rate of
evaporation(liquid changing to vapor) equals the rate of condensation (vapor
changing to liquid) on a molecular level such that there is no net (overall) vapor–
liquid inter conversion. A substance at vapor–liquid equilibrium is generally referred
to as a saturated fluid. For a pure chemical substance, this implies that it is at its
boiling point. The notion of "saturated fluid" includes saturated liquid (about to
vaporize), saturated liquid–vapor mixture, and saturated vapor (about to condense).
The Vapor-Liquid Equilibrium is used to determine the equilibrium in binary phase
by vaporization and diffusion. Binary mixtures are mixtures of two component and
two phase system. These mixtures are said to be in equilibrium when their internal
properties reaches the same reading. The four internal properties are the reading of
temperature, pressure, liquid mol fractions and vapor mol fractions. According to
 phase rule, the condition of two phase system, when two intensive properties are
specified, the extensive properties may be differed. But, in equilibrium, the intensive
properties will be counted. In this experiment, we use water and methanol which
both are in pure substance and in binary mixtures. Water and methanol are ideal
mixtures so it obeys Raoult’s Law.
For Raoult’s Law being applied in this experiment, for ideal gas vapor mixture in
equilibrium idealsolution,equation becomes:
PA = XA PA0
Where:
Pa = partial pressure of component A in a solution
Pa0 =vapor pressure of pure A
Xa = mole fraction of component A in a solution
Gives the mole fraction of component A in the gas phase as
YA= XA PA0/pA
The equations is used to find XA for ideal binary mixtures at selected temperatures
between the boiling temperatures of two pure components at given pressure.
XA= P – PB /PA – PB

Phase diagram:

A diagram representing the limits of stability of the various phases

in a chemical system at equilibrium with respect to variables such as composition
and temperature . it shows the relationship of solids liquids and gaseous phases over
a range of temperature and pressures.

Dew Point:

The temperature at which drops of condensate first appear on cooling a

condensating vapours which the relative humidity of the vapour is 100% the wet
bulb and dry bulb temperature are the Same when relative humidity is less than 100%
the wet bulb is less than dry bulb temperature.
Bubble Point:

The temperature at which bubbles of vapour first appear on heating a

liquid , for single component mixtures the bubble point and the dew point are the
same for mixture the vapour will have a different composition from the liquid
together with the dew point at different composition these provide useful

VLE DATA TABLE AND DIAGRAM

Conculusion:

After plotting the vapour liquid equilibrium graphs for methanol– water mixture I
have concluded that by increasing the pressure area between dew points and bubble
ppints decreases and bubble point and dew temperature for the same mixture
increases which means that it require more energy to reach the bubble temperature
which is not economica thus better separation of the methanol water is not possible
and for better separation these should be larger are between bubbles point and dew
point curves which is possible at lower pressure

When temperature of the mixture increases formation of vapours increases so bubble

point curve is increased similarly when temperature increases pressure decreases.

When components are swaped from methanol-water to water - methanol" calculator

just position of graph is and its graph starts from boiling poll 2nd components.

VLE DATA TABLE AND DIAGRAM AFTER SWAPPING

COMPONENTS:
 Experiment no # 2
Introduction:
Vapour-Liquid Equilibrium (VLE) can be defined as a condition where
liquid and vapour are in equilibrium to each other. Rate of liquid evaporated to
vapour s is the same as rate of vapour condensed into liquid. It is called equilibrium
state when there is no net rate difference, this vapour-liquid interconvertions is zero.
For pure Substance, it is implies at the boiling point.
The purpose of this experiment using Vapour-Liquid Equilibrium is to construct an
equilibrium curve for methanol and water system at atmosphere pressure. The
mixture of methanol and water is fed into the evaporator. After the heater is on, the
mixture is left to boil. The evaporated vapour then rise and cooled down by the
condenser. The condensed liquid will fall back into the evaporator. This cycle
continues until it reach the equilibrium state, when the temperature become constant.
The sample of the liquid and the vapour are taken for test. By using the
Refractometer, we can determine the composition of the mixture or the Refractive
Index (RI). Refractive Index is define as the ratio of velocity of light in a vacuum to
its velocity in a specified medium. An example for the application of Vapour-Liquid
Equilibrium (VLE) in an equipment is the Distillation Column. In the equipment,
the VLE concept are used. The reboiler in the column is used to boil the necessary
mixture and the condenser is used to cool down the vapour.
Theory:
Vapor–liquid equilibrium (VLE) is a condition in which a liquid and its vapor (gas
phase) are in equilibrium with each other, a condition or state where the rate of
evaporation(liquid changing to vapor) equals the rate of condensation (vapor
changing to liquid) on a molecular level such that there is no net (overall) vapor–
liquid inter conversion. A substance at vapor–liquid equilibrium is generally referred
to as a saturated fluid. For a pure chemical substance, this implies that it is at its
boiling point. The notion of "saturated fluid" includes saturated liquid (about to
vaporize), saturated liquid–vapor mixture, and saturated vapor (about to condense).
The Vapor-Liquid Equilibrium is used to determine the equilibrium in binary phase
by vaporization and diffusion. Binary mixtures are mixtures of two component and
two phase system. These mixtures are said to be in equilibrium when their internal
properties reaches the same reading. The four internal properties are the reading of
temperature, pressure, liquid mol fractions and vapor mol fractions. According to
 phase rule, the condition of two phase system, when two intensive properties are
specified, the extensive properties may be differed. But, in equilibrium, the intensive
properties will be counted. In this experiment, we use which
both are in pure substance and in binary mixtures. Water and methanol are ideal
mixtures so it obeys Raoult’s Law.
For Raoult’s Law being applied in this experiment, for ideal gas vapor mixture in
equilibrium idealsolution,equation becomes:
PA = XA PA0
Where:
Pa = partial pressure of component A in a solution
Pa0 =vapor pressure of pure A
Xa = mole fraction of component A in a solution
Gives the mole fraction of component A in the gas phase as
YA= XA PA0/pA
The equations is used to find XA for ideal binary mixtures at selected temperatures
between the boiling temperatures of two pure components at given pressure.
XA= P – PB /PA – PB

Phase diagram:

A diagram representing the limits of stability of the various phases

in a chemical system at equilibrium with respect to variables such as composition
and temperature . it shows the relationship of solids liquids and gaseous phases over
a range of temperature and pressures.

Dew Point:

The temperature at which drops of condensate first appear on cooling a

condensating vapours which the relative humidity of the vapour is 100% the wet
bulb and dry bulb temperature are the Same when relative humidity is less than 100%
the wet bulb is less than dry bulb temperature.
Bubble Point:

The temperature at which bubbles of vapour first appear on heating a

liquid , for single component mixtures the bubble point and the dew point are the
same for mixture the vapour will have a different composition from the liquid
together with the dew point at different composition these provide useful .

VLE DATA TABLE AND DIAGRAM

Conculusion:

After plotting the vapour liquid equilibrium graphs for methanol– water mixture I
have concluded that by increasing the pressure area between dew points and bubble
ppints decreases and bubble point and dew temperature for the same mixture
increases which means that it require more energy to reach the bubble temperature
which is not economica thus better separation of the methanol water is not possible
and for better separation these should be larger are between bubbles point and dew
point curves which is possible at lower pressure.

When temperature of the mixture increases formation of vapours increases so bubble

point curve is increased similarly when temperature increases pressure decreases.

When components are swaped from methanol-water to water - methanol" calculator

just position of graph is and its graph starts from boiling poll 2nd components.

VLE DATA TABLE AND DIAGRAM AFTER SWAPPING

COMPONENTS: