Project Report

ON
“ RISING AND FALLING SIREN’’
Submitted in partial fulfilment of requirement for the award of

The Degree of Bachelor of Technology

In
Electronics & Communication Engineering

Electronics and Communication Department

Submitted by
KRIPALI SRIVASTAVA

Babu Banarasi Das Institute of Technology and

Management (054)
SESSION (2021-2022)
 CERTIFICATE
It is certified that the work contained in the project report titled “RISING
AND FALLING SIREN” by Kripali Srivastava (2000540310021)

Second Year students of Babu BanarasiDas Institute of Technology and

Management, Lucknow has been carried out in under our supervision and
guidance towards the fulfilment of the award of Mini Project.

Date:

HEAD OF DEPT. AND ALL FACULTY AND STAFF

(ECE Department, BBDITM, Lucknow)

i
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We feel great pleasure to acknowledge all those involved in the process of our
education and research and to remind the fine people in the Engineering
works for their sincere guidance. We have taken efforts in this project.
However, it would not have been possible without the kind support and help of
many individuals and organisations. We would like to extend our sincere
thanks to all of them. We are highly indebted to HOD Sir and all the teachers
and staff for their guidance and constant supervision and crucial contribution
as well as for providing necessary information regarding the project & also for
support in completing the project. Their understanding, encouraging and
personal guidance have provided a good basis for the project. Their
involvement with their originality have triggered and nourished our intellectual
maturity that we will benefit from, for a long time to come. We wish to express
our gratitude towards our parents, who helped us throughout our course work.
We extend our acknowledgement to our lab mates, lab staff, who are directly
or indirectly involved in carrying out the project work
Last but not the least our thanks and appreciations goes to our colleagues in
developing the project and helping us out with their abilities.

DATE: -
KRIPALI SRIVASTAVA
(2000540310021) EC-2

ii
LIST OF FIGURES

Fig 2.4.1 Symbol of NPN & PNP transistor ........................... 14

Fig 2.4.2 Symbol of transistor amplification ..........................15

Fig 2.4.3 Schematic of transistor amplification mechanism.....16

Fig 2.4.4 Resistor ..............................................................18

Fig 2.4.5 Electrolytic Capacitor ...........................................19

Fig 2.4.6 Battery Cell .........................................................20

Fig. 2.4.7. System Block ....................................................22

Fig. 2.4.8. Circuit Design and Circuit Operation ...................24

iii
 TABLE OF CONTENT
Certificate..................................................................................................... i

Acknowledgement .......................................................................................ii

LIST OF FIGURES ..................................................................................... iii

CHAPTER ONE ..............................................................................................1

1.0 Introduction .....................................................................................................................1

1.1 Background ......................................................................................................................1
1.2 Problem statement .........................................................................................3
1.3 Significance of the project ...............................................................................3
1.4. Aim and Objectives ........................................................................................4
1.4.1. General objective.........................................................................................................4
1.4.2. The specific objectives.................................................................................4
1.5 Scope of the project. ......................................................................................4

CHAPTER TWO .............................................................................................6

LITTERATURE REVIEW ................................................................................6

2.1 HISTORY ..........................................................................................................................6

2.2 DEVELOPMENT OF A SIREN ............................................................................8
2.3 Approvals or certifications ...............................................................................12
2.4 Circuit Components ........................................................................................13
2.4.1 Transistor ......................................................................................................................13
2.4.2 Resistors ..................................................................................................................... ..17
2.4.3 Capacitor........................................................................................................................19

iv
2.4.4 Battery ........................................................................................................................ 20
2.4.5 SIREN ..........................................................................................................................21

CHAPTER THREE ........................................................................................22

METHODOLOGY .........................................................................................22

3.0 Introduction .................................................................................................................. 22

3.1 System Block .................................................................................................................22
3.2 CIRCUIT DESIGN AND CIRCUIT OPERATION ..................................................24

CHAPTER FOUR ..........................................................................................27

RESULT AND DISCUSSION ........................................................................27

CHAPTER FIVE............................................................................................29

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION ....................................................29

5.1 CONCLUSION ................................................................................................................29

5.2 RECOMMENDATION ................................................................................... 29

REFERENCES ..............................................................................................30

v
 CHAPTER ONE

1.0 Introduction

This chapter provides an overview of the project by giving description

of the problem. Chapter one discusses about the background of
theproject, problem description, and aims and objective and project
limitation.

1.1 Background

Siren is a device that produces loud noise. They are the

meanscommunication. Sirens can be seen in emergency vehicles such
as police cars, ambulances and fire trucks. Generally, sirens are used
as indication or warning. There are different circuits to produce
different sirens.

The word siren first originated in Greek mythology and was also later
used to refer to mermaids. Language and literature have used the
word siren as indicative of dangerous temptations. The siren as
weunderstand today is not something dangerous, but is generally a
warning signal either to stop or proceed, based upon who has used it.
So, though the siren is in itself not dangerous, ignoring a siren,
especially a police siren, can have dangerous consequences.

1
The two basic types of sirens are pneumatic sirens and electronic
sirens. All conventional sirens were pneumatic sirens and its energy
requirements were much more compared to present day electronic
sirens. Pneumatic sirens are also known as mechanical sirens. In
electronic sirens different types of sounds are synthesized with the
combined action of sound modulators, oscillators, and amplifiers. A
siren today is mostly an electronic siren though some emergency
vehicles may be fitted with both a pneumatic siren and an electronic
siren Volume is also an issue.

A loud siren will alert people far away but too loud and you’re
potentially damaging the hearing of people not in cars or the vehicle
crew. Too quiet and it doesn’t give people enough time to react. Sirens
need to cut through the background distractions of music, speech or
road noises and get past muffling car soundproofing. Current sirens
resort to high pitched frequencies but this high frequencies are
specially prone to damping from car soundproofing.

This electronic siren circuit design explained here uses minimum

number components and yet is able to produce an ear piercing alarm
sound each time it's switched ON, although it can be use for any other
relevant application too, depending upon the user's preference.

In the automobile field this siren is also popularly know as the "Mega
Siren" due to the massive decibel level it generates.The siren circuit is
important in various alarm.

For example : the emergency alert, burglar alarm circuits, Fire alarm
circuits, Timer , sensor controls, etc. But sirens are not always heard as
unnecessary noise. Sirens are also used as musical instruments.
Robison’s first siren was described as a musical instrument. Sirens have
been used by various composers/musicians.

2
1.2 Problem statement

While some frequencies are better heard than others, warnings sounds
will generally be more resilient against environmental. Electronic siren
warning will be effective in all types of lighting and weather conditions.

1.3 Significance of the project

 To design an electronic siren device that will serve well in any

conditions.
 To design and prototype a warning mechanism, which can be
triggered when an emergency situation is detected and which will
effectively alert the individual at risk.

In particular, it must be easy to use, easy to detect, and efficient in

mobilizing the operator to take preventive action.

It is also equally as important that the design is technically and fiscally

feasible and users are willing and inclined to use this mechanism. The
success of this project could potentially save hundreds of lives and fill a
niche where no other alerting mechanism currently exists.

For the users of this system , it could offer personalized security and
peace of mind in an otherwise stressful environment.

3
1.4. Aim and Objectives

1.4.1. General objective

The aim of this project is to design an electronic siren circuit which can
be used as a warning and alerting in emergency situations in order to
make the lives of humans easier.

1.4.2. The specific objectives

 This circuit can be used in civil defense sirens to give warning at

the time of natural disasters.
 This can be used in emergency signals such as search and rescue
operations.
 It can be used as an intruder alarm.

1.5 Scope of the project

Development of clap switch for devices is a difficult task which requires

a good knowledge in electronics. As this is a complex project, special
scope of work is yet to be determined so that the main objective and
goal can be achieved.

These scopes help us to be focused and know about the project. The
major steps that will be involved in this current project are: literature
review on electronic sirens, the design of an electronic siren device will
be implemented in home/industries, emergency vehicles etc. with two
transistors to control the switching, the assembling of the different
equipment to obtain the relevant system, testing of the system.

4
These scopes require: punctuality, self-discipline, time management
and problem solving so that to obtain sufficient and good result.
This circuit is tested theoretically, to implement practically it may
require changes.

5
 CHAPTER TWO

LITTERATURE REVIEW

This chapter will discuss more about all of the information related to
the project. It discusses about the previous history and the present
work about the project. The literature review in this paper is based on
internet, journal, books, and articles.

2.1 HISTORY

Siren devices have been used to provide warning and alerting in

emergency situations for ages. Beating on various metal objects was
used in ancient times. Later bell towers were built for this purpose and
at the beginning of the 20th century mechanical rotating sirens started
to appear. These are basically formed by an electric motor with a
specially treated head that emits a sound while rotating.

Those sirens are still used in many countries. The development of

electronics, however, has also influenced this area and first electronic
sirens started to appear at the end of the 20th century. Electronic
sirens are basically high-performance electronic amplifiers just like
those in home sound systems. However, these sirens work with
substantially higher outputs and specific demands are placed on them
in terms of desired extreme reliability and different methods of their
control. Control infrastructure must also be reliable and usually two
independent control channels are required.

6
The loudspeakers for these amplifiers are placed in a specially-
designed sound baffles (horns) and they play the signals stored in the
siren’s digital memory or signals fed to the siren from external sources
a microphone, phone, radio station, common radio and television
broadcasting.Electronics sirens are either used as seperate , locally
controlled equipment or as a part of larger warning application.Unlike
the small systems consisting of several sirens, large systems can be
formed by thousands of connected sirens. Considering the fact that
these systems are used only in the situations of real danger, which is
an occasional event, one has to be sure that they will really function at
the time when they are actually needed. Therefore great demands are
placed on automatic testing functions in connection with both sirens
and related infrastructure. Experience from all over the world shows
that power failures and telecommunication infrastructure failures are
very often part of the emergencies.

The points of siren are to alert, warn people that an emergency vehicle
or situation is approaching so that they can get out of its way. As such,
the sirens are designed to catch human attention (thus the "up-down"
sound you describe). There are many different types of sirens, and
most emergency vehicles have the option to switch between multiple
sirens to avoid putting drivers into a trance like state with the use of
just a single siren.

Many times emergency vehicles (especially ambulances and fire

apparatus) will layer multiple sirens simultaneously during a response.
Popular siren types are: "the power call," "Federal Q Siren," (mostly
used on fire engines) "hi-lo" (popular in Europe), "ultra hi-lo," "Yelp,"
"Wail," "Priority," and "Rumbler" (a new low-frequency siren).

7
2.2 DEVELOPMENT OF A SIREN

The history of emergency warning sounds is linked to the history of

man's ability to shape sound. In New York, before the turn of the
century, the firemen themselves pulled the wagons carrying pumps
and ladders, while one of them ran ahead through the congestion
shouting and blowing a trumpet. After the turn of the century, the
mechanical siren was invented, the slow rising and falling sound which
we associate with air-raid warnings. It was mounted on the wagon and
activated by cranking a handle.

When fire trucks became motorized, someone had the idea of putting a
whistle on the end of the exhaust pipe and letting the engine-exhaust
gasses blow it.

It made such a horrendous shriek that it was finally outlawed. With the
arrival of electricity the mechanical siren was motorized. The operator
made it sound with a pedal on the floor; when he pressed it, the sound
would begin to rise; when he released it, the pitch would fall.

In the 1960s, when it had become practical to make loud sounds

electronically, our present-day siren arrived.The sounds of the
mechanical siren and horns were synthesized electronically and
projected from loudspeakers, mounted on the roof of the car.

Looking at the history of these devices, it becomes clear that the

sounds themselves have never actually been designed. They are,
instead, the product of whatever could be found to make a loud noise.

8
Yet, with the introduction of the electronic siren, a fundamental change
had occurred; for the first time the sound possibilities were unlimited.
It was as practical to synthesize one sound as any other. But, instead
of searching for better sounds, the existing sounds were simply copied
and the limits of the old sirens were passed on to the new
generation.It turns out these sounds have many problems , the major
one being that they are almost impossible to locate. Universally people
say that they cannot tell where a siren sound is coming from until it is
upon them.Unable to find the sound and becoming more nervous by its
approach, many drivers simply stop and block traffic until they figure
out what to do. Others ignore the sound until they are directly
confronted by the vehicle, sometimes with lethal results.Obviously it is
not enough just to let people know there is an emergency vehicle
moving somewhere in the city. They need much more information if
they are to know what to do.

The passage of a siren through a city is one of the largest sonic events
in daily life. In dense urban centers it usually occurs more than one
hundred times a day.

In the context of this project , any warning must be effective in all

types of lighting and weather conditions. It is likely that a visual system
would not be suitable for this requirement. On the road at night, traffic
headlights can cause much light pollution and glare and at different
times of the year fog, frost, dew and dirt can also significantly degrade
visibility.
In Fact, in one study, “Rumar and Ost (1974) reported that, under
unfavourable condition, dirt accumulation can reduce reflected light
and contrast on small traffic signs upto 75% and 95% respectively.

9
The audible frequency range detection for the human ear is from 20 Hz
to 20,000 Hz.

Knowing this range is important for the study, as siren noise is included
in only a very small segment of this spectrum.
The most common unit of noise measurement is the decibel (dB) which
is a logarithmic representation of the strength of a sound unit, relative
to a specified reference level; the threshold of hearing.

While some frequencies are better heard than others, warnings sounds
will generally be more resilient against environmental noise if they are
composed of multiple sinusoidal tones.
Amplitude of a sound wave is synonymous with the volume of a signal.
The louder the signal, the more easily it will be heard.
However, high volume alarms can cause distraction to an unintended
audience, annoyance, and for safety reasons.
“A rule of thumb is that when sounds increase in level by
approximately 10 dB (or dBA), their perceived loudness doubles”.

Auditory alarm guidelines suggest that a high urgency warning should

be 10-‐30 decibels higher than the masked threshold, a measurement
of listener hearing threshold based on frequency and decibel level.

A better set of sound signals could not only save lives, but as world
population becomes more and more dense they could also go a long
way towards making future urban life livable.

To expand upon the previously stated definition, a siren is a device or

system that produces acoustical signals that continuously vary in
frequency and call for the right of warning or alerting.

10
These signals (and the electrical signals that are responsible for
producing them) are generally referred to as siren signals. With this
definition, it is important to note that sirens are generally classified as
either electronic (AKA electrical) or electromechanical (AKA
mechanical) siren systems.

An electrical siren system is composed of two main components; the

first is an electronic siren amplifier, which is a device powered by the
electrical system of the vehicle and produces an electrical signal that
drives an electronic siren speaker, which is the second component. An
electronic siren speaker is comprised of a transducer that converts the
electrical signal produced by the electronic siren amplifier into
acoustical energy.

On the other hand, a mechanical siren system is a device that converts

electrical energy directly into acoustical energy without the aid of an
electronic power amplifier. Currently, many emergency vehicles
equipped with mechanical sirens are being outfitted with electrical siren
systems. Another important characteristic of the mechanical and
electrical sirens is the corresponding sound waves they produce. The
mechanical system produces a waveform that approximates a square
wave, while the electrical system produces the traditional sine wave.

A NATO study from 2006 indicates Acoustic device/weapon applications

identified in the research include government uses for border security;
crowd control and long-range communication for public safety
agencies; and search and rescue and coastal surveillance for
harbour/port police. Military applications include enforcement of
exclusion zones; critical infrastructure protection; psychological
operations; traffic control points/access control points; interdiction
operations; checkpoint operations; and detainee operations.

11
2.3 Approvals or certifications

Governments may have standards for vehicle-mounted sirens. For

example, in California, sirens are designated Class A or Class B. A Class
A siren is loud enough that it can be mounted nearly anywhere on a
vehicle. Class B sirens are not as loud and must be mounted on a
plane parallel to the level roadway and parallel to the direction the
vehicle travels when driving in a straight line. Sirens must also be
approved by local agencies, in some cases. For example, the California
Highway Patrol approves specific models for use on emergency
vehicles in the state. The approval is important because it ensures the
devices perform adequately. Moreover, using unapproved devices
could be a factor in determining fault if a collision occurs.

The Society of Automotive Engineers, (SAE), Emergency Warning

Lights and Devices committee oversees the SAE emergency vehicle
lighting practices and the siren practice, J1849. This practice was
updated through cooperation between the SAE and NIST, the National
Institute of Standards. Though this version remains quite similar to the
California Title 13 standard for sound output at various angles, this
updated practice enables an acoustic laboratory to test a dual speaker
siren system for compliant sound output.

12
2.4 Circuit Components

2.4.1 Transistor

A transistor is a semi conductor device used to amplify and switch

electronic signals and electrical power. It is composed of semi
conductor material with atleast three terminals of connection to an
external circuit. A voltage or current applied toone pair of the
transistor's terminals changes the current flowing through another pair
of terminals. Because the controlled (output) power can be higher than
the controlling (input) power, a transistor can amplify a signal.

Today, some transistors are packaged individually, but many more are
found embedded in integrated circuits.Transistors fall into two major
classes: the bipolar junction transistor (BJT) and the field-effect
transistor (FET). Bipolar junction transistor (BJT) is used.

Bipolar Junction Transistors

The most common type of transistor is a bipolar junction transistor.

This is made up of three layers of a semi-conductor material in a
sandwich. In one configuration the outer two layers have extra
electrons, and the middle layer has electrons missing (holes). In the
other configuration the two outer layers have the holes and the middle
layer has the extra electrons.

13
Fig 2.4.1 Symbol of NPN & PNP transistor

14
Layers with extra electrons are called N-Type, those with electrons
missing called P-Type. Therefore the bipolar junction transistors are
more commonly known as PNP transistor and NPN transistors
respectively. Bipolar junction transistors are typically made of silicon
and so they are very cheap to produce and purchase.

Basic Transistor Amplifiers

An electrical signal can be amplified by using a device which allows a

small current or voltage to control the flow of a much larger current
from a dc power source. Transistors are the basic device providing
control of this kind. There are two general types of transistors, bipolar
and field-effect. Very roughly, the difference between these two types
is that for bipolar devices an input current controls the large current
flow through the device, while for field-effect transistors an input
voltage provides the control.
To set a transistor to a certain DC level is done by setting up the and

Fig 2.4.2 Symbol of transistor amplification

15
The three terminals of a bipolar transistor are called the emitter, base,
and collector (Figure 2.4.3). A small current into the base controls a
large current flow from the collector to the emitter. The current at the
base is typically one hundredth of the collector-emitter current.
Moreover, the large current flow is almost independent of the voltage
across the transistor from collector to emitter.This makes it possible to
obtain a large amplification of voltage by taking the output voltage
from a resistor in series with the collector. We will begin by
constructing a common emitter amplifier, which operates on this
principle.

Fig 2.4.3 Schematic of transistor amplification mechanism

16
Transistor as a switch

The bipolar NPN transistors used in this design are basically used as
switch, to trigger the relay and as amplifier to boost the sound level.
When a transistor is used as switch, it must be either OFF or fully ON.
In the fully ON state, the voltage VCE across thetransistor is almost
zero and the transistor is said to be saturated because it cannot pass
any more collector current IC. The transistor is off when VIN is less
than 0.7 V, because the base current will be zero. The power
developed in a switching transistor is very small
In the OFF state
Power = VC *IC but IC = 0 (3.1)
P=0
In the ON state
Power = VC * IC but VCE ≈ O (almost) (3.2)
P≈0
So, the power is very small.

2.4.2 Resistors

Resistors are the most common passive electronic component (one

that does not require power to operate). They are used to control
voltages and currents. While a resistor is a very basic component,
there are many ways to manufacture them. In the past, most resistors
were manufactured from carbon composition, a baked mixture of
graphite and clay.

These have been almost completely superseded by carbon or metal

film resistor. Wire-wound resistors are used for comparatively low
values of resistance where precise value is important, or for high

17
dissipation. Each style has its own characteristics that make it desirable
in certain types of applications. Choosing the right type of resistor is
important to making high-performance or precision circuits work well.

There are several different resistor construction methods and body

styles (or packages) that are designed for a certain range of applied
voltage, power dissipation, or other considerations. The construction of
the resistor can affect its performance at high frequencies where it
may act like a small inductor or capacitor has been added, called
parasitic inductance or capacitance.

Fig 2.4.4 Resistor

18
2.4.3 Capacitor

A capacitor is a tool consisting of two conductive plates, each of which

hosts an opposite charge. These plates are separated by a dielectric or
other form of insulator, which helps them maintain an electric charge.
There are several types of insulators used in capacitors. Examples
include ceramic, polyester, tantalum air, and polystyrene. Other
common capacitor insulators include air, paper, and plastic. Each
effectively prevents the plates from touching each other.

Capacitor has ability to store charge and release them at a later time.
Capacitance is the measure of the amount of charge that a capacitor
can store for a given applied voltage. The unit of capacitance is the
farad (F) or microfarad. The capacitors that will be used in the circuit
are electrolytic-capacitor.

Fig 2.4.5 Electrolytic Capacitor

19
2.4.4 Battery

In electricity, a battery is a device consisting of one or more

electrochemical cells that convert stored chemical energy into electrical
energy. Since the invention of the first
battery (or "voltaic pile") in 1800 by Alessandro Volta and especially
since the technically improved Daniel cell in 1836, batteries have
become a common power source for many household and industrial
applications.

According to a 2005 estimate, the worldwide battery industry

generates US$48 billion in sales each year, with 6% annual growth.

Fig 2.4.6 Battery Cell

There are two types of batteries: primary batteries (disposable

batteries), which are designed to be used once and discarded, and
secondary batteries (rechargeable batteries), which are designed to be
recharged and used multiple times. Batteries come in many sizes, from
miniature cells used to power hearing aids and wristwatches to battery

20
banks the size of rooms that provide standby power for telephone
exchanges and computer data centers.

2.4.5 SIREN

A siren is a circuit which uses two transistors the NPN and PNP to
produce a high frequency by using a speaker, the output of high
frequency will be vibrating the speaker at high frequency hence
producing a very sharply sound.

21
 CHAPTER THREE

METHODOLOGY

3.0 Introduction

This chapter explains in detail the methodology and components of this

project proposal. Each part and component that has been selected has
as its own purpose mostly focused on functionality and low cost. In this
chapter as well, the technical plan, analysis and the specifications are
being explained.

3.1 System Block

POWER SUPPLY SWITCH TRANSISTORS

SPEAKER SIREN

Fig. 2.4.7. System Block

22
This block diagram shows us how the circuit will be split up into
different sections. When someone connect the supply voltage to the
circuit and switched it on, the electric signal are passed through the
transistors that act as a switching devices where by the siren is
generated at first before sending the output to the speaker.

23
3.2 CIRCUIT DESIGN AND CIRCUIT OPERATION

Fig 2.4.8 Circuit Design and Circuit Operation

24
This circuit generates a tone that sounds very similar to a siren. The
generator part of the circuit is made of the combination of PNP and
NPN transistors. Together, the two transistors build up a free running
multivibrator. So to generate an up and down going signal tone, the
resistor R2 is fed from an RC circuit. When the switch S1 is pressed,
the capacitor C1 charges via R1 slowly until it reaches the maximum
voltage level of 4 volts. This increasing voltage results to a decreasing
time constant at the R2/C3 junction. This furthermore results to an
increasing frequency of the multivibrator. After the switch S1 is
released , the capacitor C1 discharges slowly resulting to a decreasing
frequency cycle. Through the combination of the two time constants a
sawtooth waveform is generated.

The signal heard from the speaker will be an increasing or decreasing

tone depending on whether the switch S1 is pressed or released. The
sound produced imitates the rise and fall of an American police siren.

When first switched on the 10u capacitor is discharged and both

transistors are off. When the push button switch is pressed to 10u
capacitor will charge via the 22k resistor. This voltage is applied to the
base of the BC108B which will turn on slowly. When the switch is
released the capacitor will discharge via the 100k and 47k base
resistors and the transistor will slowly turn off. The change in voltage
alters the frequency of the siren.

Oscillator action is as follows. As the BC108B transistor switches on its

collector voltage falls and so the 2N3702 transistor is switched on. This
happens very quickly (less than 1us). The 22n capacitor will charge
very quickly as well. As this capacitor is connected between the
collector of the 2N3702 and the base of the BC108B, it soon reaches
almost full supply voltage. The charging current for the capacitor is
then much reduced and the collector emitter voltage of the 2N3072 is

25
therefore increased; the collector potential will fall. This change in
voltage is passedthrough the 22n capacitor to the base of the BC108B
causing it to come out of saturation slightly. As this happens its
collector voltage will rise and turn off the 2N3072 transistor more. This
continues until both transistors are off.

The 22n capacitor will then discharge via the 100k, 22k resistor, the
closed push button switch, 9V battery, the speaker and 56 ohm
resistor. The discharge time takes around 5-6msec. As soon as the 22n
capacitor is discharged, the BC108B transistor will switch on again and
the cycle repeats.

The difference in voltage at the collector of the BC108B (caused by the

charging 10u capacitor) causes the tone of the siren to change. As the
10u capacitor is charged, the tone of the siren will rise, and as it is
discharged, it will fall. A 64 ohm loudspeaker may be used in place of
the 8 ohm and 56 resistor, and the values of components may be
altered to produce different sound effects. Current drain is fairly high in
this circuit so a suitable power supply is required.

The duration the tone takes to rise and fall is determined by the 10u
and 22k resistor. These values may be varied for different effects.

26
 CHAPTER FOUR

RESULT AND DISCUSSION

A good way to start is to assemble all the components on a bread

board and connecting all of them using jumper wires on the board.
Power up the board using 9V DC power supply and test the
functionality of the circuit before proceeding to solder the monto the
PCB stripboard.

During the practical implementation of the project, some of the

values or componentshad to be changed in order to get more
accurate result.The circuit was first performed on National
Instrumentation software and only after successful implementation
and satisfied output.

 In the output,an 8 ohms speaker isused for the siren sound.

 A 9 volts power supply has been used instead of the 5 volts power
supply to get satisfied results.

 The siren can be used in any type of alerting/warning device such

as police siren,emergency vehicle,schools etc.

27
The loudness is the most fundamental of the sound quality, and
one that many other sound quality metrics are based on. Loudness
has been shown to have much better correlation to human
perception than simple A-weighting of the measured data. The
mechanical siren system has more loudness than the electrical
siren, which would also correspond to better perceptibility.

28
 CHAPTER FIVE
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

5.1 CONCLUSION

It should be noted that the electrical system is replacing the

mechanical siren due to lower unit cost and reduced electrical
power requirement for operation.

This finding can be adapted to similar characteristics such as

perceived annoyance and alerting nature , all of which are
desirable characteristics for an emergency siren.
5.1 RECOMMENDATION

At this stage of the alert Development process, prototyping is

primarily focused, but there are some up and coming technologies
that will be highly relevant to an industrial implementation of the
type of alerting mechanism that is design.
While it is evident this study attended to the goal of Designing an
electronic siren,opportunities for further research and work still
exist.Future work on siren can be on.
 Experimental testing of different mounting options of siren
systems, i.e. outside of the front grill,or height of the siren speaker.

 Emergency Siren noise effect.

29
 REFERENCES

 Max,Neuhaus(1991)Siren.
 DouglasA.Riach(2003).Emergency vehicle siren noise.
 D'Angela,Peter(2013).Emergency Vehicle Siren Noise Effectiveness.
 Webster,B.(2014).Emergency Siren Sound Propagation and
Coverage Optimization Analysis.
 Boylestad,R.L.and Nashelsky,L.(1997).Electronics devices and circuit
theory (ninthedition).
 Horonitz,P. and Hill,W.(1995).The Art of Electronics ,(second
Edition) Cambridge.
 C.Q.Howard, A.J.Maddern and E.P.Privopoulos, (2011)"Acoustic
characteristics for effective ambulance sirens,"Acoustics Australia,
vol.39, no.2,pp.1-11.
 Halonen, R. Verboeket and S. Hedin, (2006). Study Report On
Alarm Systems And Early Warning InThe Baltic Sea Region.
 www.eeweb.com
 www.electronichub.org

30