The 1920s and 1930s:

- Americanization is a big theme within the 1920s, and it really begun to take off in
the 20s. The biggest threat to Canadian culture was American radio shows.
- After the First World War, Canada faced economic hardship. During the great
boom of the war years, demand for goods was high and prices rose accordingly.
When the soldiers returned, they found that things cost nearly twice as much as
they had before the war. To make matters worse, many industries fell into a
slump. Factories that thrived during the war had to cut production significantly or
closed down altogether. For the war veterans, this meant that jobs were hard to
find. Many turned to the labour movement, which gained the national spotlight as
unions demanded the right to strike. The Winnipeg General Strike of 1919 came
to symbolize workers' discontent.
- One the economy improved during the early part of the 1920s, Canada
experienced one of the greatest economic booms in its history. American
companies invested in Canada's natural resources and manufacturing industries. A
seemingly endless supply of new products, such as vacuum cleaners, stove and
refrigerators became available. Automobiles and radios had the greatest impact on
the social and economic life of Canadians. The stock market boomed with new
investors. 
- The 1929 stock market crash wiped out the huge stock market gains and signaled
the beginning of the Great Depression. The successive governments of Mackenzie
King and R.B. Bennett struggled to solve the social and economic problems of the
Depression. Many Canadians began to look at alternative political parties such as
the Cooperative Commonwealth Federation (CCF), the Social Credit Party and
the Unione Nationale.
- The outbreak of the Second World War in 1939 brought back the war economy
and the Depression came to an end.

-People want to move to cities, but traditional people

Social Change/Party Life
are saying that cities are evil places.
-Thousands of Canadians are moving to American
Cities (1 million)
- Mary Pickford was a Canadian actress who ditched
us to go and live in Hollywood and become a movie
star.
- The beginning of the Spectators sports, for example
people going to see hockey and in particular Baseball
Canada’s Role in World War 2:
Rise of Hitler and The Nazi Party
What was the economic and political scene in post-war Germany?
6 Million people were unemployed, their was an economic depression, It affected politics
because people were looking for solutions and political parties that offered solutions to
the economic problems were more attractive.

Who did the Nazi view as scapegoats to attack?

The jews, communists, and democratic oppositions.

How did the Nazi appeal to workers?

He criticized intellectuals and presented himself as one of the workers. He was trying to
appeal to them by being anti-elite.

How did the Nazis appeal to the middle class?

He blamed communists and he talked about economic ruin that was on its way in order to
frighten them.

How did Hitler appeal to all classes?

He talked about the Treaty of Versailles, saying they weren’t going to let this piece of
paper get in the way of the great germany.

What was the job of Goebbels?

To get across the message of the Nazis, the propaganda man.

The Nazis financed three massive elections campaigns between ___1930 and
1932_________

Nazi Party gained the following # of seats in the Reichstag:

May 1928: _____seats – Increase
July 1932: _____seats - Increase
Nov 1932: _____seats – decrease a little
Mar 1933: _____ seats – Increase

President Hindenburg said if Hitler led this type of government, he could soon win
leadership: ___Coalition ____________ government.

In 1933 Hitler was elected ______Chancellor___________ of Germany

By May 1933, Hitler dominated the Reichstag and was free to do as he wished.
What law did Hitler put in place that gave him the power to make his own laws?
He put into place the enabling act, which enabled him to make his own laws.
When Hindenberg died, what did Hitler declare himself?
Fuhrer of the nation, which means he was the leader of Germany. Which made him all
powerful

What did Hitler remind the German people of in Nuremberg?

Their progress and their power, he reminded them that they are a nation with great history

What role did children play in Hitler’s Germany?

They needed to be fit and ready to become the next generation, he would put them to
work so that they would be good soldiers. They would wear uniforms. They made the
woman fit and healthy so that they would be able to be mothers to the new “supreme
race”.

As unemployment began to fall, what types of jobs were created?:

They were building the autobahn, an Olympic stadium

Why were these jobs created?

To increase military strength.

List two examples of German military strength: ___Army____, ____Navy_____.

How did Hitler tighten control over Germany?
They tightly controlled the newspapers.

War in Europe
The Capture of Ortona-
 General Montgomery thought that because of the terrain north of Ortona that the
Germans would retreat north and Ortona would be an easy place to win but it was
actually very difficult
 On December 20th the Canadians arrived just outside of Ortona and the next day
they launched an attack
 The Canadians faced a group of German soldiers who were well-trained, well-
rested and ideological fanatics.
 The German’s had set mines, time bombs and booby-traps set throughout the
destroyed houses so that when the Canadian’s would try and enter into the houses
they would run into the traps
 The Canadians moved from house to house blowing the walls of houses apart and
sneaking through the rubble so they would be unseen by German soldiers.
 Ortona became a symbol, as important as Rome. To capture the city or to keep it,
it all became a matter of national prestige.
 On December 28th the German’s could no longer defend the city so they retreated
and abandon the city to the Canadians.
 The fighting on both sides was extremely fierce
  There was 650 casualties
 The Canadians did end up winning but it was costly

Holocaust
1. What was the Holocaust? Include mention of who else was targeted, besides
Jews.
The holocaust was the systematic slaughter of jews, gays, and gypsies by
the German government which resulted in the murder of 6 million Jewish people
around Europe.
2. What is anti-Semitism?
Is the hatred a persecution of Jews? But historically it has been based on
religious beliefs.
3. How did the Nazis transform Germany into a “Racial State”?
They used new “science” that showed that Jewish people were racially
inferior to the ideal German which sparked anti Semitism within the country.
They used the Jewish population as a scapegoat for the countries problems.
4. Use your laptop dictionary to get a definition of genocide.
Noun
The deliberate killing of a large group of people, esp. those of a particular
ethnic group or nation.

Japanese Internment
1. What happened to Canadians of Japanese descent beginning in 1942?
They were sent to internment camps
2. What did the Asahi baseball team mean to the Japanese community?
They were heroes in the Japanese community because they didn’t have that much
to be proud about.
3. What were conditions like for the Japanese on Canada’s west coast?
There was racism, and they were judged by everyone and excluded. The white
people resented them. Restriction was imposed on Japanese fisherman to stop
them from catching as up fish as the whites. They were second-class citizens
4. What impact did the attack at Pearl Harbor in 1941 have on the Asahi
baseball team and the Japanese Canadian community?
Anti Japanese hostility exploded
 5. What did Prime Minister Mackenzie King call the Japanese nationals in
1942?
He called them a threat to National Security
6. What happened to the Japanese Canadians?
They started to round up the Japanese Canadians and put them in labour camps in
the interior of BC.
7. What property did the government agency called the Custodian of Enemy
Property seize?
The lumber company that his family owned
8. What were the conditions of the “relocation camps” like?
They were horribly, no electricity no water and they had to carry the water from
the river
9. What happened to Japanese-Canadian property in 1943?
The sold all of their property, companies and boats without the consent of the
Japanese who owned it. They did it so they could pay for the camps.
10. How many Japanese-Canadians were charged with treason or sabotage?
None
11. What did the government encourage Japanese-Canadians to do after the
war?
They encouraged them to go back home to Japan and they weren’t allowed to go
back to the west coast.
12. What happened to the Asahi baseball team in 2002?
They were honored at the opening of a blue jays game in Toronto. But Kay
couldn’t make it because he was being treated for cancer.

Cold War
Cold War Event Historical Significance
Was a hockey series played between
1972 Summit Series Canada and the Soviet Union. It was a
very intense battle because it came down
to which nation was better than the other.
Canada and the Soviet Union were both
intense hockey nations and they were
competing to see who was the best in the
world and had supreme athletes. This
relates to the Cold War because they
were fighting for athletic dominance
over the other country.
The Berlin Wall was a barrier
Fall of the Berlin Wall constructed by the German Democratic
Republic (GDR, East Germany) starting
on 13 August 1961, that completely cut
off West Berlin from surrounding East
Germany and from East Berlin. The
barrier included guard towers placed
 along large concrete walls, which
circumscribed a wide area that contained
anti-vehicle trenches, "fakir beds" and
other defenses. The Soviet-dominated
Eastern Bloc officially claimed that the
wall was erected to protect its population
from fascist elements conspiring to
prevent the "will of the people" in
building a socialist state in East
Germany. However, in practice, the Wall
served to prevent the massive emigration
and defection that marked Germany and
the communist Eastern Bloc during the
post-World War II period.
After several weeks of civil unrest, the
East German government announced on
9 November 1989 that all GDR citizens
could visit West Germany and West
Berlin. Crowds of East Germans crossed
and climbed onto the wall, joined by
West Germans on the other side in a
celebratory atmosphere. Over the next
few weeks, a euphoric public and
souvenir hunters chipped away parts of
the wall; the governments later used
industrial equipment to remove most of
the rest. The fall of the Berlin Wall
paved the way for German reunification,
which was formally concluded on 3
October 1990.
Was a military conflict between South
The Korean War Korea, supported by the United Nations,
and North Korea, supported by the
People's Republic of China (PRC), with
military material aid from the Soviet
Union. The war was a result of the
physical division of Korea by an
agreement of the victorious Allies at the
conclusion of the Pacific War at the end
of World War II.
It was the first significant armed conflict
of the Cold War.
NATO - an association of European and
NATO vs. Warsaw Pact North American countries, formed in
1949 for the defense of Europe and the
North Atlantic against the perceived
 threat of Soviet aggression. By 2005, the
alliance consisted of 26 countries,
including several eastern European
nations. NATO's purpose is to safeguard
member countries by political and
military means.
Warsaw Pact - a treaty of mutual
defense and military aid signed at
Warsaw on May 14, 1955, by communist
states of Europe under Soviet influence,
in response to the admission of West
Germany to NATO. The pact was
dissolved in 1991.

Prime Minister Years in Office Cold War Event

Louis St. Laurent 1948-1957 The Korean War (25
June 1950 - armistice
signed 27 July 1953)
- He helped Canada
achieve middle power
status.

John Diefenbaker 1957-1963 Great debate broke out over

whether or not he should
accept US nuclear missiles
on Canadian soil and he
decided against it
-He formed NORAD with
the united states
Lester B. Pearson 1963-1968 -He held a competition for
the current Canadian flag
-He was critical of the
United states in the Vietnam
war
-Only Canadian to ever win
the Nobel Peace Prize
Pierre Trudeau 1968-1979; 1980-1984 He established ties with
China before the USA did,
and he also was
instrumental in Canada
being involded in the G7
and G6.
- He allowed the United
states to test Cruz missiles
 in Alberta
Brian Mulroney 1984- 1993 He was prime minister
during the end of the cold
war.
- He was prime minister
when the Berlin wall fell

I think that the cold war was more a fight of strong willed countries trying to prove that
they were the superior nation by science, art, athletics and other things that would give
them recognition. All countries, especially the US and Russia were to afraid to openly
fire on each other but they did respond to each other’s militaries by the nuclear arms race.

Quebec-Canada Relations
Timeline:
1931Statute of Westminster control over foreign affairs
1955Richard Riots
1960s-Quiet revolution-modernizationperiod of great changechurch’s role
decreasedreforms in education (political and electoral)Masters in youre own house
1969Official language act
1970October Crisisa kidnappingFLQ, a terrorist organization (Violent)FLQ
wanted an independent Québec –independence
1976Election of the Parti Québécois-take Quebec to independence
1980Referendum
1982 Patriotisms of Constitution and charter of rights, CANADA GAINED ITS FULL
INDPENDANCE
1987Meech lake accord
1992Charlottetown accord
1995 Second referendum

October Crisis - was a series of events triggered by two kidnappings of

government officials by members of the Front de libération du Québec (FLQ)
during October 1970 in the province of Quebec, mainly in the Montreal
metropolitan area. The invocation of the act resulted in widespread deployment of
Canadian Forces troops throughout Quebec, and in Ottawa gave the appearance
that martial law had been imposed, although the military remained in a support
role to the civil authorities of Quebec.
The kidnappers' demands, communicated in a series of public messages, included the
freeing of a number of convicted or detained FLQ members and the broadcasting of the
FLQ manifesto. The manifesto, a diatribe against established authority, was read on
Radio-Canada, and on October 10 the Québec minister of justice offered safe passage
abroad to the kidnappers in return for the liberation of their hostage;

Quiet Revolution:The "Quiet Revolution" was the name given by a Toronto journalist to
the intense period in Québec history in the first half of the 1960s during which the new
Liberal government of Jean Lesage engaged in modernizing and secularizing the
province's educational and social system.

The Quiet Revolution helped lead Québec away from the ideologies of Catholicism and
ethnic survival - la survivance - to focus it on statist development, while protecting and
promoting the French language, threatened by the growth of North American influences
in the media. The term "French Canadian" was replaced by "Québécois".

Official Languages Act – Is a law adopted by the Parliament of Canada in 1969 and
substantially amended in 1988. The law gives English and French equal status in the
government of Canada

Parti Quebecois - is a left-wing political party that advocates national sovereignty for the
province of Quebec and secession from Canada. The Party traditionally has support from
the labour movement.

Nationalism: patriotic feeling, principles, or efforts.

• An extreme form of this, esp. marked by a feeling of superiority over other countries.
• Advocacy of political independence for a particular countries
Bilingualism: Speaking two languages fluently French and English
Multiculturalism: Of, relating to, or constituting several cultural or ethnic groups within
a society
Constitution Act 1982 and Charter of Rights: Born out of a desire on the part of the
Trudeau government to patriate the Constitution of Canada from the United Kingdom,
the Constitution Act, 1982 came into force on 17 April 1982. The Act forms a part of the
Constitution of Canada and is itself comprised of 7 parts. The first part is the Canadian
Charter of Rights and Freedoms (the "Charter"). The Charter declares that Canadians
have the following fundamental freedoms:

i) freedom of conscience and religion;

ii) freedom of thought, belief, opinion and expression;
iii) freedom of peaceful assembly, and;
iv) freedom of association.
The Charter also sets out several other rights:
i) each citizen has the right to vote;
ii) each citizen has the right to enter, remain in and leave Canada;
iii) everyone has the right to life, liberty and the security of the person and the right not to
be deprived of those rights except in accordance with the principles of fundamental
justice;
iv) everyone has the right to be secure against unreasonable search and seizure;
v) everyone has the right not to be arbitrarily detained;
vi) everyone, on arrest or detention, has the right to a lawyer and to be informed of the
reasons for the detention;
vii) everyone has the right to be presumed innocent until proven guilty and to have a trial
within a reasonable period of time, and;
viii) everyone has the right not to be subjected to any cruel and unusual punishment.
Under section 15 of the Charter, each individual is equal before and under the law
without discrimination based on race, national or ethnic origin, colour, religion, sex, age
or mental or physical disability. The equality rights have been extended to categories of
people not specifically named in section 15, such as non-citizens and common-law
spouses. In some court decisions in various provinces homosexuality has been approved
as a so-called analogous ground upon which to base equality rights and, in the near
future, homosexuality may be entrenched nationwide as an analogous ground entitled to
protection under section 15.
Under the Charter, English and French have equal status legally in Canada, and French or
English regional linguistic minorities have the right to education in their mother
language.
Section 33, the "notwithstanding clause," allows the Parliament of Canada and the
provincial legislatures the option of declaring that a statute that has been found to be in
violation of the Charter shall continue to operate notwithstanding sections 2 to 7 and 15
of the Charter.
Part 2 of the Act deals with the rights of aboriginal peoples, and recognizes and affirms
existing treaties.
Part 5 of the Act creates a formula for the amendment of the Constitution of Canada,
which is as follows:
i) resolutions of the House of Commons and the Senate, plus
ii) resolutions of the provincial legislatures of at least two-thirds of the provinces and
which contain 50% of the population of all the provinces
are required to amend the Constitution of Canada.

Charlottetown Accord: A package of proposed amendments to the Constitution of

Canada, proposed by the Canadian federal and provincial governments in 1992. It was
submitted to a public referendum on October 26 of that year, and was defeated.
The Charlottetown Accord attempted to resolve long-standing disputes around the
division of powers between federal and provincial jurisdiction. It provided for exclusive
provincial jurisdiction over forestry, mining, and other natural resources, and cultural
policy. The federal government, however, would have retained jurisdiction over national
cultural bodies such as the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation and the National Film
Board. The accord also required the federal and provincial governments to harmonize
policy in areas such as telecommunications, labor development and training, regional
development, and immigration.

Referendums 1980, 1995:A Québec referendum, called by the PARTI QUÉBÉCOIS

(PQ) government, was held on 20 May 1980 to ask the people of Québec for a mandate to
negotiate, on an equal footing, a new agreement with the rest of Canada, thus honouring
the promise it had made in 1976 to hold a REFERENDUM before making any radical
change in Québec's status. The concept of SOVEREIGNTY-ASSOCIATION was
rejected by about 60% of voters, although it is estimated about 50% of the francophones
supported it. The PQ leadership maintained that sovereignty remained the only viable
option for Québec and would someday win majority support. The federalist side,
organized into one group as required by the law governing the referendum, was led by
Claude RYAN.
Prime Minister Pierre TRUDEAU, in an official statement near the end of the referendum
campaign, persuaded a number of the Québécois that a rejection of the Péquiste option
would lead to negotiations for a new Canadian FEDERALISM. The intense negotiations
between the federal government and the provinces began after the referendum but broke
down when all 10 provinces rejected the proposals made by the federal team, although
later many of the provinces (not Québec) agreed to them. Despite its defeat in the
referendum, the Péquiste government won re-election in 1981 with a marked increase
(9%) in the popular vote.

Meech Lake Accord: uébec's failure to accept the patriation package in 1981 made it
feel severed from the Canadian "constitutional family." This led to renewed constitutional
discussions, beginning around 1985, in which the government of Québec made a series of
proposals that, if accepted by all, would have led to Québec's return to the "constitutional
family."
Canadian Constitutional History
In the interim, Québec was as legally bound as all of the provinces by the provisions of
the Canada Act of 1982 and of its Schedule B, the Constitution Act of 1982. Hence, the
Québec proposals, although full of substance, also assumed a great symbolic significance.
The Québec proposals could be divided into 2 components. The first dealt with the
distinctiveness of Québec in the Canadian federation, and the second with a potpourri of
other matters. These other matters arguably tended to enhance the role of the provinces in
their relationship with the federal government. Not surprisingly, then, when Québec
proposed this package, including the latter portion, which enhanced the role of the
provinces, all of the provinces initially agreed to the package under a principle of
"juridical equality." This package became known as the Meech Lake Constitutional
Accord of 1987.

Referendum: a general vote by the electorate on a single political question that has been
referred to them for a direct decision.
• the process of referring a political question to the electorate for this purpose.
Sovereignty-association: First used as a slogan by the Mouvement Souveraineté-
Association (MSA), forerunners of the PARTI QUÉBÉCOIS, the phrase became the PQ's
cornerstone and main objective. Introduced in the document Option-Québec, written by
party leader René LÉVESQUE, the expression replaced the word independence and
implied the idea of an association which would evolve from an agreement under
international law and be limited to the economic domain (1967). In the 1970 péquiste
program, La Solution (1970), it is not presented as a necessary condition for Québec's
accession to sovereignty. With time, however, association came to be viewed as the equal
and necessary other half of sovereignty.

Distinct society: Distinct society (in French la société distincte) is a political expression
especially used during constitutional debate in Canada, in the second half of the 1980s
and in the early 1990s, and present in the two failed constitutional amendments, the
Meech Lake Accord and the Charlottetown Accord.
Canadian – American Relations
- The relationship between Canada and the US has always been strained; Canada has a
very high dependence on the American economy, which makes it very important for us to
have a good relationship with the Americans

- Canada has always been afraid of American culture taking over the Canadian airwaves
and minds because they have a huge influence on us but we have a minimal influence on
the American people. For example, Canadians set a high importance on things such as
Hollywood and their music industry but the Canadian films and music don’t affect the US
as much. They don’t really pay attention to what is going on in our culture.

- In terms of defense, Canada is positioned very importantly for the US defense. So if

they want Canada to cooperate and help them then they need us to be on friendly terms.
An example of this is when the US wanted to missiles in Canada to be able to launch
them at Russia and other European countries but the prime minister at the time didn’t
want them to have weapons on our soil.

1. How would you characterize relations between John Diefenbaker and John
F. Kennedy?
It was very strained and they really didn’t like each other. Kennedy was young
and good looking and Diefenbaker was older and more conservative.

2. Judging by the list of topics on the agenda for the Pearson-Kennedy meeting,
what types of issues do Canada and United States deal with?
It was more informal and they talked about the Columbia River treaty, they also
covered a lot of ground in this meeting.
3. How did Pearson characterize Canada-U.S. relations in 1932?
That Canada and the US have a very intimate relationship, and that as Canada
grows they will become even closer.

4. What does Pearson mean when he writes that “we may have gone from the
colonial frying pan into the continental fire”?
I think that what he means is that before Canada lived under the protection of the
British Empire, but now that they are more independent that they are becoming
more and more in the hot seat within the continent and more responsible to the
US.
5. Do you agree with Pearson when he writes, “Worry about the Americans and
their friendly pressures is still probably the strongest unifying Canadian
force”? Is this still the case today?
I don’t think that the US is really a unifying force within again, and I definitely do
not think that it is the most important. I think that it might have been true in the
past before Canada become a more powerful economy and country but now that
we are more independent I think that it is less true.
 6. What principles in the Canada-U.S. relationship does Pearson say Canada is
wise to be aware of?
We should resist becoming smug and superior, we should understand the burden
that being and international super power has on the US.

7. Why does Pearson criticize the idea of Canada being a neutral country?
He thinks that because of canada’s geographical position, and the benefit it gives
to the US that Canada is not neutral and therefore shouldn’t be seen as weak.

8. What was Pearson’s principle preoccupation in foreign affairs during

his prime ministership?
Remaining in the good books of the US.

The Massey Commission

In 1951 the commission issued a report which became known as the 'Massey report' and
gained recognition as a document of utmost importance in the cultural history of Canada
since it advocated the principle of federal government patronage of a wide range of
cultural activities and proposed the establishment of a Canada Council for the
Encouragement of the Arts, Letters, Humanities and Social Sciences.
The Massey report was not the only cause of the unprecedented expansion of musical
creativity and appreciation characteristic of the period after 1950, but it did provide a
great stimulus through its recognition of the importance of the arts and letters, its moral
support of the intellectual community, and its proposals for practical support, translated
into reality in 1957 with the establishment of the Canada Council. The results, after 40
years, may be said to have surpassed the commission's boldest hopes for a flourishing
culture.