Camera Exposure PDF

Dr.
Rayaz Hassan 1
To understand the
CAMERA EXPOSURE
we should know about Professional
DSLR CAMERA
&
MIRRORLESS CAMERA
Dr. Rayaz Hassan 2

PROFESSIONAL CAMERA
DSLR Camera
(Digital Single Lens Reflex Camera)
Mirrorless Camera
Dr. Rayaz Hassan 3

MIRRORLESS
DSLR
Dr. Rayaz Hassan 4
DSLR Camera
Digital
Single
Lens
Reflex
Camera
Dr. Rayaz Hassan 5

Optical Viewfinder
Reflex
Mirror
Camera Lens
Camera Body Dr. Rayaz Hassan 6
Pentaprism
Optical Viewfinder
Image
Sensorv
Reflex Mirror
Dr. Rayaz Hassan 7
Movement of Image Recording
Dr. Rayaz Hassan 8

Mirrorless Camera
Dr. Rayaz Hassan 9

Dr. Rayaz Hassan 10
Dr. Rayaz Hassan 11
CAMERA EXPOSURE
Dr. Rayaz Hassan 12

Dr. Rayaz Hassan 13
CAMERA EXPOSURE
Camera exposure is the overall brightness or

darkness of a photograph.
Exposure determines how light or dark an image

will appear when it's been captured by your
camera.
Dr. Rayaz Hassan 14

Dr. Rayaz Hassan 15
Dr. Rayaz Hassan 16
CAMERA EXPOSURE
More specifically,
it’s the amount of light that reaches
➢ the film or
➢ camera sensor
when a picture is being taken.

Dr. Rayaz Hassan 17
Dr. Rayaz Hassan 18
Dr. Rayaz Hassan 19
How Do You Determine the Correct Exposure?
Dr. Rayaz Hassan 20

CAMERA EXPOSURE
The more light, the lighter your photo will be.
The less light, the darker your photo will be.
Dr. Rayaz Hassan 21

Dr. Rayaz Hassan 22
There are three ways to control the amount of light
that reaches the film or the image sensor.
➢ Shutter Speed
➢ Aperture
➢ ISO
These three together constitute the Exposure Triangle
Dr. Rayaz Hassan 23

Dr. Rayaz Hassan 24
3
3 ELEMENTS
of EXPOSURE
• Shutter Speed
• Aperture
• ISO
Dr. Rayaz Hassan 25
Dr. Rayaz Hassan 26
SHUTTER SPEED
Dr. Rayaz Hassan 27

SHUTTER SPEED
Dr. Rayaz Hassan 28

SHUTTER SPEED
The amount of time for which the camera shutter
remains open.
Dr. Rayaz Hassan 29

SHUTTER SPEED
Dr. Rayaz Hassan 30

SHUTTER
SPEED
Dr. Rayaz Hassan 31

Shutter speed is measured in seconds
Bigger the denominator, faster the speed
(i.e. 1/1000 is much faster than 1/30).
Dr. Rayaz Hassan 32

For slow shutter speed (anything slower than 1/60) we
will need to either use a tripod or image stabilization
(New cameras are coming with image stabilization built in)
Dr. Rayaz Hassan 33

Purposes of
Shutter Speed
Controlling the
duration of the
exposure:
(Low Light or Bright

Light)
Dr. Rayaz Hassan 34

Purposes of
Shutter Speed
Controlling the
subject movement:
(Fast movement or slow

movement)
Dr. Rayaz Hassan 35

Representation of Shutter Speed
–Day time: High Shutter Speed, to avoid over exposure.
–Capturing fast moving subjects.
Dr. Rayaz Hassan 36

Representation of Shutter Speed
–Low light conditions: slow shutter speed, to allow more light.
-To show motion
-Longer shutter speed can result in blur.
Dr. Rayaz Hassan 37

SHUTTERSPEED
• The length of time the

shutter is open
• Do you want to show

motion or stop time?
Dr. Rayaz Hassan 38

The difference can be
tenths of a second!
Dr. Rayaz Hassan 39

Shutter Speed
Shutter speed is a measurement of the time the shutter is
open, shown in seconds or fractions of a second:
1 s, 1/2 s, 1/4 s … 1/250 s, 1/ 500 s, 1/2000s etc.
The faster the shutter speed, the shorter the time the image
sensor is exposed to light and the darker the resulting
photograph.
Slower the shutter speed, longer the time the image sensor
is exposed to light and the brighter the resulting
photograph.
Dr. Rayaz Hassan 40
1/2 sec
Dr. Rayaz Hassan 41

1/21 seconds
Dr. Rayaz Hassan 42

Old Film Camera Speed Dial
Dr. Rayaz Hassan 43

Digital Camera LED
Dr. Rayaz Hassan 44

1/125 Sec
Dr. Rayaz Hassan 45

Dr. Rayaz Hassan 46
Dr. Rayaz Hassan 47
Fast shutter speed
Slow shutter speed
Dr. Rayaz Hassan 48

Fast shutter speeds freeze motion Slow shutter speeds suggest motion
Dr. Rayaz Hassan 49

Motion is not Always Bad
Why anyone would want motion in their images. There

are times when motion is good.
For example when you’re taking a photo of a waterfall

and want to show how fast the water is flowing
Dr. Rayaz Hassan 50

12 Seconds Dr. Rayaz Hassan
1/20 Seconds 51
Dr. Rayaz Hassan 52
A photograph of the
sea after sunset with
an exposure time of
15 seconds. The
swell from the
waves appears as
fog
Dr. Rayaz Hassan 53

15 Sec
Dr. Rayaz Hassan 54

When you’re taking a shot of a racing car and

want to give it a feeling of speed.
Dr. Rayaz Hassan 55

Dr. Rayaz Hassan 56
When you’re taking a shot of a star scape and want to

show how the stars move over a longer period of time etc.
In all of these instances choosing a longer shutter speed
will be the way to go.
(For slow shutter speed photography, we must use a tripod)
Dr. Rayaz Hassan 57

Dr. Rayaz Hassan 58
A fair ride taken with a 2/5 second exposure
Dr. Rayaz Hassan 59

Dr. Rayaz Hassan 60
A demonstration of the effect of exposure in night photography.
Longer shutter speeds result in increased exposure.
Dr. Rayaz Hassan 61

Dr. Rayaz Hassan 62
1/400 Sec
Dr. Rayaz Hassan 63

Dr. Rayaz Hassan 64
Dr. Rayaz Hassan 65
Dr. Rayaz Hassan 66
Dr. Rayaz Hassan 67
Dr. Rayaz Hassan 68
Focal Length and Shutter Speed
Another thing to consider when choosing shutter speed is

the focal length of the lens you’re using.
Longer focal lengths will accentuate the amount of camera

shake you have and so you’ll need to choose a faster shutter
speed
(unless you have image stabilization in your lens or camera).
Dr. Rayaz Hassan 69

Dr. Rayaz Hassan 70
The ‘rule’ of thumb to use with focal length (in non
image stabilized situations) is to choose a shutter speed
that is larger than the focal length of the lens.
For example:
For 50mm lens, minimum shutter speed should be 1/60.
For 200mm lens, minimum shutter speed should be

around 1/250.
Dr. Rayaz Hassan 71

Shutter Speed – Bringing it Together
As we change shutter speed we’ll need to change one or
both of the other elements to compensate for it.
For example if we speed up shutter speed one stop (from

1/125th to 1/250th)
To compensate we need to increase camera aperture one
stop (from f16 to f11).
The other alternative would be to choose a faster ISO rating

(from ISO 100 to ISO 400).
Dr. Rayaz Hassan 72
Dr. Rayaz Hassan 73
Dr. Rayaz Hassan 74
APERTURE
Dr. Rayaz Hassan 75

What is APERTURE?
Aperture refers to the opening of a lens's

diaphragm through which light passes
Think of a window. Larger the window, the more

light gets through and the room is brighter
Dr. Rayaz Hassan 76

APERTURE is the part of a Lens
Dr. Rayaz Hassan 77

APERTURE
It is calibrated in f/stops and is generally
written as numbers such as
f/1.4, f/2, f/2.8, f/4, f/5.6, f/8, f/11 and f/16
Dr. Rayaz Hassan 78

APERTURE
Dr. Rayaz Hassan 79

Function of APERTURE
Aperture control the amount of light
Dr. Rayaz Hassan 80

APERTURE
Larger the hole , more light gets in
Smaller the hole, less light gets in
Dr. Rayaz Hassan 81

• Do you want a single
object in focus or an
entire scene?
Dr. Rayaz Hassan 82

USE OF APERTURE
Dr. Rayaz Hassan

Dr. Rayaz Hassan 84
Dr. Rayaz Hassan 85
USE OF APERTURE
Aperture control the ‘Depth of field’
Shallow Depth of Field
Focus Point
Wide Aperture/ Low
f-stop value
Small Area in
Acceptable Focus
Dr. Rayaz Hassan 86
DEPTH OF FIELD
Dr. Rayaz Hassan 87

What is Depth of field?
Depth of field (dof) is the distance between the nearest and
furthest elements in a scene that appear to be “acceptably sharp”
in an image.
Dr. Rayaz Hassan 88

Distance between the closest and farthest objects in a photo that
appears acceptably sharp.
Dr. Rayaz Hassan 89

Depth of Field (DOF)
The amount of shot that will be in focus is called depth of field.

Large depth of field means that most of your image will be in focus.
(The picture to the left where both the foreground and background are largely in focus –
taken with an aperture of f/22)
Dr. Rayaz Hassan 90

Large depth of field means that most of your image will be in focus.
Dr. Rayaz Hassan 91

Small (shallow) depth of field means that only part of the image will
be in focus and the rest will be blur.
(The picture to the right side where only flower is in the focus and background are de-focus.
This is a very shallow depth of field and was taken with an aperture of f/2.8))
Dr. Rayaz Hassan 92

Small (shallow) depth of field means that only part of the image will be in focus
and the rest will be blur.
Dr. Rayaz Hassan 93

Aperture has a big impact upon depth of field
Large Aperture (smaller number) will decrease depth of field
F 2.8
Dr. Rayaz Hassan 94

Small aperture (larger numbers) will give you larger depth of field
F 2.8
Dr. Rayaz Hassan 95

Small Aperture (larger numbers) will give you larger depth of field
F 22
Dr. Rayaz Hassan 96

Small Aperture (larger numbers) will give you larger depth of field
f/1.4 f/4.5
F 16
f/8
Dr. Rayaz Hassan 97
Exposure Triangle
Dr. Rayaz Hassan 98

F/22
Dr. Rayaz Hassan 99
f/4
Dr. Rayaz Hassan 100

f/2.8

f/22
f/8

f/2.5

• Amount of
light let into the
camera
• Do you want
a single object
in focus or an
entire scene?
f/2.8 f/16
f/1.4 f/4.5
f/8
f/1.4 f/4.5
What affects depth of field?
Depth of field depends on
➢ Aperture
➢ Distance of the Subject from Camera
➢ Focal Length
➢ The latter depends on Camera Sensor Size
f/8
f/1.4 f/4.5
Produce Long DoF:
Small apertures (f/8-f/22)

Short focal lengths (10-
35mm)
Longer focus distances
Smaller camera sensors
(crop)
f/8
f/1.4 f/4.5
f/8
f/1.4 f/4.5
f/8
f/1.4 f/4.5
f/8
f/1.4 f/4.5
f/8
f/1.4 f/4.5
f/8
f/1.4 f/4.5
f/8
f/1.4 f/4.5
Produce Short DoF:
❖ Wide apertures (f/1.4-f/5.6)

❖ Long focal lengths (70-600mm)
❖ Short focus distances Larger
camera sensors (full frame)
f/8
f/1.4
How to shoot for shallow depth of field?
f/4.5
Decide the amount of depth of field you need and get close to the
subject, use wide apertures (f/1.4-f/5.6) and long focal lengths (from
70mm or larger).
Finally, focus the lens on the part of the subject you want to direct the
viewer's attention.
Shooting with a full frame camera will also produce a shallower depth
of field than shooting with a cropped one.
f/8
f/1.4 f/4.5
f/8
f/1.4 f/4.5
f/8
f/1.4 f/4.5
f/8
Image Sensor Sizes
ISO

Sensitivity to Light
ISO

What is the Meaning of ISO?
The acronym ISO stands for
“International Organization for Standardization”

In the case of digital cameras, ISO sensitivity is a measure of
the camera's ability to capture light.
ISO is measured in numbers.

Sensitivity of Film
ASA
American Standards Association
The ASA scale is an arbitrary rating of film speed; that is, the sensitivity of
the film to light.

ISO Sensitivity
In the case of digital cameras, ISO sensitivity is a

measure of the camera's ability to capture light.
(Digital cameras convert the light that falls on the image sensor
into electrical signals for processing)

ISO Sensitivity
How much light is needed is determined by the sensitivity of the
medium used.
That was as true for glass plates as it is for film, and now digital
sensors.
Over the years that sensitivity has been expressed in various

ways, most recently as ASA and now ISO.
An image of Black
Skimmers captured at
ISO 800 and 1/2000
shutter speed

Common ISO Values
Every camera has a different range of ISO values (sometimes called ISO speeds) that
you can use. A common set is as follows:
•ISO 100 (low ISO)
•ISO 200
•ISO 400
•ISO 800
•ISO 1600
•ISO 3200
•ISO 6400 (high ISO)
Quite simply, when you double your ISO speed, you are doubling the brightness of the
photo. So, a photo at ISO 400 will be twice brighter than ISO 200, which will be twice
brighter than ISO 100.

What is Base ISO?
The lowest native ISO on your camera is your “base ISO”. This is a very important
setting, because it gives you the potential to produce the highest image quality,
minimizing the visibility of noise as much as possible.
Some older DSLRs and some modern cameras, such as the Fuji X-T2 have a base ISO of
200,
whereas most modern digital cameras have a base ISO of 100.
Optimally, you should always try to stick to the base ISO to get the highest image
quality.
However, it is not always possible to do so, especially when working in low-light

conditions.

Motion
ISO
In traditional (film) photography
ISO (ASA) was the indication of how sensitive a film was

to light.
It was measured in numbers (100, 200, 400, 800 etc).
The lower the number the lower the sensitivity of the film
and the finer the grain in the shots you’re taking.

ISO
Sensitivity to light
• The higher the ISO number
the quicker the sensor reacts to
light.
• How much light is available?
Is it night or are you inside?
ISO
• Sensitivity to light
• The higher the ISO number
the quicker the sensor reacts
to light.
• How much light is available?
Is it night or are you inside?
In the “old days” this

was film speed.
ISO 100
I S O 3200
I S O 1600
I S O 100
ISO 400

I S O 20000

ISO
In Digital Photography
ISO measures the sensitivity of the image sensor.
(The same principles apply as in film photography)
the lower the number the less sensitive your camera is to light
and the finer the grain.
Higher ISO settings are generally used in darker situations to

get faster shutter speeds (for example an indoor sports event
when you want to freeze the action in lower light)

Four Fundamentals for ISO Setting:
1. Light
2. Movement
3. Stability
4. Grain.
Here's a quick refresher:

•In low light situations, dial in a higher ISO setting.
•To freeze movement, use a higher ISO setting so you can, in turn, use a faster
shutter speed.
•If you're shooting handheld, use a higher ISO setting to help prevent blurry
photos, again, because you can use a faster shutter speed.
•If you want a grainy look, use a higher ISO setting.
Setting Exposure: Shutter
Dr. Rayaz Hassan Speed and Aperture 154
ELEMENTS
3 of EXPOSURE
• Shutter Speed Controls the

duration of how much light is
allowed to reach the sensor
• Aperture Controls the amount

of light going into the camera
• ISO Controls the sensitivity of

your camera’s sensor to light
By changing 1 setting, the

others will be affected
Keep in mind
Changing each element impacts the exposure of the image
➢ Changing aperture changes depth of field
➢ Changing shutter speed impacts how motion is

captured
➢ Changing ISO changes the graininess of a shot

Exposure represented
as a triangle because
if you change 1
setting, the others
will need to be
compensated

Exposure Triangle

Camera Exposure PDF

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

You might also like

Camera Exposure PDF

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Camera Exposure PDF

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Dr.

Dr. Rayaz Hassan 2

Dr. Rayaz Hassan 3

Dr. Rayaz Hassan 5

Dr. Rayaz Hassan 8

Dr. Rayaz Hassan 9

Dr. Rayaz Hassan 12

Camera exposure is the overall brightness or

Exposure determines how light or dark an image

Dr. Rayaz Hassan 14

when a picture is being taken.

Dr. Rayaz Hassan 20

The more light, the lighter your photo will be.

The less light, the darker your photo will be.

Dr. Rayaz Hassan 21

These three together constitute the Exposure Triangle

Dr. Rayaz Hassan 23

Dr. Rayaz Hassan 27

Dr. Rayaz Hassan 28

Dr. Rayaz Hassan 29

Dr. Rayaz Hassan 30

Dr. Rayaz Hassan 31

Dr. Rayaz Hassan 32

Dr. Rayaz Hassan 33

(Low Light or Bright

Dr. Rayaz Hassan 34

(Fast movement or slow

Dr. Rayaz Hassan 35

Dr. Rayaz Hassan 36

Dr. Rayaz Hassan 37

• The length of time the

• Do you want to show

Dr. Rayaz Hassan 38

Dr. Rayaz Hassan 39

Dr. Rayaz Hassan 41

Dr. Rayaz Hassan 42

Dr. Rayaz Hassan 43

Dr. Rayaz Hassan 44

Dr. Rayaz Hassan 45

Slow shutter speed

Dr. Rayaz Hassan 48

Dr. Rayaz Hassan 49

Why anyone would want motion in their images. There

For example when you’re taking a photo of a waterfall

Dr. Rayaz Hassan 50

Dr. Rayaz Hassan 53

Dr. Rayaz Hassan 54

When you’re taking a shot of a racing car and

Dr. Rayaz Hassan 55

When you’re taking a shot of a star scape and want to

(For slow shutter speed photography, we must use a tripod)

Dr. Rayaz Hassan 57

Dr. Rayaz Hassan 59

Dr. Rayaz Hassan 61

Dr. Rayaz Hassan 63

Another thing to consider when choosing shutter speed is

Longer focal lengths will accentuate the amount of camera