NAME: Shane Vast Andrei A.

Casiño DATE and TIME: October 19, 2021

STRAND and SECTION: 12 STEM C - Charity INSTRUCTOR: Ms. Glaiza Bolo

ADVISER: Ms. Glaiza Bolo

BACTERIAL CELL
(PROKARYOTIC CELLS)

Objective: To locate and examine the parts of the bacterial cell.

To differentiate gram positive to gram negative.

Materials: Link for Virtual Laboratory of Bacterial Cell.

(http://cbi-au.vlabs.ac.in/cell-biology1/Cell_Organization_and_Sub_Cellular_Structure_Studies/
experiment.html)

Procedure:

1. Open the provided link.

2. By clicking the link, you will be directed to site. Click the SELECT VIEW icon. Next, click the
BINOCULAR.

3. Click the SELECT SAMPLE after which, click the BACILLUS SUBTILIS. The bacterial cell will be
automatically mounted to the microscope.

4. Examine under the LPO and HPO. Observe the cellular part that is visible under the virtual microscope.

5. Draw the bacillus subtilis and label it parts. DO NOT FORGET THE MAGNIFICATION!

6. For better viewing, manipulate the different navigation provided in the HTML.

flagellum
pili

cell wall cytoplasm

nuclear matter cell membrane

LPO (10x) HPO (40x)

GRAM NEGATIVE (COCCI)

For the procedures repeat the step from the procedure of BACTERIAL CELL.

LPO (10x) HPO (40x)

GRAM POSITIVE (COCCI)

LPO (10x) HPO (40x)

GRAM NEGATIVE (RODS)

LPO (10x) HPO (40x)

GRAM POSITVE (RODS)

LPO (10x) HPO (40x)

NOTE: This time you must provide colors to the bacterial cell!

TAKING SCREENSHOT IS STRICTLY PROHIBITED!

QUESTION and ANALYSIS:

1. Differentiate Gram negative from Gram Positive.

The difference between gram negative bacteria and gram positive bacteria highlights on a bacteria’s cellular
envelope. Gram negative type has three layers on its external cell structure namely: outer membrane, cell wall
and cytoplasmic membrane, peptidoglycan is thin and single-layered, presence of porins, polysaccharides, lipids
outside the cell, has no presence of acids and appears red/slightly pink on the microscope. Gram positive has
two layers, cell wall and cytoplasmic membrane, peptidoglycan is thick and multi-layered, has no porins,
polysaccharides and lipids, has presence of acids (techoic and lipotechoic acid) and appears violet/slightly blue
on the microscope.

2. A community volunteer and previously healthy man presents with a 2-month history of flu – like illness,
night sweats, intermittent fever, weight loss and chest pain which has worsened over the past 24 hours making
him feel very weak.

Clinical finding shows his temperature is 39.5 °C with a heart rate of 100 and increased respiratory rate. His
chest X – ray results show consolidation in both lung fields, and traces of blood in his sputum. After 24 hours
his condition has not improved, a repeat chest X – ray reveals presence of fluid in his lungs. Urinalysis results
also presents traces of blood and crystals. The patient also complains burning sensation when urinating. Growth
of bloody pustules that evolve into necrotic black ulcers is also noticeable.

a. What diseases do you suspect? (3 possibilities) Explain each.

The diseases that may be present on the healthy man are acute bronchitis, tuberculosis and pneumonia. Based
on the patient’s history, he may have acute bronchitis due to a 2-month period of flu-like illness he manifested
that indicates the symptoms. The person may also exhibit pneumonia since according to the case problem, he
had flu-

like illness, and symptoms like fever, chest pain, and difficulty in breathing. As we remember, pneumonia is a
lung disease caused by an infection that causes one’s air sacs (or alveoli) to fill fluid or even worse, pus and
there was fluid in his chest X-ray findings. With that, it can cause one’s body to experience the said symptoms.
Lastly, the patient may have tuberculosis since he is undergoing the symptoms like night sweats, weight loss,
chest pain lasted and aggravated after 24-hours. His lung spaces have traces of blood in his sputum. His urine
also contains blood and crystals, which makes sense of tuberculosis since the illness can target body parts aside
lungs such as brain, spine or kidneys.

b. What are pathogens that would likely cause the above mentioned diseases? Provide its morphology.

Acute Bronchitis

The pathogens that cause acute bronchitis are the following:

1. Bordetella pertussis infection - Bordetella pertussis is a small (approximately 0.8 μm by 0.4 μm), rod-
shaped, coccoid, or ovoid Gram-negative bacterium that is encapsulated and does not produce spores. It is a
strict aerobe. It is arranged singly or in small groups and is not easily distinguished from Haemophilus species.

2. Chlamydia pneumoniae - Chlamydiae shows two forms during their developmental cycle: an intracellular
dividing form (reticulate body) and an extracellular, infectious, metabolically inactive form (elementary body).
Cp. pneumoniae exhibits a unique pearshaped elementary body that distinguishes it from other Chlamydiae.

3. Mycoplasma pneumoniae - The Mycoplasmas are spherical to filamentous shape of cells with lacking cell
walls. It has an attachment organelle at the tip of filamentous M pneumoniae, M genitalium, and several other
pathogenic mycoplasmas.

Pnuemonia

The pathogen that inhibits pneumonia is Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus). Streptococcus

pneumoniae are lancet-shaped, facultative anaerobic bacteria with 100 known serotypes. Streptococcus
pneumoniae bacteria are gram-positive cocci arranged in chains and pairs (diplococci) on microscopic
examination. A green, α-hemolytic, zone surrounds S. pneumoniae colonies on blood-agar plates. Pneumococci
can be differentiated from other catalase-negative viridans streptococci by their susceptibility to Optochin and
solubility in bile salts.

Tuberculosis

The pathogen involved in tuberculosis is named Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Mycobacterium tuberculosis is a

fairly large nonmotile rod-shaped bacterium distantly related to the Actinomycetes. Many non pathogenic
mycobacteria are components of the normal flora of humans, found most often in dry and oily locales. The rods
are 2-4 micrometers in length and 0.2-0.5 um in width. They are also non-sporing, non-motile and non-
capsulated bacteria. They are acid-fast bacilli, neither gram positive nor gram negative. During acid-fast stain,
they appear bright red to intensive purple with green/blue background.