P.

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4. Due to physical development, the upright posture moved the head above the
spinal column, the larynx dropped to a lower position.

5. Because these sounds often make under emotion circumstances, wow! and Oh!
usually produced with sudden intake of breath. When we talk, we won’t have a
sudden intake of breath.

6. The idea is, when animals make sounds, human try to copy their sounds. The
pronunciations just like the sounds animals or objects made.

8. Pharynx is just above the vocal folds, it’s a resonator. When you produce a sound
through the larynx, it can make it more clearly and make more sounds.

9.

10. The physical adaptation source

P.80
1. Displacement means that human being can talk about past and future, it also
allows us to talk about imaginary things.
2. Productivity means human can create infinite words. Fixed reference shows on
animals, each signal they make related to a specific occasion or purpose.
3. Because we can use language to think about language itself, this is one of the
distinguishing features of human language.
4. If there is a Korean boy who is adopted by English speaker, and moved to united
states, he will say English.
5. Mama, papa and cup.
6. Productivity
7. By question-answer sequences.
8. Arbitrariness
9. Yerkish
10. The key element is being exposed under learning language environment.
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B. Body language will be characterized as informative signals.
Distance zones: communicative signal
Eye contact: communicative signal
Eyebrow flashes: informative signal

C. Sound symbolism means the words is linked to the sound it makes

(Onomatopoeia).
It has less arbitrary connection, because it seems to echo the sounds the
object makes.

H. The right statements are

1. correct. Washoe can use signs to say “open food drink”.
2. correct. Washoe can invent signs like water bird, which is a swan.
3. correct. Sarah has ability to understand complex structures such as “If
Sarah put red on green, Mary give Sarah chocolate.”
4. incorrect. I didn’t think they mention about it.
5. incorrect. They use sigh to communicate is not intentionally. And they also
use sign to talk to another chimpanzee.
6. incorrect. Animals don’t’ have the concept of past and future time.
7. correct. Washoe can use sign language to communicate with other
chimpanzees.
8. incorrect. Viki can only say mama, papa and cup in poor version. And I
don’t think the length of their utterances do increase steadily. Their ability is poor
then the pre-school child.