The inexhaustible energy sources are important for today’s world as in near future

the exhaustible energy sources that we are using are going to get exhausted. The solar
vehicle is a step in saving these exhaustible sources of energy.
A solar vehicle is an electric vehicle completely or extensively powered by sun
energy. Usually, photovoltaic (PV) cells contained in solar panels directly convert
the sun's energy into electric energy. The term "solar vehicle" usually implies that
solar energy is used to power all or part of a vehicle.So, solar powered vehicles
contains Cars, Buses, Boats, Trains , Mini Planes etc.[1]

HOW DOES A SOLAR POWERED VEHICLE WORK ?

Solar car are environment friendly cars have
solar panels on their roof or exterior and
these panels collect the sunlight from the sun.
The basic solar panel is made up of
numerous Photovoltaic Cells (PVC), which
effectively transform the solar energy into
electric energy. And from that electric energy
the engine of any vehicle run and the vehicle
start working.

Fig. , Solar Car [2]

HYBRID SOLAR VEHICLES (HEV)

Hybrid Solar Vehicles , are combination of Hybrid Electric Vehicle with PV sources.
These vehicles are very effective solution of two major problems one is Energy
saving and other is Environmental issues.
In a HSV , the I.C engine cooperates with an Electric Motor which has finest usage of
the engine. Especially driving in a city traffic involves frequent starts and stops of the
vehicles during this time the engine consumes more fuel and it leads to unnecessary
emission of fuel.SO, HSV solves this problem . The parallel power train runs on both,
combustion engine and electric motor. The primary drive of the vehicle from solar
powered and secondary drive by the combustion. These vehicles gain maximum
efficiency in city during heavy traffic conditions without producing any emissions
which supports to the green environment.

DISADVANTAGES OF HYBRID SOLAR VEHICLES

 Complicated Controlling Process
 High Installation Cost
 Less Battery Life and etc.

TOP SOLAR CAR MANUFACTURES IN THE WORLD

 Volkswagen:-Every time, this company works on specialized projects to uplift
and evolve the automobile industry. Now, with their innovation of solar energy
into vehicles, they are one of the leading solar vehicle manufacturers.
 Lightyear :- Lightyear is a solar electrical car firm located in the Netherlands
that is developing an ultra-energy-efficient automobile technology .Lightyear is
constantly indulged in the development of long-range solar electric vehicles..
 Ford:- is an American multinational vehicle manufacturer based in Dearborn,
Michigan.Ford’s recent innovation includes solar vehicles and this is making
them one of the leading solar vehicle manufacturers.
 Venturi Automobiles:- is a Monaco-based automotive manufacturer. With every
innovation, the company is running the development of electric and solar vehicles.
Venturi’s projects are headed by its President along with the team of highly
experienced and fresh mind talents.[3]

Electric Vehicle field required certain improvements in various areas like How we can
make EVs more environmental friendly, How we can do better Battery Management
etc.
SO, WE CAN IMPROVE THE EV FIELD BY CONCENTRATING
ON CERTAIN AREAS AND THESE AREAS ARE FOLLOWING:-

 ENVIRONMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS:-Despite one of the goals

of electrical automobile adoption being to restriction the carbon footprint and
pollutants due to inner combustion engine cars, a growing situation amongst
environment is the producing system of electric automobile batteries.In
contemporary exercise, those vehicle batteries rely heavily at the mining industry
of rare earth metals such as cobalt, nickel, and copper.According to 2018 observe
the materials of mined metals would need to boom 87,000% by way of 2060
globally for transition to battery-powered EVs. Rare-earth metals (neodymium,
dysprosium) and different mined metals (copper, nickel, iron) are used by EV
cars, at the same time as lithium, cobalt, manganese are utilized by the batteries.
An opportunity method of sourcing important battery materials being deliberated
by way of the International Seabed Authority is deep sea mining of these metals[4]

 IMPROVED BATTERIES:-

Advances in lithium-ion batteries :- driven at first by the personal-use electronics

vehicles industry, allow full-sized, highway-capable EVs to travel nearly as far on
a single charge as traditional cars go on a single tank petrol and diesel. Lithium
batteries are safer and, can be recharged in minutes instead of hours . The
production cost of these lighter, higher-capacity lithium-ion batteries is gradually
decreasing as the technology matures and production volumes increase.[5]

GRAPHENE PAPER BATTERIES :- These are emerging type of batteries

and it is hoping that it will replace Lithion Ion Batteries soon in
future.A graphene battery is a new type of battery made of graphene, a thin
sheet of carbon atoms in a honeycomb pattern. Graphene is a material
composed of pure carbon material, similar to graphite but with characteristics that
make it extraordinarily light and strong.It is one of the most conductive materials
for heat and electricity.

What are the some advantages of choosing Graphene Battery over Lithium -ion
batteries which are considered as best batteries now a days:-
A) Graphene based batteries are faster to recharge than Lithium - ion batteries

B) The Graphene based batteries are more energy density which is five times of
lithium-ion batteries.

C) The Graphene batteries are considered as more safer than lithium- ion batteries as
there was no fear of explosion

Impact of Graphene batteries on Environment:-

 Positive Impact :- “Graphene’s properties are precisely what enable new

environmental solutions that were previously infeasible,” GrapheneCA Head of
Business Development David Robles told the Investing News Network
(INN). Graphene may solve a lot of the Earth’s energy problems. Instead of
holding electricity as a chemical potential, graphene batteries store electricity in
an electric field. This is very similar to how static electricity collects on a balloon.
While the chemical reaction that occurs in lithium-ion degrades the battery over
time, graphene batteries last for up to sixty years even after thousands of charges
and discharges.Comprised entirely of carbon, graphene is biodegradable and
environmentally-friendly. New production methods allow for the production of
sheets of graphene from waste. This will make graphene an extremely sustainable
option.

 Negative Impact:- There will be very minor negative impacts of Graphene on

Environment. So, Graphene have some toxic properties which could be harmful
to the environment. And second negative impact of Graphene is in its production
process because Graphene is so small that it required a lot work to produce it in
larger amount . so, it will required more energy and resource to produce it.I
believe the negative impact will continue to reside primarily in production and
not in use.it. [6]

 BATTERY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM:-

Another improvement is required in the field of battery management system.. The
Battery Management System continuously monitors parameters such as
 temperature, voltage and current in and out of the pack to ensure it is being
operated in safe conditions the entire time.

Now, improvement is
required to separate the
electric motor from the
battery through electronic
control .Battery is the major
source in an Electric Vehicle
(EV), where mileage of EV
depends on it and also the
power obtained from battery
gets consumed by the various
loads in EV other than motor. Fig. Battery Management System
Such energy consumption also becomes barrier for the main rotary part to consume its
energy from battery units. To enhance the battery performance, the battery is
energized by the regenerative power and to eliminate the power consumed by other
loads from battery super capacitor is used to provide energy for mini loads other than
motor. Super capacitors are the high energy capacitors which can store an
incomparably greater amount of energy than conventional capacitors and it has the
potential to improve the Electric Vehicle energy storage system.[7]

The coming decade is predicted to be the ultimate decade for the future for electric
cars in India. With battery amount reportedly falling up to 73%, electric-vehicles are
expected to be as reasonably-priced as gas-powered vehicles within the foreseeable
future. The International Energy Agency cites that through 2020 up to 20 million
electric-powered cars will ply the road, this is anticipated to move as many as 70
million through 2025. Nations much like the UK, France, Norway, and India are
about to undertake e-mobility at a bigger scale. India has loads to advantage from the
massive adoption of e-mobility.
 INCREASE IN GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT (GDP) OF
INDIA IN NEAR FUTURE:-

Under the Make In India program, the production of electric vehicle is expected to
increase the percentage of production in India’s GDP by up to 25% by 2022 end.

On the monetary front, large-scale adoption of electrical cars can lower the oil import
by about $60 billion by 2030. Currently, 82% of the oil demand in India is fulfilled
by import. And the price of gas might also additionally need to fall.So, it’s evident
how much beneficial the Indian economy will be if this import cost is reduced. As a
result, the overall cost of about Rs 20,000 is reduced while traveling every 5000 km
by an EV. Finally, electrification will lessen vehicular emissions, a key contributor
to air pollutants which reasons an average of 3% GDP loss each year.[8]

 ESTABLISHMENTS OF LI-ION BATTERY PLANTS IN

INDIA IN NEAR FUTURE:-

Till 2012, the Li-Ion batteries cost around $600 per unit, and it has been reduced to
$250 now. Though it’s projected to reach as low as $100 by 2024, when we see in a
broader view, the cost to manufacture an EV would still be high. The reason is pretty
apparent as there are no sizeable Li-Ion battery plants in India. However, there’s a
new project undertaken by Bharat Heavy Electricals to invest a massive amount on
the Li-Ion plant. Still, it might take a while actually to see the Indian-made battery for
EVs. As of now, China has been the pioneer in manufacturing Li-Ion batteries, and it
would be a great push if India starts making the batteries.

 LATEST DEVELOPMENTS IN THE INDIAN EV SPACE :-

India is one of the fastest growing economies in the world. In recent years, India has
been witnessing an exponential growth in electric vehicle (EV) sales. The latest
developments in the Indian EV space are a result of this rapid growth and they will
have a considerable impact on the future of EVs in India .
The Indian government has been working on various policies to promote electric
vehicles, such as subsidies for buyers and incentives for manufacturers to produce
more EVs. The government also wants to make charging stations available at least
every 10 km across India by 2024.In addition, there are many startups that have
emerged to provide innovative solutions for EV charging stations, battery swapping
stations, and even electric buses or trucks. They are making efforts to disrupt.[9]

 IMPROVEMENT IN CHARGING INFRASTRUCTURE IN

NEAR FUTURE IN INDIA:-

To make this great switch from petrol to

electric cars, EV owners must be able to
charge their vehicles conveniently and
quickly. For this, the world needs
efficient EV charging infrastructure. To
achieve this, we face quite a few
challenges. Two main challenges for
future-ready EV charging infrastructure
are building enough charging stations in
the right places and having the electric
grid to support its trouble-free operating. Fig. Charging Station

The existing infrastructure can’t support the number of charging stations needed in the
future, so smart EV charging software will play a crucial role in supporting the
electric grid response to growing numbers of charging stations.

The key to making the power grid more stable is Smart EV Charging management,
and it stands for intelligent managing of EV charging that doesn’t destabilize the
power grid or overload it.
If an electric vehicle is plugged in a standard charger, it will take the energy needed to
charge from the grid until it’s fully charged. If all EV owners do that, let’s say in the
evening, it will strain the network. Smart charging management instead communicates
with the grid (utility company), charging point operator (CPO), and cars battery. This
communication enables optimized charging in terms of load balancing and peak
shaving. The result is that CPOs and utility providers can satisfy the energy demands
without investing in the electric network’s installation or components.

In connection with the CPOs billing system, the users can select variable billing plans
for charging. If they need to charge quickly, they will pay more, and if they are
willing to optimize charging, they will get a better price per energy used.[10]
 2022 BUDGET PLANS OF INDIA FOR THE DEVELOPMENT
OF EVS:-

The government focus on promoting electric vehicles, as a means of transportation in

the country, was reiterated in the budget. In addition to existing financial incentives
under the FAME-II scheme to boost demand and the PLI Schemes for ACC and auto
segment focused on EVs and other alternative energy technologies, the Finance
minister in the budget announced plans to implement a battery swapping policy and
formalize interoperability standards

If implemented efficiently, the same is likely to go a long way in reducing range

anxiety with regards to EV adoption while also aiding economies of scale in battery
production. The Finance minister also announced plans to further the push for EV
penetration in public transport and create special mobility zones for EVs, which
should also spur EV demand. In addition, the inclusion of energy storage in the
harmonised List of Infrastructure will facilitate cheaper financing availability to EV
battery makers.[11]
[1]
http://www.iaeng.org/publication/WCECS2010/WCECS2010_pp894-897.pdf

[2] https://www.cartrade.com/blog/2014/greens/what-is-a-solar-car-and-how-
does-it-work-750.html

[3] https://www.powerright.ie/article/biggest-ev-manufacturers-in-the-world-
2020

[4] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_vehicle#:~:text=A%20solar%20vehicle%
20or%20solar%20electric%20vehicle%20is,the%20sun%20%27s%20energy%
20directly%20into%20electric%20energy.

[5] https://www.ijert.org/performance-improved-battery-modeling-for-ev-
simulation

[6] https://topcharger.co.uk/graphene-ev-batteries-how-far-away-are-
we/#:~:text=Graphene%20lithium-
ion%20battery%20For%20electric%20vehicles%2C%20the%20easiest%2C,the
%20battery%2C%20creating%20a%20faster%2C%20more%20efficient%20b
attery.

[7] https://e-vehicleinfo.com/battery-management-system-bms-for-electric-
vehicle/

[8] https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/electric-
vehicles-india-s-future

[9] https://electricvehicles.in/what-is-the-future-of-electric-vehicles-in-india-by-
2030/

[10] https://cio.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/corporate-news/india-
looking-for-mass-ev-tech-to-build-in-india-nitin-gadkari/90006447

[11] https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/opinion/budget-2022-gives-a-shot-in-
the-arm-for-indias-ev-ecosystem-8032261.html