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16.1 Why do we need to classify drugs in different Proteins which act as biological catalysts are

Sol.
ways?
Drugs are classified in following different
ways:
r
called enzymes, those which are involved in

i
communication system are called receptors.
Carrier proteins carry polar molecules across
(a) Based on pharmacological effect.
(b) Based on action of a particular
biochemical process.
(c) Based on chemical structure.
S
the cell membrane. Nucleic acids have coded
genetic information in the cell whereas lipids
and carbohydrates form structural part of cell
(d) Based on molecular targets.
Each classification has its own usefulness.
(a) Classification based on pharmacological
16.3
membranes.
a
Name the macromolecules that are chosen

t
as drug targets.
effect is useful for doctors because it
provides them the whole range of drugs
available for the treatment of a particular
disease.
Sol.

16.4 p
Proteins, carbohydrates, lipids and nucleic
acids are chosen as drug targets.

u
Why should not medicines be taken without
(b) Classification based on action on a
particular biochemical process is useful
for choosing the correct compound for
G
Sol.
consulting doctors?
Some drugs can cause side effects when drug
binds to more than one type of receptor.

a m
designing the synthesis of a desired
drug.
(c) Classification based on chemical
str ucture helps us to design the
Therefore, doctor’s consultation is must to
choose the right drug that has the maximum
affinity for a particular receptor site to have
desired effect. Dose of the drug taken at a

u p
synthesis of a number of structurally
similar compounds having different
substituents and then choosing the
time is also crucial because some drugs in
higher doses act as poisons and may cause
death.

ndrug having least toxicity.

(d) Classification on the basis of molecular

A targets is useful for medical chemists so

that they can design a drug which is
most effective for a particular receptor
site.
16.2 Explain the term, target molecules or drug
targets as used in medicinal chemistry.
Sol. Drugs interact with macromolecules like
proteins, carbohydrates, lipids and nucleic
acids thus these macro molecules are called
drug targets. These macromolecules perform
various functions in the body for example,
proteins perform several roles in the body.
16.5
Sol.
Define the term chemotherapy.
It is the branch of chemistry that deals with
the treatment of diseases by using chemicals
as medicines.
16.6 Which forces are involved in holding the
drugs to the active site of enzymes?
Sol. The following forces are involved in holding
the drugs to the active site of enzymes:
(a) Hydrogen bonding
(b) Ionic bonding
(c) Dipole-dipole interactions
(d) Van der Waals interactions
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16.7 While antacids and antiallergic drugs
interfere with the function of histamines,
why do these not interfere with the function
of each other?
Sol. Drugs are designed to cure some ailment in
one organ of the body do not affect the other
because they work on different receptors. For
example, secretion of histamine causes
allergy. It also causes acidity due to release
of hydrochloric acid in the stomach. Since
antiallergic and antacids drugs work on
different receptors, therefore, antihistamines
remove allergy while antacids remove acidity.
16.8 Low level of noradrenaline is the cause of
Sol.
depression. What type of drugs are needed
to cure this problem? Name two drugs.
In case of low level of neurotransmitter,
noradrenaline, tranquilizer (antidepressant)
drugs are required because low levels of
noradrenaline leads to depression. These
drugs inhibit the enzymes which catalyse the
degradation of noradrenaline. If the enzyme
is inhibited, noradrenaline is slowly
metabolized and can activate its receptor for
longer periods of time thereby reducing
depression. Two important dr ugs ar e
iproniazid and phenylzine.
16.9
Sol.
What is meant by the term broad spectrum
antibiotics? Explain.
Broad spectrum antibiotics are effective
m
against several different types or wide
range of harmful bacteria. For example,
a
tetracycline, chloramphenicol and ofloxacin.
16.10
u p
Chloramphenicol can be used in case of
typhoid, dysentry, acute fever, urinary
infections, meningitis and pneumonia.
How do antiseptics differ from disinfectants?
Sol.
A n
Give one example of each.
Antiseptics are chemical substances which
prevent the growth of micro-organisms and
may even kill them but they are not harmful
for human or animal tissues. For example,
dettol and savlon. They are generally applied
on wounds, cuts, ulcers and diseased skin
surfaces. Furacin and soframycin are well
known antiseptic creams.
Disinfectants are chemical substances which
kill microorganisms but are not safe to be
applied to the living tissues. These are
generally used to kill microorganisms present
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in the drains toilets, floors, etc. Some common
examples of disinfectants are phenol ( 1%
solution) and chlorine (0.2 to 0.4 ppm).
16.11 Why are cimetidine and ranitidine better
antacids than sodium hydrogencarbonate or
magnesium or aluminium hydroxide?
Sol. If excess of NaHCO3 or Mg(OH)2 or Al(OH)3
is used, it makes the stomach alkaline and
thus triggers the release of even more HCl
which may cause ulcer in the stomach. In
contrast, cimetidine and ranitidine prevent the
interaction of histamine with the receptor cells
in the stomach wall and thus release of HCl
will be less as histamine stimulates the
16.12
secretion of acid.
Name a substance which can be used as an
antiseptic as well as disinfectant.
i r
Sol.
16.13 S
0.2% solution of phenol acts as antiseptic
while 1% solution acts as a disinfectant.
What are the main constituents of dettol?
Chloroxylenol and a-terpineol in a suitable
Sol.
Cl
solvent.
CH3
t a
u p
G H3C
Chloroxylenol
OH
OH
a-Terepinol
16.14
Sol.
What is tincture of iodine? What is its use?
2-3% solution of iodine in alcohol and water
is called tincture of iodine. It is a powerful
16.15
Sol.
antiseptic. It is applied on wounds.
What are food preservatives?
Chemical substances which are used to
protect food against bacteria, yeasts and
16.16
moulds are called preservatives. For example,
sodium benzoate and sodium metabisulphite.
Why is the use of aspartame limited to cold
foods and drinks?
Sol. This is because it decomposes at baking or
cooking temperatures and hence can be used
only in cold foods and drinks as an artificial
sweetener
16.17 What are artificial sweetening agents? Give
two examples.
Sol. Artificial sweeteners are chemical substances
which are sweet in taste but do not add any
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Chemistry in Everyday Life
calories to our body. They are excreted as
such through urine. For example, saccharin,
aspartame, alitame etc.
16.18 Name the sweetening agent used in the
preparation of sweets for a diabetic patient.
Sol. Saccharine, aspartame or alitame may be used
in the preparation of sweets for a diabetic
patient.
16.19 What problem arises in using alitame as
artificial sweetener?
Sol. Alitame is a high potency artificial sweetener.
Therefore, it is difficult to control the
sweetness of the food to which it is added.
16.20 How are synthetic detergents better than
Sol.
soaps?
They can be used in hard water as well as in
acidic solution. The reason being that
sulphonic acids and their calcium and
magnesium salts are soluble in water thus
they do not form curdy white precipitate with
hard water but the fatty acids and their calcium
and magnesium salts of soaps are insoluble.
Detergents also work in slightly acidic
solution due to formation of soluble alkyl
hydrogen sulphates. Soaps react with acidic
solution to form insoluble fatty acids.
16.21 Explain the following terms with suitable
examples:
(i) cationic detergents
Sol.
(ii) anionic detergents and
(iii) non-ionic detergents
a m
(i) Cationic detergents: These are
quaternary ammonium salts, chlorides,
u p
acetates, bromides etc containing one
or more long chain alkyl groups. For
example, cetyltrimethyl ammonium
A n chloride.
(ii) Anionic detergents are called so
because a large part of their molecules
are anions. These are of two types:
(a) Sodium alkyl sulphates: For example,
sodium lauryl sulphate,
C11H23CH2OSO3–Na+.
(b) Sodium alkylbenzenesulphonates.For
example, sodium 4-(1-dodecyl)
benzenesulphphonate (SDS).
+ charged head, which is hydrophillic (water
CH3 — (CH2)11 SO3– Na
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(iii) Neutral or non-ionic detergents: These
are esters of high molecular mass
alcohols with fatty acids. These can also
be obtained by treatment of long chain
alcohols by with excess of ethylene
oxide in presence of a base. For example,
polyethylene glycol stearate,
CH3(CH2)16COO (CH2CH2O)nCH2CH2OH
Polyethylene glycol stearate.
16.22 What are biodegradable and non-biodegradable
detergents? Give one example of each.
Sol. Detergents having straight chain hydrocarbons
are easily degraded (or decomposed) by
microorganisms and hence are called
i r
biodegradable detergents while detergents
containing branched hydrocarbon chains are
S
not easily degraded by the microorganisms
and hence are called non-biodegradable
detergents. Consequently, non-biodegradable
t a
detergents accumulate in rivers and water
ways thereby causing severe water pollution.
Examples of biodegradable detergents are
u p
sodium lauryl sulphate, sodium 4-(-1-dodecyl)
benzenesulphonate and sodium 4-(2-dodecyl)
benzenesulphonate.
G Examples of non-biodegradable detergents is
sodium 4-(1, 3, 5, 7 - tetramethyloctyl) benzene
sulphonate.
16.23
Sol.
Why do soaps not work in hard water?
Hard water contains calcium and magnesium
salts. Therefore, in hard water soaps get
precipitated as calcium and magnesium soaps
which being insoluble stick to the clothes as
gummy mass.
16.24
Sol.
Can you use soaps and synthetic detergents
to check the hardness of water?
Soaps get precipitated as insoluble calcium
and magnesium soaps in hard water but
detergents do not. Therefore, soaps but not
synthetic detergents can be used to check
the hardness of water.
16.25 Explain the cleansing action of soaps.
Sol. Cleansing action of soaps : Soaps contain
two parts, a large hydrocarbon which is a
hydrophobic (water repelling) and a negative
attracting). In solution water molecules being
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418 Chemistry in Everyday Life

polar in nature, surround the ions & not the not precipitate in hard water because its
organic part of the molecule. When a soap is calcium salt is also soluble in water. Therefore,
dissolved in water the molecules gather synthetic detergents can be used for cleaning
together as clusters, called micelles. The tails clothes in hard water.
stick inwards & the head outwards. The 16.27 Label the hydrophilic and hydrophobic parts
hydrocarbon tail attaches itself to oily dirt. in the following compounds.
When water is agitated, the oily dirt tends to (i) CH3(CH2)10 CH2OSO3– Na+
lift off from the dirty surface & dissociates
(ii) CH3(CH2)15 – N+(CH3)3Br–
into fragments. The solution now contains
small globules of oil surrounded detergent (iii)
molecules. The negatively charged heads CH3(CH2)16COO(CH2CH2O)nCH2CH2OH
present in water prevent the small globules Sol. (i) CH3 (CH 2 )10 CH 2 - OSO3 – Na +
from coming together and form aggregates. 144 42444 3 14243
Hydrophobic part Hydrophilic part
Thus the oily dirt is removed from the object.
16.26 If water contains dissolved calcium
hydrogencarbonate, out of soaps and
synthetic detergents, which one will you use
(ii) 144244 3 14 4244
+
CH3 (CH 2 )15 - N(CH 3 )3 Br -
3
i r
Sol.
for cleaning clothes?
Calcium hydrogencarbonate makes water
hard. Therefore, soap cannot be used
(iii)
Hydrophobic
part part

S
Hydrophilic

because it gets precipitated in hard water. On

the other hand, a synthetic detergent does
144244
part

t
Hydrophobic
a
CH 3 (CH 2 )16 - COO(CH 2 CH 2 O) n CH 2 CH 2OH
3 144444 42444444 3
Hydrophilicpart

u p
16.1 Sleeping pills are recommended by doctors to
the patients suffering from sleeplessness but
it is not advisable to take its doses without G
16.4 Write the chemical equation for preparing
sodium soap from glyceryl oleate and glyceryl
palmitate. Structures of these compounds are

Ans.
m
consultation with the doctor. Why?
Most of drugs taken in doses higher than

a
recommended may produce harmful effects
given below:
(i) (C15H31COO)3C3H5 – Glyceryl palmitate
(ii) (C17H32COO)3C3H5 – Glyceryl oleate

p
and act as poison and cause even death.
Therefore, a doctor must always be consulted

u
before taking the drug.
Ans. (i)

O
16.2

Ans.
n
With refrence to which classification has
the statement “ranitidine is an antacid”, been

A
given?
This statement refers to the classification of
CH2—O—C—C15H31
O
CH —O—C—C15H31 + 3 NaOH
O
Heat

drugs according to pharmacological effect

because any drug which will be used to CH2—O—C—C15H31
Glyceryl palmitate CH2OH
neutralise the excess acid present in the
stomach will be called an antacid.
CHOH + 3 C15H31 COONa
16.3 Why do we require artificial sweetening Sodium palmitate
agents?
CH2OH
Ans. To reduce calorie intake and to protect teeth Glycerol
from decaying, we need artificial sweeteners.
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Chemistry in Everyday Life 419

(ii) molecule. Identify the functional group (s)
present in the molecule.
O
CH2—O—C—C17H32
O C9H19 O (CH2CH2O)x CH2CH2OH
Heat
CH —O—C—C17H32 + 3 NaOH (x = 5 to 10)
O
CH2—O—C—C17H32 Ans.
Glyceryl oleate CH2OH
C9H19 O (CH2 CH2 O)x CH2CH2OH
CHOH + 3 C17H32 COONa
Sodium oleate Hydrophobic or Hydrophilic or
non-polar part polar part
CH2OH

16.5
Glycerol

Following type of non-ionic detergents are

present in liquid detergents, emulsifying
Functional groups present in the detergent
molecule are :
i r
agents and wetting agents. Label the
hydrophilic and hydrophobic part in the
(i) ether
(ii) 1°alcoholic group
S
SECTION B

t a
1.
Very Short Answer Questions

What is understood by ‘chemotherapy’?

[All India 2008]
p
(i) A sweetening agent for diabetic patients.

u
(ii) Enzymes
(iii) Analgesics
2. Name a substance that can be used as an
antiseptic as well as a disinfectant. G
4.
[All India 2009; Delhi 2011]
Answer the following questions.
(i) Why do soaps not work in hard water?
3.
for?
a m [Delhi 2008]
What is tincture of iodine and what is it used (ii) What are the main constituents of dettol?
(iii) How do antiseptics differ from
disinfectants? [Delhi 2009, 2011]
4.
p [All India 2011]
What is the cause of a feeling of depression in

u
human beings? Name a drug which can be useful
5. What are analgesic medicines? How are they
classified and when are they commonly
recommended for use?

1. A n
in treating depression. [All India 2012]
Short Answer Questions

What are biodegradable and non-biodegradable

6.
[All India 2010; Delhi 2010]
Explain the following terms with example of each
(i) Food preservatives
(ii) Enzymes
detergents? Give one example of each type.
(iii) Detergents
[All India 2008; Delhi 2008]
[All India 2010; Delhi 2011, 2012]
2. How do antiseptics differ from disinfectants?
7. How do antiseptics differ from disinfectants?
Name a substance that can be used as an
Give one example of each type. [All India 2012]
antiseptic as well as a disinfectant.
8. Explain the following type of drugs giving one
[Delhi 2008; All India 2012]
suitable example
3. Explain the following terms with one suitable
Tranquillizers [Delhi 2012]
example for each.
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9. (i) What class of drug is Ranitidine?
(ii) If water contains dissolved Ca2+ ions, out
of soaps and synthetic detergents, which
will you use for cleaning clothes?
(iii) which of the following is an antiseptic?
0.2% phenol, 1% phenol. [All India 2013]
10. (a) Which one of the following is a food
preservative ?
Equanil, Morphine, Sodium benzoate
(b) Why is bithional added to soap?
(c) Which class of drugs is used in sleeping
pills ? [Delhi 2013]
11. On the occasion of World Health Day, Dr.
Satpal organized a 'health camp' for the poor
farmers living in a nearby village. After check-
up, he was shocked to see that most of the
farmers suffered from cancer due to regular
exposure to pesticides and many were diabetic.
They distributed free medicines to them. Dr.
Satpal immediately reported the matter to the
National Human Rights Commission (NHRC).
On the suggestions of NHRC, the government
decided to provide medical care, financial
assistance, setting up of super-speciality
hospitals for treatment and prevention of the
deadly disease in the affected villages all over
India.
(i) Write the values shown by
(a) Dr. Satpal
(b) NHRC
m
(ii) What type of analgesics are chiefly used
a
for the relief of pains of terminal cancer?
(iii) Give an example of artificial sweetener
12.
p
that could have been recommended to
u
diabetic patients. [All India 2014]
(i) Give two examples of macromolecules
A n
that are chosen as drug targets.
(ii) What are antiseptics ? Give an example.
(iii) Why is use of aspartame limited to cold
food and soft drinks? [Delhi 2014]
13. (i) Name sweetening agent used in the
preparation of sweets for a diabetic
patient.
(ii) What are antibiotics? Give an example.
(iii) Give two examples of macromolecules
that are chosen as drug targets.
[Delhi 2014]
14. (i) What are disinfectants? Give an example.
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(ii) Give two examples of macromolecules
that are chosen as drug targets.
(iii) What are anionic detergents? Give an
example. [Delhi 2014]
15. Seeing the growing cases of diabetes and de-
pression among young children, Mr. Lugani, the
principal of a reputed school organized a semi-
nar in which he invited parents and principals.
They all resolved this issue by strictly banning
junk food in schools and introducing healthy
snacks and drinks like soup, lassi, milk, etc. in
school canteens. They also decided to make
compulsory half and hour of daily physical ac-
tivities for the students in the morning assem-
i r
bly. After six months, Mr. Lugani conducted the
health survey in most of the schools and dis-
covered a tremendous improvement in the health
of the students.
following questions.
S
After reading the above passage, answer the
[All Delhi 2015]
t a
(i) What are the values (at least two) dis-
played by Mr. Lugani?
(ii) As a student, how can you spread aware-
u p ness about this issue?
(iii) What are antidepressant drugs? Give an
example.
G (iv) Name the sweetening agent used in the
preparation of sweets for a diabetic patient.
16. Mr. Roy. the principal of one reputed school
organized a seminar in which he invited parents
and principals to discuss the serious issue of
diabetes and depression in students. They all
resolved this issue by strictly banning the junk
food in schools and to introduce healthy snacks
and drinks like soup, lassi, milk etc. in school
canteens. They also decided to make
compulsory half an hour physical activities for
the students in the morning assembly daily.
After six months, Mr. Roy conducted the health
survey in most of the schools and discovered a
tremendous improvement in the health of
students. [Delhi 2015]
After reading the above passage, answer the
following.
(i) What are the values (at least two) displayed
by Mr. Roy?
(ii) As a student, how can you spread
awareness about this issue?
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Chemistry in Everyday Life 421

(iii) What are tranquillizers? Give an example.
(iv) Why is use of aspartame limited to cold
foods and drinks?
17. Due to hectic and busy schedule, Mr. Angad
made his life full of tensions and anxiety. He
started taking sleeping pills to overcome the
depression without consulting the doctor. Mr.
Deepak, a close friend of Mr. Angad, advised
him to stop taking sleeping pills and suggested
to change his lifestyle by doing Yoga, meditation
and some physical exercise. Mr. Angad followed
his friend's advice and after few days he started
feeling better. [All India 2016; Delhi 2016]
After reading the above passage, answer the
following:
(i) What are the values (at least two) displayed
by Mr. Deepak ?
(ii) Why is it not advisable to take sleeping
pills without consulting doctor ?
(iii) What are tranquilizers ? Give two examples.
carcinogens in foods. She consulted the school
principal and requested him to instruct the
canteen contractor to stop selling sandwiches
pizzas, burgers and other bakery products to
the students. The principal took an immediate
action and instructed the canteen contractor to
repalce the bakery products with some protein
and vitamin rich food like fruits, salads, sprouts,
etc. The decision was welcomed by the parents
and the students. [All India 2017]
After reading the above passage, answer the
following question:
(a) What are the values (atleast two) dispalyed
by Rupali?
(b) Which polysaccharide component of
carbohydrates is commonly present in
bread?
i r
of proteins.
S
(c) Write the two type of secondary structures

(d) Give two examples of water soluble

18. After watching a programme on TV about the
presence of carcinogens (cancer causing
agents) Potassium bromate and Potassium
iodate in bread and other bakery products,
vitamins.

t a
19. Define the following :
(i) Anionic detergents
(ii) Broad spectrum antibiotics
Rupali a class XII student decided to make others
aware about the adverse effects of these

u p
(iii) Antiseptic [Delhi 2017]

PAST YEARS SOLUTIONS

Very Short Answer Questions
G
1.
m
Chemotherapy: It is the branch of chemistry

a
which deals with the treatment of diseases using
CH3 ¾ (CH2 ) 11 ¾ ¾ SO-3 Na +

Non-biodegradable detergents: Detergents

2.
suitable chemicals.

u p
Phenol, 0.2% solution of phenol acts as
antiseptic where as 1% solution acts as
disinfectant.
having branched hydrocarbon chains are not
easily degraded by micro-organisms and hence
are called non-biodegradable detergents, e.g.,
3.
n
2-3% solution of iodine in alcohol and water is

A
called tincture of iodine. It is a powerful
antiseptic. It is applied on wounds.
sodium-4- (1, 3, 5, 7-tetramethyl octyl)
benzenesulphonate.
CH3
½
CH3
½
4. Low level of noradrenaline is responsible for CH3 ¾( CH ¾ CH2 ¾ ) 3 ¾ CH ¾ SO-3 Na +
the feeling of depression in human beings.
Short Answer Questions 2. Antiseptics are the chemicals that kill or prevent
1. Biodegradable detergents: Detergents having the growth of microorganisms. They can be
straight hydrocarbon chains are easily degraded applied to living tissues but disinfectants are
by micro-organism and hence called harmful for living tissues, it kills microorganisms
biodegradable detergents, e.g., sodium–4–(1-
too.
dodecyl) benzene sulphonate.
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422 Chemistry in Everyday Life

Phenol is used as antiseptic as well as potassium salts of sulphonated long chain
disinfectant hydrocarbons, e.g., sodium alkylbenzene
0.2% solution of phenol - antiseptic sulphonate, i.e., sodium dodecyl benzene
2% solution of phenol - disinfectant sulphonate.
3. (i) Sweetening agent for diabetic patients :
– +
Th ose substan ces which provide CH3(CH2)11 SO3 Na
sweetness to the food without increasing 7.
the calorie intake of the body are known as
artificial sweeteing agents. Saccharin and Antiseptics D isinfectants
aspartame are artificial sweetening agents. (a) They prevent the (a) They kill the
(ii) Enzymes : The proteins which perform the growth of microorganisms
role of biological catalysts in the body are microorganisms or
known as enzymes. e.g., maltase enzyme may kill them
converts maltose to glucose. (b) They are safe to the (b) They are not safe t o

Maltose
Maltase
C12 H 22 O11 ¾¾¾¾¾® 2C6 H12 O6
(hydrolysis)
Glucose
living tissues
phenol causes

i r
living tissues, e.g.

burning sensations

4.
(iii) Analegesics : The chemicals which are
used to relieve pain are called analgesics,
e.g., aspirin, paracetamol, morphine, etc.
(i) Hard water contains calcium and
(c) They are generally
applied on cuts,
wounds, ulcers and S
(c) They are used to kill
microorganisms
present in drains,

magnesium ions, thus soaps form insoluble

calcium and magnesium salts with long
chain fatty acids which precipitate out as
diseased skin
surfaces.

t a
(d) Examples; Tincture
floors etc.

(d) Exampl es: Phenol

scum.
(ii) Chloroxylenol and a-terpinol.
(iii) Antiseptics are not harmful to living tissues
u p
of iodine, dettol,
savlon etc.
(1.0% solution) and
chlorine (0.2 to 0.4
ppm.)

5.
while disinfectants kill micro-organisms and
are not safe for living tissues.
Analgesics. Analgesics are drugs used to
reduce or abolish pain. They are of two types
G
8. Drugs which are used for the treatment of stress,
fatigue, mild and severe mental diseases are called
tranquillizers. Examples are equanil, veronal,
meprobamate, iproniazid, etc.

a m
(a) Non-narcotic (non-additive). These are not
habit forming. Examples are aspirin and
ibuprofen.
9. (i) Antacid.
(ii) Water containing dissolved Ca2+ is hard.
Synthetic detergents are preferred over

heroin.
u p
(b) Narcotic (additive). These are habit forming
and also produce sleep, e.g. morphine and
soaps for cleaning clothes in hard water
because calcium salts of detergents are
soluble in water while calcium salts of soaps
6.

A n
(i) Food preservatives : These are the chemical
substances which are added to the food
materials to prevent their spoilage and to
retain their nutritive value for long periods,
e.g., vinegar, sodium benzoate, etc.
are insoluble and thus appears as a sticky
scum.
(iii) 0.2% phenol.
10. (a) Sodium benzoate
(b) Bithional is an antiseptic and reduces the
(ii) Enzymes : The proteins which perform the
odours produced by the bacter ial
role of biological catalysts in the body are
known as enzymes. e.g., maltase enzyme decomposition of organic matter on the
converts maltose to glucose. skin.
Maltase
(c) Tranquilizers relieve stress and fatigue by
C12 H 22 O11 ¾¾¾¾¾® 2C6 H12 O6 inducing sense of well being thus they are
(hydrolysis)
Maltose Glucose used in making of sleeping pills
11. (i) (a) Dr. Satpal performed his duty very well
(iii) Detergents : They are the sodium or
and showed awareness about World
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Chemistry in Everyday Life 423

Health Day and tried to benefit poor
people.
(b) NHRC responded quickly and so
showed concern for the villagers.
(ii) Non-narcotic analgesics are used for
relieving pains of terminal cancer.
(iii) The artificial sweetening agent that can be
given to diabetic patients is aspartame,
saccharin, etc.
12. (i) Macromolecules chosen as drug targets
are proteins, nucleic acids, etc.
(ii) Antiseptics kill or stop the growth of
microorganisms. They are applied to living
tissues such as wounds, cuts, ulcers and
with catchy names as, “eat healthy
stay healthy.”
(iii) Antidepressants : These drugs are given
to patients with shattered confidence.
These produce a feeling of well being and
confidence in the person of depressed
mood. Therefore, these are also called
mood booster drugs. The common examples
are vitalin, cocaine, methedrine etc.
(iv) Saccharine, aspartame or alitame may be
used in the preparation of sweets for a
diabetic patient.
16. (i) Some of the values displayed by Mr. Roy
are awareness, intelligence, decision

(iii)
diseased skin surfaces. For ex :
Soframicine.
Use of asparatame is limited to cold foods
i r
making and concern for health of students.

(ii) A student can spread awareness about the

13. (i)
and soft drinks because it is unstable at
cooking temperature.
Saccharin is used in the preparation of
S
given issue in following manners
(a) One should take part and encourage
others to be a part of nutritional

(ii)
sweets for a diabetic patient.
Antibiotics are chemical substances, which
in low concentration, either kill or inhibit
t a
awareness campaigns.
(b) One should educate friends and
neighbourhood about the issue.
(c) One can convince and motivate other
the growth of micro-organ isms by
intervening in their metabolic processes.
For ex: chloramphenicol.
u p students to form a health commitee
with catchy names as “eat healthy stay
healthy”
(iii)
14. (i)
Refer ans. 12 (i) SA part A
Disinfectants are chemical substances
which kill microorganisms but are not safe
to be applied to living tissues. For ex: 1%
G (iii) Drugs which are used for the treatment of
stress, fatigue, mild and severe mental
diseases are called tranquillizers. Examples

(ii)
(iii)
solution of phenol.

a
Refer ans. 12 (i) SA part A m
Anionic detergents are those in which large
are equanil, veronal, meprobamate,
iproniazid, etc.
(iv) Use of aspartame is limited to cold foods

u p
part of the molecule is anion and it is the
anionic part which is involved in cleansing
action. For ex: sodium alkyl sulphates.
and soft drinks because it is unstable at
cooking temperature.
17. (i) The following values are displayed by Mr.
Deepak:
15. (i)

A n
Some of the values displayed by Mr. Lugani
are awareness, intelligence, decision
making and concern for health of students.
(ii) A student can spread awareness about the
concerned issue in following manners
(a) One should take part and encourage
others to be a part of nutritional
awareness compaigns.
(b) One should educate friends and
neighbourhood about the issue.
(c) One can convince and motivate other
students to form a health commitee
(a) Care and concern : He cared for the
well-being of his friend.
(b) Knowledge : He suggested effective
measures to Angad to counter acidity
and improve his health.
(c) Presence of mind : He acted
immediately by taking his friend to
doctor.
(ii) Antacids is a class of drugs used to treat
acidity. They contain either sodium
hydrogen bicarbonate or aluminium/
magnesium hydroxide.
For example, milk of magnesia
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(iii) Long time exposure to sodium bicarbonate
can increase the pH of the stomach,
making it alkaline. This will lead to more
production of acid. So metal hydroxides
are a better alternative to bicarbonate as
they do not tend to increase the pH level
above neutrality. Antacids only stop the
symptoms of acidity. They are not the cure
for acidity. If the acidity advances, it leads
to formation of ulcers whose on ly
treatment is removal of the affected area of
the stomach. Hence, it is not advisable to
take antacids for a long period of time.
18. (i) Self awareness, concerned, helpful, caring
and decision making.
(ii) Starch component is commonly present in
bread.
(iii) The conformation which the polypeptide
chains assume as a result of hydrogen
bonding is called secondary structure of
the proteins. The two types of secondary
structures are a-helix and b-pleated sheet
structure.
(iv) B-complex and vitamin C are water soluble
vitamins.
SECTION C
SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS
a m
1.
2.
3. p
What is the average molecular mass of drugs?
Write the uses of medicines.
What are antiseptics?
u
4.
A n
Which type of drugs come under antimicrobial
drugs?
5. Where are receptors located?
6. What is the harmful effect of hyperacidity?
7. Which site of an enzyme is called allosteric site?
8. What type of forces are involved in binding of
substrate to the active site of enzyme?
9. What is the commonality between the antibiotic
arsphenamine and azodye?
10. Which class of drugs is used in sleeping pills?
11. Aspirin is pain relieving antipyretic drug but
can be used to prevent heart attack. Explain.
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19. (i) Anionic detergents are called so because
a large part of their molecules are anions.
These are of two types:
(a) Sodium alkyl sulphates: For example,
sodium lauryl sulphate,
C11H23CH2OSO3–Na+.
(b) Sodium alkylbenzenesulphonates.For
example, sodium 4-(1-dodecyl)
benzenesulphphonate (SDS).
(ii) Broad spectrum antibiotics are effective
against several different types or wide
range of harmful bacteria. For example,
tetracycline, chloramphenicol and
ofloxacin. Chloramphenicol can be used in
i
urin ary infections, meningitis and
pneumonia.
r
case of typhoid, dysentry, acute fever,
(iii)
S
Antiseptics are chemical substances which
prevent the growth of micro-organisms and
may even kill them but they are not harmful
t a
for human or animal tissues. For example,
dettol and savlon. They are generally
applied on wounds, cuts, ulcers and
u p diseased skin surfaces. Furacin and
soframycin are well known antiseptic
creams.
G
12. Both antacids and antiallergic drugs are
antihistamines but they cannot replace each
other. Explain why?
13. What is a soft soap?
14. If soap has high alkali content it irritates skin.
How can the amount of excess alkali be
determined? What can be the source of excess
alkali?
15. Explain why some times foaming is seen in river
water near the place where sewage water is
poured after treatment?
16. Which category of the synthetic detergent is
used in toothpaste?
17. Hair shampoos belong to which class of
synthetic detergent?
18. Dishwashing soaps are synthetic detergents.
What is their chemical nature?
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Chemistry in Everyday Life 425

19. How does the branching of hydrocarbon chain
of synthetic detergents affect their
biodegradability?
20. Why is it safer to use soap from the
environmentals points of view?
21. What is the scientific explanation for the feeling
of depression?
22. What is basic difference between antiseptics and
disinfectants?
23. What is the medicinal use of narcotic drugs?
24. What are antagonistic drugs?
25. What is the difference between bathing soap
and washing soaps?
26. How are transparent soaps manufactured?
27. What happens when the bonds formed between
an enzyme and an inhibitor is a strong covalent
bond?
LONG ANSWER QUESTIONS
1. In what respect do prontosil and salvarsan
resemble. Is there any resemblance between azo
dye and prontosil? Explain.
2. Sythetic detergents have advantage over usual
soaps as far as cleansing power is concerned.
but use of synthetic detergents over a long time
create envionmental pollution. How can the
pollution cuused by synthetic detergents be
minimised? Classify the detergents according to
their Chemical nature.
3. What are enzyme inhibitors? Classify them on
the basis of their mode of attachments on the
activity.
i r
active site of enzymes. With the help of diagrams
explain how do inhibitors inhibit the enzymatic

NCERTEXEMPLAR
NCERT EXEMPLAR SOLUTIONS
SOLUTIONS S
1.
Short Answer Questions
The average molecular mass of drugs is ~ 100 –
t a
Hyperacidity also causes chronic indigestion and
in servere cases causing gastric ulcers.

2.
500.
Medicines are used in diagnosis, prevention and
treatment of diseases.
u p
7. Some drugs, instead of binding to the enzyme's
active site, bind to a different site of enzyme,
which is called allosteric site. Due to this action,
3. Antiseptics are the chemicals which either kill or
prevent the growth of microrganisms and are
safe to be applied to the living tissues e.g.,
G the shape of the active site is changed.
8. Substrate bind to the active site of the enzyme
through a variety of interactions. These forces

4.
like antibiotics.

a m
soframicine and furacine. They are not ingested

Antiseptics, disinfectants, antibiotics and

are van der Waals' interactions, ionic bonding,
hydrogen bonding or dipole – dipole interaction.
9. Arsphenamine was the first effective antibiotic

u p
sulpha drugs are antimicrobial drugs.
An antimicrobial tends to destroy/prevent
development or inhibit the pathogenic action of
for syphilis. It is also known as salvarsan. Azo
dye has—N=N— linkage which is similar to—
As = As — linkage present in salvarsan.

A n
microbes such as bacteria (antibacterial drugs),
fungi (antifungal agents), virus (antiviral agents)
or other parasites (antiparasitic drugs)
selectively.
10. Tranquilizers are used in sleeping pills.
Transquilizers relieve anxiety, stress, irritability
or excitement by inducing a sense of well being.
11. Asprin is 2 – acetoxybenzoic acid. Aspirin
5. Receptors are embedded on outer surface of the prevents platelet coagulation due to which it has
cell membrane in such a way that their small part anti blood clotting action and, therefore, it is
possessing active site projects out of the surface widely used to prevent heart attack.
of the membrane and opens on the outside region
12. Histamine is a chemical substance that
of the cell memberane.
stimulates the secretion of pepsin and
6. Hyperacidity causes stomach pain, vomiting, hydrochloric acid in stomach. Antacids are
loss of appetite, flatulence and heart burn. designed to prevent the interaction of histamine
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with the receptors present in the stomach wall.
As a result, less HCl is released in stomach.
Histamine contracts the smooth muscles in the
bronchi and gut and relaxes other muscles in walls
of fine blood vessels. As a result, histamine
causes allergy. Antihistamines interfers with the
natural action of histamine by competing with
histamine for binding sites of receptor where
histamine exerts its effect.
Since, antiallergic and antacids drugs work on
different receptors, therefore, antihistamines
remove allergy while antacids remove acidity.
13. Soaps are sodium or potassium salts of long
chain fatty acids such as palmitic acid
(C15H31COOH), stearic acid (C17H35COOH), linolic
acid (C17H31COOH)
Potassium salts of fatty acids such as palmitic
acid, stearic acid and oleic acid are called soft
soap.
Potassium soap are soft to the skin so, they are
named as soft soap.
14. Acid – base titration can be used to determine
the excess amount of alkali in soap. A soap
solution is titrated with standard hydrochloric
acid, phenolphthalein is used as an indicator. The
source of this excess alkali is the alkali left unused
15.
m
when the soap is prepared by hydrolysis of fat.
Non – biodergradable detergents persist in water
a
even after sewage treatment and cause foaming
p
in rivers, ponds and their water gets polluted. In
order to overcome this issue branching of the
u
hydrocarbon chain is controlled and kept to
16.
minimum.
n
Sodium lauryl sulphate, sodium dodecylbenzene
A
sulphonate are anionic detergents which are used
in toothpaste.
17. Hair shampoos are made up of cationic
detergents. e.g., cetyltrimethyl ammonium
bromide.
18. Dishwashing soaps are non – ionic detergent. It
can be prepared by the reaction of stearic acid
with polyethylene glycol. As non ionic detergents
do not contain any ion therefore, they are neutral
in nature.
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19. More the branching in detergents lesser is the
biodegradability. Detergents having highly
branched hydrocarbon chain cause pollution in
rivers because the side chains stop bacteria from
attacking and breaking the chains. Therefore,
for making the detergents biodegradable
branching is kept minimum.
20. Soaps are biodegradable while detergents are
non–biodegradable. Therefore, detergents cause
water pollution in rivers and other water bodies.
21. Noradrenaline which is a neuro–transmitter plays
a crucial role in mood changes. If any person
r
has low level of noradrenaline, then message
transfer process becomes slow and the person
has feeling of depression.
i
S
22. Antiseptics prevent or destroy development or
inhibit the pathogenic action of microbes. They
are safe to be applied on living tissues.
a
23. Narcotic drugs when taken in medicinal doses
t
relive pain and produce sleep, therefore are
chiefly used for the relief of postoperative
u p
pain,cardian pain and pains of terminal cancer,
and in child birth.
24. Drugs that bind to the receptor site and inhibit
G its natural function are called antagonist, drugs
e.g., cimetidine is an antagonist drug because it
binds to the receptor site in stomach otherwise
histamine will bind to the receptor site and induce
the secretion of HCl in stomach.
25. Bathing soaps are potassium salts of long chain
fatty acids. They are usually soft and are also
free from unused alkali. On the other hand,
washing soaps are sodium salts of long chain
fatty acids. They are usually hard and also
contain some residual alkali.
26. Transparent soaps are made by dissolving the
soap in ethanol and then evaporating the excess
solvent.
27. When a strong covalent bond is formed between
the enzyme and the inhibitor which cannot be
broken easily, then the enzyme is blocked
permanently. The body then degrades the
enzyme – inhibitor complex and synthesises the
new enzyme.
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Chemistry in Everyday Life 427

Long Answer Questions 2. Synthetic detergents creates environmental
1. Prontosil, also called sulfamido chrysoidine, was pollution because some detergents have highly
the first synthetic drug used in the treatment of branched hydrocarbon chains.
general bacterial infections in humans. Structural These highly branched hydrocarbon chains stop
formula of prontosil is bacteria from attacking and breaking the chains.
This results in slow degradation of detergent
molecule leading to their accumulation due to
SO2NH2
NH2 which it persist in water even after sewage
treatment and thus water gets polluted.
N= N
In most of the detergents used these days, the
branching is kept to a minimum, so that the
H2N Prontosil detergents become easily biodergradable and

Prontosil has —N = N — linkage. It was

discovered that the part of the structure of
hence pollution is prevented.
Detergents are classified into following
(1) Anionic Detergents :
i r
prontosil molecule shown in box i.e., p-
aminobenesulphonamide has antibactirial
activity. S
Anionic detergents are sodium salts of
sulphonated long chain alcohols or
hydrocarbons.
Salvarsan is also known as arsphonamine has
antibactrial activity.
Salvarsan also known as arsphenamine. It was
t a
In these detergents, the anionic part of the
molecule is involved in the cleansing action.
They are mostly used for house hold work. They
the first drug used for effective treatment for
syphilis. It is an oragnoarsenic molecule and has –
As = As – double bond Structure of salvarsan is
u p
are also used in toothpaste.
(2) Cationic Detergents

OH G They are quarternary ammonium salts of amines

with acetates, chlorides or bromides as anions.
Cetyltrimethylammonium bromide is a popular

HN
2
As
= As

a m NH2
cationic detergent and is used in hair
conditioners.
(3) Non – ionic Detergents
HO

u p
Salvarsan and prontosoil show similarity in their
Non – ionic detergents do not contain any ion
in their constitution. One such detergent is
formed when stearic acid reacts with polyethlene

n
structure. Both of these drugs are antimicrobials.

A
Salvarsan contains —As = As — linkage
whereas prontosil has —N = N — linkage.
Prontosil and azo dye both have — N = N —
3.
glycol. Liquid dishwashing detergent are non
ionic.
Enzymes are responsible to hold the substrate
molecule for a chemical reaction and they
linkage. provide functional groups which will attack the
substrate to carry out the chemical reaction.
Drugs which inhibit any of the two activities of
N=N OH enzymes are called enzyme inhibitors.
Enzyme inhibitors can block the binding site
Azodye thereby preventing the binding of the substrate
to the acitve site and hence inhibiting the
catalytic activity of the enzyme.
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428 Chemistry in Everyday Life

Drugs inhibit the attachment of natural substrate
on the activity site of enzymes in two different
ways as explained below
(i) Drugs which compete with natural
substrate for their attachment on the active
site of enzymes are called competitive
inhibitors.
(ii) Some drugs, however, do not bind to the active
site but bind to a different site of the enzyme
which is called allosteric site. This binding of
the drug at allosteric site changes the shape
of the active site of the enzyme in such a way
that the natural substrate cannot recognise it.
Such enzymes are called non – competitive
inhibitors.

i r
S
t a
u p
G
a m
u p
A n