CAPE Chemistry June 2004

2004 U2 P2 Ql - Answ
Answer
er

l(a) Concentration
Concentration of B2.

l(b) Concentration
Concentration of
o f B •

l(c)(i) One.

l(c)(ii) Zero

l(d) Anyvaue
Any vaue in the range 00041-00044

l(e)(i)

l(e)(ii) k = Rate/[A ]. For experiment 1, k = 000141/01 = 00141s·1

000141/01

l(f) Sow step: A 2  2A

Faststeps: B 2B
2A + 2B 2AB
 CAPE Chemi
Chemistry
stry June 2004
2004 U2 P2 Q2 - Ans
Answer
wer

2(a) Ligand exchange occurs because one system is more stable. CO replaces 02
in complex therefore haemoglobin loses its oxygen carying capacity and
body becomes
becomes staed of oxygen

2(b)(i) -Original pale blu

bluee solution
soluti on
-pale blue
blue ppt formed.
-ppt dissolves
-dark
-d ark blue solution formed

2(b)(ii)
 CAPE Chemistry June 2004 U2 P2 Q3 - Answ
 Answer
er

3(a)(i) NO/N02•

3(a)(ii) HN0 2 or HN03 .

3(a)(iii) NH3

3(a)(iv
iv)) 2NO + H20 + ½02 - 2HN0 2

3(b)(i) Concentrations
Concentrati ons 1 to 4 respectively are: 1.33, 146, 15 3 and 166

3(b)(ii) Mean= (1.33 + 146 + 153 + 166)/

166)/4
4 = 15 mg/L
 CAPE Chemistry
Chemistry June 2004
2004 U2 P2 Q4 - Ans
Answer
wer

4(a) K p= [Ag+] [Cl·].

s

4 (b) [Ag+]= 1/1000 x 10· 3= 10 x 106 mol dm· 3. [Cl·]= 10 x 1 0 3 mol dm· 3
[Cl·]=

Ion concentration [Ag•] [Cl ]= 10 x 106 x 10 x 10· 3= 10

10xx 10· 9 mol2 dm
dm· ·  

Ion product> K p· Precipitate of silver chloride forms

s for ms

4(c)(i) No. of moles H calculated from results of titration

No of moles OH·= No. of mole

moless H.

[OH] can be calculated.

[Ca2•] = ½[OH ] and K p= [Ca2• ] [OH·]2

s

4(c)(ii)
4(c)(ii) Calculation of no of moles H: (115 x 01)/1000
01)/1000=
= 115 x 10· 3.

Calculation of [OH]= (115 x 10· 

10· 3 x 103)/250
)/250= 0046 mol dm 3
= 0046

0046/2= 0023 mol dm· 3

Calculation of [Ca 2·  = 0046/2=

K p= 002

0023
3 x (0046)
(0 046)2= 4.86 x 105 mol3 d m 

4(d) -White ppt of Ca(OH

Ca (OH forms
-Common ion efec
-Addition of con CaCl 2 increases the con of a2 .
-Ion product eceeds solubility product
-Solubility of Ca(OH decreases
 CAPE Chemi
Chemistry
stry June 2004
2004 U2 P2 QS - An
Answe
swerr

5(a) Macroscopic properties are constant under the stated onditions of temp.,
press
press and initial co
c o n

Microscopic
Microscopic processes continue but are in balance

5(b)

5( c)(i) Brown colour intensifies

5( c)(ii) Foard reaction is endothermic Ineasing temperature shif equilibrium

position to right to remove the added heat

5(c)(iii) Colour fades/ligh

fades/lightens.
tens.

5(c)(iv) Equilibrium positi

p osition
on shifs to lef Ineased pressur
pressuree favours smaller volume
Smaller no of moles of
o f gas on lef = smaller no of moles

5(d)(i) No efect on K"

d)(ii)
5(d)(ii)
5( Pressure has no efect on KJan equilibrium constant is constant at a
particular temp/temp
temp/temp has not change
changedd Although equilibrium position
position shifs
shif s
to right, [N02] and [N20 ] have both increased.
4

5(e)

= (1-
(1- 35) = 65 mol
mol

Equilibrium amt N02 = 2 x 65 = 13 mol

K = (13)/(35) = 48 mol dm·3.

48
 CAPE Chemistry June 2004
2004 U2 P2 Q6 - Answ
Answer
er

6(a) Patern in variation of oxidation num numberberss 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 or 1 2 3 4 5 4 3.

Correct name
names.
s. Explanation:
E xplanation: the metal
meta l elements
e lements form ionic
ioni c bond
bondss wit
with
h 02 by
losing the no of electrons equivalent to the group no and the non-metallic
elements
elemen ts share the no
no  of electrons in the outermost shell

6( b)(i)

6( b)(ii)
b)(ii)

6( c)(i) Metal chlorides are expected to be neutral

6( c)(ii) AICl3 is acidic due to high charge density of Al 3* 10n, an H* 10n from
hydrated ion complex
complex is easil
easily
y lost
lost 

6(d)(i) Acrosss the period from Na to A the oxides change from basi
Acros basicc to amphoteric
 to acidic Thi
Thiss occu
occurs
rs as the natur
naturee of bon
bonds
ds change from ionic in giant ionic
latice structures to ionic/covalent to covalent discrete molecules
molecu les
 CAPE Chemistry June 2004
2004 U2 P2 Q7 - Answ
Answer
er

7(a)(i) -Bonding group IV eleme

-Bonding element nt sp3 hybridized.
-Overlap of hybrid and atomic orbital
orbital of chlorine forms the sigma cova
covalent
lent
bond
-Oxidation state of +4 i s too polarizing
polarizing to
to be ionic

7(a)(ii) Explanation  related to strength of bonds and stability of +2 state Covalent

bonds of lead
lead are weaker +2 state of lead more stable

7 (b)(i)

7(b)(ii) -Bonds in SiCl4 are polar

-Silicon is electron deficient
-Silicon acts as a site for atack by lone pair on oxygen atom of
o f water
molecule

7(b)(iii) Polymerization yie

yields
lds hydrated sili
silica
ca

7 (c)(i) -Silica has a giant structure

-Strong covalent bonds
-Silicon oxide has semi conductor properties
-Electron
-Electro n mobility increases with temperature

7(c)(ii) Ceramic would be of lower heat and corrosion resistance Bonds are more
susceptible to distortion
 CAPE Chemistry June 2004
2004 U2 P2 Q8 - Answ
Answer
er

8(a) (i): Carbo

Carbonn anode. (ii): Carbon catho
cathode
de (iii): Colite (Na3AI
AIFF6)/Al20 3.

(iv):: Molten Al tapped of here

(iv)

8(b) Lower the melting point of the Al203 (2015 °c  600 ° C) Energy saving
strategy

8(c) t gets oxidized to CO or CO2 •

8(d)(i) Al.

8( d)(ii)

8(e)(i)

8(e)(ii)

8(f) Pots and pans -Al as a thermal conducto

con ductorr Any 1 of the 3 remaining -Al as a
 thermal insulator

Explanation: Structure of Al metal 1ith 3 mobile electrons makes it a good

 thermal conduct
conductor,
or, increas
increased
ed kineti
kineticc energ
energyy of electrons As a thermal
insulator, Al reflects
reflects heat inward thereby keeping baby warm
w arm or reflects heat
 from surface keepin
keeping g firemen
firemen cool or reflecting
reflecting car headlights
 CAPE Chemistry June 2004 U2 P2 Q9 - Answe
Answerr

9(a)(i) -Vaporization of crud

crude.
e.
Temperature gradient
gradient in column
-Bubble caps ofer
of er surface for condensation
-Fractions are tappe
tapped d of
-More
-Mor e volatile fractions ascend column

9(a)(ii) - Major source

source of fuels
-Feedstock for petrochemical indust
-Industrial solvent
-Generally furnished starting materials that chemical industries and
production of structural
struc tural and engineering materials
materials 

9(b) -Concerns due

-Concerns du e to exposure to chemicals increa
increase
se in incidence of work rela
related
ted
cancers
-Environmental degradation from chemical pollution eg air quality, water
quality

9( c)(i) Chemical change initiated by absorption of UV radiation

radiat ion

9( c)
c)(i
(ii)
i) Natural biodegradable of plant or animal material, gasoline stations or
 vehicular
 vehicul ar emissions

9(c)(iii) During peak trafic period high acti

activity
vity due to% of airbo
airborne
rne hydrocarbons
hydrocarbons
 CAPE
CAPE Chemistry
Chemistry Jun
June
e 2005 U2 P2 Ql - Answ
Answer
er

l(a)(i)a) If sma quantities of actic acid are produced, then H· ions are removed by
reaction with H3- and pH does
d oes not change appreciaby.

l(a)(i)b) If arge quantities of actic acid are produced then the bood oses its bufer
capacity and the pH of the bood fas

l(a)(ii) H· ions from H2C0 3 are used to neutraize the excess akainity and CO2
produced in the tissues dissoves in the pasma
pas ma to produc
pr oduce
e H2C0 3 .

l(b) K  vaue us
0 used
ed to determine the concentrati
concentration
on of sat and wea
weakk acid needed.
Known mass of sat and weak acid obtained Soution of known
concentration prepared mixed Sat dissoved in soution of known acid
concentration pH meter is used
us ed to
to confirm pH of bufer
buf er
 CAPE Chemistry June 2005
2005 U2 P2 Q2 - Answ
Answer
er

2(a) -P ut equal volumes

-Put vol umes of water into 4 test tubes.
Weigh equal quantities of eaceach
h white solid
Shake/stir
The
Th e one th
that
at dissolves
dis solves completely is MgS04 •

To identify the others, filter and weigh solids (or allow test tubes to setle
and measure height of insoluble component)
From least to mos
mostt Ca - Ba

2(b)(i) Dim light/dark.

2(b)(ii) Highly exothermi

exothermicc possibly burnt

2(b)(iii)
 CAPE Chemi
Chemistry
stry June 2005 U2 P2 Q3 - An
Answe
swerr

3(a)(i) Carbohydrate content

3(a)(ii) Flavour and colour of produc

3{a)(iii) -Distil equal volumes of the tw

twoo beverages.
Measure volume of alcohol
alcohol yielded
yielded as
a s distillate
distillate at the boili
boiling
ng point of 
ethanol

3(b)(i) Stimulates the central neous system

system

3(b)(ii) Ab use impacts negatively on health and therefore on the health
Abuse heal th care
system
Alcohol
Alc ohol abuse can lead to depression and a decrease in productivity
-Increase
-Incr ease in antisocial behaviour becomes evident in
i n society
soc iety
-Breakdown in family
fami ly structure
 CAPE Chemistry June 2005 U2 P2 Q4 - Answ
Answer
er

4(a) -According to BronstedLow

BronstedLow theo an an acid is a proton donor
do nor
Acidity due to COOH group.
-Molecule dissociates to yield H· ions due to polarization of the carboyl
group
Classified as
as a weak acid due to incomplete dissociation.

4(b)(i) HAH•+A

pH=
pH = log [H•
[H•]
]

[H]]= antilog326
[H antilog326=
= 550 x 104 mol dm3.

4(b)(ii) [HA]= 20 x 1 0 4 _ 550 x 1 0 4= 195 x 102 mol dm3.

4(b)(iii)
b)(iii) a
107)/(195 X 10
K = ((5.50 X 10 4)/195 X 1 0 2)= ((3.03 X 10 102 ))

K = 155 x 1 0 5 mol dm3

a

4(c)(i) Ka increases pH decreases More molecules undergo cleavage of the COOH

bond

4(c)(ii) Weak base unsuitable Solution bufered as titration proceeds No suitable

indicator
 CAPE Chemistry June 2005 U2 P2 QS - Answe
Answerr

5(a)(i) Muscular stimulation due to electrical discharge/muscle tissue contained a

conducting fluid.

5(a)(ii) Named metals eg Zn

Zn,, Cu, Ag
Electrolyte
Lamp or amme
ammeter
ter

5(a)(iii) Voltmeter -

.
.

M N

,-

, ·�

Sat bdge
Solution cta g
cta g M' u o t 
u o t  N"
(1 mo d  3) 2 5 • c    ·•) 2 'C

5(b)(i) Ozone is a more powerful oxidizing agent than Cl2 . EG is more positive

5(b)(
)(ii)
ii)  = 208-156 = + 052 V Net positive value so the reac
reaction
tion is feasible

5(c)(i) Cathode: Pb2() +4H·(aq) + 2e Pb2+ + 2H2 (1)

Anode: Pb()  Pb
P b2+ + 2e
2e (2)

5 (c)(ii) From (1) EG = 147 V From (2) EG = + 013 V E = 147 +013 = 160 V

5 (d)

The useful
useful byproduct is water
 CAPE Chemistry June 2005 U2 P2 Q6 - Answ
Answer
er

6(a))
6(a In cold alk
alkali
ali a mixure of hal halide
ide (Cl
(Cl·)
·) and halate(I) C l   are for
formed
med as
Cl21g) + 2NaOH1aq  NaC1
N aC11 aq) + NaCO (a q + H20( ) By raising the temperature to
(aq
7 °c  the rate of disproportionation of C l   increases as the halate(V) ions
are formed as 3C0·1aq)  2Cl·1 aq + C0•1aq

6(b) Cl 2, Br2 and 2 react with  20/ to give S40&2 as all EG  values are
are>
> +.9 V
giving a net positive E  value
alu e e.g
G

Cl2(aq + 2e· ; 2Cl·1aq) EG = +36

2S 2032 s S40&2 + 2e· EG = -9

Net EG = +.25  V

However only Cl 2 and Br 2 can react with S20/ to produce 32 because
 these
he se are strong
stronger
er oxidizing agents more positi
positive
ve E  value tha
than
G
n  2. A net
negative E is obtained for the  2 . / system so the reaction is not
G

feasible as

2(aq + 2e· s 2 (aq) EG = 54 V

  20 2 +GOH· 2/+ 3H20 + 4e· EG = -58

E = -4  V

6(c) AgC white precipitate

AgCwhite
AgBrcream precipitate
Ag yellow precipitate
 CAPE Chemistry June 2005 U2 P2 Q7 - Answ
Answer
er

7(a)(i) Water molecules form a complex with the u2  ions. The coordination of the
u2•  with the water ligand
ligandss ca
cause
usess a split in th
thee energies of the d orbitals
Electrons in the lower energy orbitals absorb energy in the visible region of
 the MR The blue colour is the complement of that absorabsorbed
bed

7(a)(ii) The 1·

1 · ions displace the H20 molecules in the blue [Cu(H20 )6]2  complex The
complex formed [CuCl4] 2 is yellow The green colour is due to a mixure of
 the blue
b lue and yellow complexes

7(b)(i) Ni C N

moles= 36./587 295/2 34.4/4

ratio= .65 246 246
4 4

7(b)(ii) 2-
CN CN
�
CN � CN

7 (c)(i) Haemoglobin unit has a central Fe2• ion that coordinates with 0 2 molecules
 for
o r transp
transport
ort to tissues. The CO molecules form a complex with a higher
K , and 02 is displaced
s

7(c)(ii) Using

C r20 + 4H•+ Ge· s 2C

2Crr3•+ 7H 20 �= +33
Mn04 ·+ 8H•+ 5e· s Mn 2 + 4H 20 �= +52

C r is readily reduced from + 6 to +3 as indicated

indicated by the positive � value
value

Mn is also readily reduced from +7 to +2

 CAPE Chemi
Chemistry
stry June 2005 U2 P2 Q8 - Ans
Answer
wer

8(a)(i) -50 2 obta

obtained
ined from roasting
roasting of sulf
sulfide
ide ores or burning of sulfu
sulfurr
0 2  from
ro m air
 2502(g) + 02(g)  250 3(g)·
Gaseous reactants combine on surface ofV 205 catalyst
50 3  formed absorbed in concentr
concentrated
ated H2504 .

-Oleum H25207 diluted to yield H 250 •

8(a)(ii) 5 0 2 is an acidic oxide.

oxide. Rain becomes
becomes acidic due to absorption of acidic gas by
water 50 2(g) + H 20 1l  H 250 3(aq)·

8( b)(i)
b)(i) CaC031 + 5021g)  Ca503l + C021g) CaC03 neutralizes 502 resulting in
production of a much weake
weakerr acid
a cid gas

8( b)(ii)
b)(ii) Volume of 502 present =
= m3
= X  3 dm3
At R TP moles 502  3/24) =47
= (   =47 moles

Massof502 =47X64
=267X
267X 3 g
= 267 kg

Mass CaC03 required =  (267

(267/64)
/64)
= 47 kg.
 CAPE Chemi
Chemistry
stry June 2005 U2 P2 Q9 - An
Answe
swerr

9(a)(i) -Ozone in the stratosphere offers protection from

-Ozone from harmful
har mful UV radiation.
Exposure can lead to development
devel opment of skin cancer and cataracts
-Decrease in photosynthetic
photosynthetic activity can also occur,
occur , decreasing agricul
agricultural
tural
production

9(a)(ii) Volatile non flammable

flammable and chemically inert

9(b)(i) NH 3 is a pungent gas and an irritant

9(b)(ii) CCl2 F2 hf
- • CCIF2(gl + Cl•(gl (1)

CJ' act
actss as a catalyst and can react with more ozone
ozone

9(c)(i) Principle of dynamic equilibrium

The concentration of ozone shows no net change
The ra
rate
te of formatio
formationn is
is equal to the rate of destruction.
destruc tion.

9(c)(ii)
9(c)(ii)
 CAPE Chemis
Chemistry
try June 2006 U2 P2 Ql - Answer

l(a)(i) Efect on rate: Rate doubes. Reason: Reaction is 1s ord

order
er w. r t [H 2(g)].

l(a)(ii) Efect on rate: Rate x ¼. Reason: Reaction is 2nd order w.

w. r t. [NO(g)].

l(a)(iii) Efectt on rate: Rate x 27

Efec

l(b)(i)
Vo.w
Of
•,t
 >
0o1l•cte
0o1l•cte

l(b)(ii) Pressure measurement

l(b)(iii)  the appara

apparatus
tus must be seaed and the voum
voume
e of gas evov
evoved
ed mu
must
st no
nott
eceed the maimum voume which coud be hed in the syringe used for
coecting and measuring the voume of gas
 CAPE Chemi
Chemistry
stry June 2006
2006 U2 P2 Q2 - Ans
Answer
wer

2(a)(i) Cl2(aq) + NaOH (aq) - NaCl (aq) + NaCIO (aq) + H20 (l·

2(a)(ii) +7.

2(b)(i) Reddish brown

brown colour
colou r

2(b)(ii) White ppt soluble in NH 3(aq ·

(aq

2(b)(iii) Violet vapour

2(c) 2Br  (aq) + Cl 2(aq) - 2Cll  (aq) + Br2,

2C

2(d) Use of fume cupboard

cupboa rd
 CAPE
CAPE Chemistry
Chemistry June 2006 U2 P2 Q3 - An
Answe
swerr

3(a) Source: air Proces

Process:
s: fractional distillation.

3 (b )(i) High pressure

3(b)(ii)

3(c) Use of a catalyst Decrease the time by lowering the energy required for the
reaction

3(d) Low temperature and hi

high
gh pressure

3(e) d l
Red
Re  itmus..
 li tmus
 CAPE Chemistry June 2006
2006 U2 P2 Q4 - Answ
Answer
er

4(a)(i) I f a syst
system
em in equilibrium is subje
subjected
cted to a chan
change
ge processes will occur which
will tend to counteract
coun teract the change imposed.

4(a)(ii) Microscopic (molecular scale) processes continue but these are in balance,
and, macroscopic properties are constant

4(a)(iii) KP = (pS03)2
(pS02)2 (P02)

4(a)(iv) The equilibrium position lies well to the right There is a much greater
concentration of products relative
relative to reagents

4(b)(i) Equilibrium position shif to the lef ndothermic reaction favoured

according to Le Chatelier's rinciple (to nullify the efect of change Volume
of reactants increases and volume of
o f product decreases

4(b)((ii) Equilibrium position shifs to the right. Reduction in volume (reduction in

number of moles of gas) favoured Reactant concentration decreases and
product concentration increases

4( b)(iii) No overall efect on position

position of equi
equilibri
librium
um The efect on both foard and
reverse reactions are the sam
same.
e.

4(c) Initial partial pressure of S02 = mole fraction x total pressure = ½ x 5 =

3.333 at
3.3 atm
m

Initial part
partial
ial pressure of 02 =  x 5 = 167
1 67 atm

For pS03  to be 3 atm  of S02(gl had reacted and 1 5 atm 02(gl had
reactedd using mole ratios from
reacte fr om equation
equation

aial pressures of gases at equilibrium:

pS02 = 333-3 = 33 atm p02 = 1.67 1.5 = 17 atm

KP = (3)2/((33)2(17)) = 9/185 = 486.49 atm

 CAPE Chemistry June 2006 U2 P2 QS - Answ
Answer
er

5(a) A bufer solution resists pH

pH ange on addition of
o f small amounts of acid
aci d or
alkali

5(b)(i) To maintain a pH of 7.

5( b)(ii) 32 rea

reacts
cts with excess H· ions and HC03 • reacts with excess OH ions
ions

5(c)(i) Amin o acids contain both acidic and

Amino and basic groups. -
-H
H2 group can
ca n react
react with
excess H·
H · ions -OOH group can react with excess
ex cess OH ions

5(c)(ii) Food
Foo d processing
processing

5(d)(i) M, of CH
C H3COONa
COONa= 656/82= 8 mol dm3.
= 82 656/82=

5(d)(ii)
5(d)(ii) K=
K= [HJ [CH3  J [ H] = 18  1  2
18  15= [HJ  8 and [H]
 J so 18
[CH3COOH] .2 8

so [H] = 45  1 mol dm3. Assumption is that the concentration of

CH 3C
C
 ions is equal to the concentration of CH
C H3 COONa

5(e)(i) Initial concentration of CH 3COONa= 8 mol dm

dm3 
NaOH= 85 mol dm3
Concentration aer adding= 8 + 5 NaOH

Initial concentration of CH 3COOH= 2 mol dm

COOH=
Concentration aer adding NaOH=
NaOH= 2 - 5
5=
= 25
25 mol dm
dm3

5(e)(ii) pH of the new solution does not difer significantly from that of the original
solution The ethanoic acid present in the bufer reacts with the OH ions
 thus decreasing
decreasing its concentration
 CAPE Chemistry June 2006 U2 P2 Q6 - Ans
Answer
wer

6(a)(i) Bonding changes from covalent o ionic. Acid/base character changes from
neutral to amphoteric. Character of element changes from non-metal to
metal Stability of covalent bonds decreases with increase in atomic radius
Basic character increases down the group due to the increase in the ionic
nature of the oxide

6(a)(ii) CC l4 is unreactive with water SiCl4  to PbCl4 are hydrolysed For SiCl4  to
CCl
PbCl4, d orbitals are available
availab le for coordination with water molecules.

6(b)(i) J: Pb02 . K: PbS04 white precipitate L: 0 2 - relights a glowing splint J is

i s an
oxidizing agent M: Mn04·(aq) purple colour 0: PbCl2.

6( b)(ii)
b)(ii) P is tin(II) loride/SnCl2 or tin ions P is a reducing agent since it takes
orange Cr 2072  to green Cr 3• removes ogen from nitrobenzene and
replaces it with hydrogen

6(b)(iii) The yellow/brown solution of Fe3• goes to green Fe3 +  Fe2•

yellow/brown
 CAPE Chemistry June 2006 U2 P2 Q7 - Answ
Answer
er

7(a)(i) A: giant ionic latice. B: simple molecular C: giant covalent/macromolecular

D: giant metallic
metallic E: simple molecular

7(a)(ii) A: Al203. 8: S C: Si
S i or
or Si02• D: Al or Mg. E: PCl5 or PCl 3

7(b)(i)a) Vigorous reaction with

with cold water H2 gas evolved
evolve d Alkaline solution formed

7(b)(i)b) Reacts with steam Reacts slowly at room temperature. Basic oxide formed
H2 g a s evolved Burns with bright flame

7(b)(i)c) Dissolves in wate Acid solution fomed Greenish yellowellow solution

formed

7(b)(ii)
 CAPE Chemistry June 2006 U2 P2 Q8 - Answ
Answer
er

8(a) PVC: electrical insulation.

i nsulation. PET:
PE T: roofing tiles -C-C and C-CI bonds are strong

8( b)(i)
b)(i) Breakdown of poly
polymer
mer into monom
monomeric
eric units
units

8(b)(ii) HCI, NaOH The ester linkages are hydrolysed to release the monomers (acid
and alcohol)

8( c)(i) A n organic solvent

solvent eg dichlo
dichloromet
romethane
hane

8( c)(ii)  To increas

increase
e the surface
surfa ce area for action of solvent

8( c)(iii) Protective eye wear and gas

ga s masks.

8(c)(iv) ndustrial rain coats

8(d) Reduction in plastic sent to landfills Heat produced from process can be
recovered Ash generated still requires disposal. CO2 combustion product
contributes to greenhouse efect Chlorinated products of incineration
 provide health
health hazard
 CAPE Chemistry June 2006 U2 P2 Q9 - Answ
Answer
er

9(a)(i) Difere nt boiling points of comp

Diferent componen
onents.
ts. Fraction richer
richer in lower
lo wer boiling point
components rise up column and collected at the top Fraction richer in
higher boiling poin
pointt components condenses and ns ofof at diferent
difer ent levels
le vels in
in
 the column
column..

9(a)(ii) Larger alkanes are broken down to smaller alkanes and alkenes suing high
 temperature
emperat ure and/or catalyst
soo·c
9(b) C 10
10H
H 22 A23 CH1 + C2 H4
H4,,

9(c) Fractional distillation is necessa to provide useful components for fuel and
 the petrochemical indust

9(d) Oil spillage kill bird

birds
s fishes corals and ruins beaches

9(e)(i) Cumulative poiso

poison
n Causes
Cause s depression
depression

9(e)(iiii)) Incomplete combustion of fuel for CO High  temperature

empera ture promotes a
reaction between N 2 and 2 N 2(gl + 2(gl - N 2(g) ·

9(e)(iii) Catalytic conveer Electri

Electricc cars
 CAPE Chemistry June 2007 U2 P2 Ql - Answe
Answerr

l(a)(i) Br2aq) + C2(aq)  2BrCaq)·

l(a)(ii) K, = [BrC]2
[Br2] [C2]

l(b)(i) K eq = (0.0546)2/((00389)(00111)) =6
=6.9
.90
0 so equiibrium is atained

l(b)(ii) Accurate anaysis of the concentration of the reactants and products and
constant environmenta condit
conditons
ons ie press
pressure
ure and temper
temperature
ature

l(b)(iii) The experiment shoud b e conducted in fume cupbo

cupboard
ard

l(c) If the reaction mixure is exposed to a temperature greater than room

temperature
 CAPE Chemist
Chemistry
ry June 2007
2007 U2 P2 Q2 - Ans
Answer
wer

2(a)(i) HCI.

2(a)(ii)

2(a)(iii) (White) choking fumes of gas.

2(a)(iv)

2(a)(v) Smell of roten egg/foul smell

2(b) Increasing polarizability down the group

2(c)

Oxidation state change

change:: Cl2 - NaCl + NaCO
0 - -1 and +
 CAPE Chemistry June 2007 U2 P2 Q3 - Answ
Answer
er

3(a)(i) Organic phos

phosphate
phate pesticides.

3(a)(
)(iiii)) Green algal bloom.

3(a)(iii) Eutrophication

3(b)(i) Concentrations
Concent rations are 0 70
70,, 059 and 062 for samples 1, 2 and 3 respectiv
resp ectively
ely

3( b)(
)(iiii)) Average [P043·] = (070
(07 0 +059 + 062)/3 = 191/3
191/ 3 = 064 dm· 3  to 2 sf
0 64 mg dm·

3( b)(iii)
b)(iii) [P043  ] is within acceptable limit
limits
s
 CAPE Chemistry June 2007
2007 U2 P2 Q4 - Answ
Answer
er

4(a) Bufer solution - regulat

regulates
es p H b y respon
responding
ding due
due to small additi
additions
ons of acid
o r alk
alkali
ali

4(b)(i) H· ions react with anions from

fr om the salt
salt Conce
Concentrati
ntration
onof H decreased.

4(b
4( b)(ii) OH ions react with weak aci
acid
d molecule
mol ecules
s OH ions neutralized

4(c)(i)a) Equilibrium shifs to produce H2C03 H2C03 dissociates to increase H

concentration in blood.

4( c)(i)b) Deep rapid breathing clean lungs of C02(g)· quilibrium shifs to the lef to
release CO2  from the blood. H· io
ions
ns reabsorbed
re absorbed as equilibriu
equilibriumm shifs to the
lef

4( d)(i) K= [H] [CH3 C ]

[CH3COOH]

4 (d)(ii) [H•]=
[H•]= Ka [CH3COOH]
[H3C]

= (175 x 15 x 25)/1 = 44 x 1 mol dm3

pH=
pH= log
lo g [H
[H•]
•]

pH= log (44 x 15)

pH= 44.
 CAPE Chemis
Chemistry
try June 2007 U2 P2 QS - An
Answe
swerr

5(a)(i) Using
Using expts 4 and 5, doubling
doubling of [ RX]  doubling of rate. 1:1
1:1
proportionalit 1 t orde
s

5(a)(ii) Using expts 1 and 2 doubling of [NaOH]  doubling of rate 1:1

proportionalit 1st order

5(b) Overall ord

order=
er= m + n = 2 Rat
Rate
e equation
equatio n = k [R X] [NaOH]

5( c) Using expt 1

units dm3 mo·1 s ·1.

5(d) The mechanism is SN 2.

R R
"I 1�
HO _c: X - ·· C• X  C +X
H. 'H / ', H
.
. ',
'H

5(e)(i) Higher temperature causes increase in: Average kinetic energ of particles
number of collisions with Eac (activ
(activation
ation energy) and
and rate.

5(e)(ii) Higher concen

concentrati
tration
on results
result s in: Number of collisions per
pe r unit
unit time increases
probabilit
probabilit of favoura
fa vourable
ble collision
collision increases
increases and rate increases
increases

5(e)(iii)
5( e)(iii) Increased suface area results in: Probabilit of favourable collisions
increase and
and rate increases.
 CAPE Chemistry June 2007 U2 P2 Q6 - Answ
Answer
er

6(a) Going from top of tab

table
le to botom: Ionic, ionic, intermediate, covalent,
covalent covalent

6( b)(i)
b)(i) Basic

6( b)(ii)
b)(ii) Amphoteric.

6( c)(i)

6( c)(ii)

6( c)(iii)

6(d) NaOH: pH 13/14.

HC: pH 1/2

6(e) SiCl4 has a simple

simple covalent
cova lent molecule with weak intermolecular force
forces
s

Si02 has a giant covalent stucture A large number of covalent bonds must
be broken to break down the giant latice structure
 CAPE Chemistry June 2007 U2 P2 Q7 - Answ
Answer
er

7(a) As you go down the group, electrical conductivity increases with increasing
metallic character

7(b)(I) Covalent.

7 (b)(ii) Covalent.

7(b)(iii) Intermediate.

7(b)(i v)
 v) Intermediate

7(c) C O2 and Si02 - acidi

acidicc (coval
(covalent
ent struc
structure)
ture) GeOi Sn0 2 , Pb
Pb0
02  Amp
Amphot
hotei
eicc
(Intermediate ionic/covalent structures
structures))

7(d) Increase in E  values fr

e
from
om Ge  Pb indicates increase in stability
stabi lity of the +2
oxidation state down the group

7(e) E /V 

S n4• + 2e·
2e·  Sn2• +.15 V 
+
Pb + 2e·  Pb2 +8 V 
C 2072 + 14H + e  2Cr3 + 7H 20 +133 V 

With Sn2 E cell= +33  (+15)= +18 V

e

With Pb2 E ell= +

e
+33
33  {+18) = -47  V

ve value E ,.11  for Pb2 means it will not reduce Cr 2012 
e

+vee val
+v ue E ce  for Sn
value Sn2 suppos th
thee reductio
red uction
n of Cr2012 

7( f ) Si has available 3d orbitals hile C does not and so CCl does not react with
 water
at er
 CAPE Chemistr
Chemistry
y June 2007 U2 P2 Q8 - Answ
Answer
er

8(a)(i) Fractional distillation.

8(a)(ii) Fractions are separated aording to boiling point Higher boiling point
fraction at
at the botom of the fractionating column

8( b)(i)
b)(i) N0 is formed from nitrogen and ogen in the air because of high
2

 temperatures N l + 20 l - 2N0 · Sulfur

2 2 2 Sulfur comes from the fuel
fue l itself
i tself
S!sl + 0 !l - S0 
2 2

8(b)(ii) Both N0 and S0  will

2
il l form acid rain Acid rain des
2
destro
troys
ys buildings and
vegetation.

8(c)(i) Lead is a neurotoxin CO will compete with 0 for haemoglobin

2

8( c)(ii) Lead comes from the antiknock agent added to gasoline This forms PbO
 when burned CO is formed from the incomplete combustion of petrol
petrol

8(c)(iii) Unleaded
Unleaded gasoline is now available on the mark
markt
t

8(d) Port/deep harbour facilities

Goodd infrastructure eg roads
Goo
Isolation from residential sites
site s
Good po�er supply
 CAPE Chemistry June 2007
2007 U2 P2 Q9 - Answ
Answer
er

9(a)(i) Formation of ozone:

02(g) + h v- O(g) + Og) and

Along with the formation of ozone, degradation also takes place to keep
leels constant naturally.

9(a)(ii) The ozone layer protects the earth from harmful u rays Preents cataracts
and skin
ski n cancers
cancers

9(b) Causes breathing prob

problems
lems..
Takess part in the formation of photochemical smog
Take smog 
Destroyss materi
Destroy materials
als such as rubber
Destroys egeta
egetation
tion

9( c)(i) Low flammability

flammability relatiely unreactie and low boiling point

9( c)(ii) Refrigerants and foaming agents.

9(d) They hae long residence times

The regeneration of er as it destroys ozone makes it potent
 CAPE
CAPE Chemistry
Chemistry Jun
June
e 20
2008
08 U2 P2 - Resit Ql  Answe
Answerr

l(a)(i)

l(a)(ii) Nitric acid and concentrated sufuric acid.

l(a)(iii) Sn and HCI

l(a)(iv)

l(a)(v) B r2(aq)·

l(b)(i) l(b)(ii) Cl

and

Cl

l(b)(iii) 02

' Cl

l(c)(i) Benzene has no substituents so the chorine can go to any position,

l(c)(ii) The methy group is 2,4 directing so chorine goes to the oho and para
positions.

l(c)(iii) The nitro

nitr o group is 3,5 directing so chorine goes to
to the meta position

l(d) Nitrobenzene, benzene methybenzene.

The nitro group is deactivating and makes the benzene ring ess reactive

The methy group

grou p i s activating and makes the
the benzene ring more reactive
 CAPE
CAPE Chemistr
Chemistry
y Jun
June
e 20
2008
08 U2 P2 - Resit Q2  Answe
Answerr

2(a) NaHC03 : Ca
Can
n be obtai
obtained
ned in high
high purity, stable in air and non-hygroscopic.

NaOH: hygroscopic

2(b)(i) H2S04 + 2NaHC03 -> Na2 S04 + 2C02 + H20

2(b)(ii) From the balanced equation mole ratio of NaHC03 : H 2S04 is 2 : 1

Moles of sulfuric acid used: (6

(6 x 23)/1
23)/1
 = 138 mol

Moles of NaHC03 needed:

needed: 2 x 138 mol = 276 mol

Mass of NaHC03 used: 276 x 84 g = 232 g

2(c) Standardize
Standardize soluti
solution
on of NaOH

Transfer
Transf er aliquot of vinegar to conical flask using pipete

Add tw
two
o or three drops of appropriate indicator to vinegar
vin egar

Titrate vinegar with NaOH as many

many times as needed for accurate results.
 CAPE
CAPE Chemistr
Chemistry
y Jun
June
e 2008
2008 U2 P2 - Resit Q3  Answe
Answerr

3(a)(i) Acid rain formation by burning of fossil fuels, washing with detergents in
rivers and
and releasee of sewage in
in waterways.

3(a)(ii) Unsafe drinking

drinking water and
and unsafe water for recreation

3( b)(i)
b)(i) Need increased crop production Increasing population

3(b )(ii)
3(b Feili zers are
Feilizers are leached
leache d into the ground wawate
terr Run-of
Run-of wate
waterr from rainfall
rainfall or
irrigation
irrigation enters
enter s drain
drains
s streams riverriverss etc Eventual
Event ually
ly the
polluted/contaminat
polluted/ contaminateded water reache
reachess the ocean, thus polluting the wat
waterer

3 (
 (c 
c ) Pb2•: K (aq)  yellow ppt
pp t (Pb
(P b 2)-+ (solub
(soluble
le in excess HN03).

N0 3·: Zn/NaO
Zn/NaOH(aq)
H(aq)  boil -+ gas evolved
evolved turns damp red litmus
litmu s blue
blue (NH3
evolved).
 CAPE Chemistry
Chemistry June 2008
2008 U2 P2 - Resi
Resitt Q4
Q4  Answer

4(a) Ethanol and Na2C0 3: No reaction.

Ethanol and NaOH: No reaction.

Phenol and Na2C03: No reaction

Phenol and Na: Sodium phenoxide and hydrogen gas
gas

thanoic acid an
andd Na: Sodium ethanoate an
andd hydrogen gas
Ethanoic acid and NaOH:
NaOH: Sodiu
Sodium
m ethanoate
ethanoate and �vate
� vaterr

4(b) The gien resonance forms of the phenoxide ion sho�v that there is
delocalization of the negatie charge on the oxygen into the benzene ring
This delocalization increases the ease with �hich a proton is lost from
phenols

The gien structure of the alkoxide ion sho�vs that there is localization of the
negatie charge on the oxygen atom, and this negatie charge is enhanced
by the positie inductie efect of the alkyl group to which it is bonded. This
increases the tendency of H· ions being bonded to alkoxide ions

Therefore phenols show more acidic

acidic character
charac ter than alcohols

4(c)(i) Members of a homologous series possess the same functional group and
successie members
members within a series difer by a fixe
f ixed
d increment eg -CH2.

4( d)(i) Structural isomerism refers to compounds possessing the same molecular

formula bu
butt diferent bonding arrangement or structure

4 (d)(ii)    H H H
I I I I  I
H-cC-O- --
I I I  I I
   H O H
I
H
 CAPE Chemis
Chemistry
try June 200
2008
8 U2 P2 - Resit QS  Answer

5(a)(i) 2: Ionization chamber, 3: acceleration chamber, 4: (large) magnet 5: ion

collector (ion detector).

5(a)(iiii)) To provi
provide
de high energy electrons to ionize sample

5(b) RM= ((79 X 50.5) +(81 X 495))/100= 7999 800

5( c)(i)

C
"
"
C
:
.
"

"

a

I I I

157 158 159 160 161 162

m/e

5(c)(ii)
5(c)(ii)

160- 79B r 81Br

 CAPE
CAPE Chemistry
Chemistry Jun
June
e 20
2008
08 U2 P2 - Resit Q6  Answe
Answerr

6(a) Potato and barley.

6(b) Sucrose is conveed to gluco

glucose
se an
andd fructose, then gluc
glucose
ose is conve
converted
rted to
ethanol and carbon dioxide
dioxide using
us ing yeast
yeast

 yeast o r
zymase>
zymase >

0
II
6(c) CH CH 0H +[OJ� CH C H +H 0
3 2 3 2

6(d) Depression of the central neou

neouss system and los
losss of inhibitions

6(e)(i) Job creation wealth creation: exports enhanced technology and fuel
production

6(e)(ii) Education
Education programme
programmess and restricted use
 CAPE Chemist
Chemistry
ry June 2009 U2 P2 Ql - Answer

l(a)(i)

l(a)(ii) 55 ·c  to 60 · c

l(a)(iii) Sn/HCI.

l(b)(i)
I+
H-N- + 1 -

0 0
l(b)(ii)a) Less basic

l(b)(ii)b) The one pair of nitrogen forms an exended deocaized system

sys tem with the
deocaized eectrons of the benzene ring This makes the eectrons on
nitrogen ess avaiabe for proton acceptance Aso,
A so, the ammonium
ammon ium ion forms
more hydrogen bonds with �ater and is therefore more stabe tha than
n the
protonated phenyamine

l(c)(i)

l(c)(ii) Reagents: NaN2 and HCI

Condition: temperature of< 5 °.

l(c)(iii) Soution of sodium hydroxide

l(c)(iv) Yeow
 CAPE Chemi
Chemistry
stry June 2009
2009 U2 P2 Q2 - Ans
Answer
wer

2(a)(i) The stage at which the reactio

reactionn is complete or the two solutions hav
havee
reacted exactly.

2(a)(ii) The point at which there is a chan

change
ge in the colour of the indicat
indi cator
or

2(b) A known excess of Na2C03 is reacted with BaCl2.

The remaining solution of Na2C03 is determined by titration

2(c)(i)

2(c)(ii) Mole ratio of sodium carbonate to hydrochloric acid is 1: 2

Moles sodium carbonate

carbo nate remaining= 4/2= 2

2(c)(iii) Moles of barium chloride reacted= (5-2)=

(5-2)= 3

2(c)(iv) Concentration barium ions= 3  4

4=
= 12 mol dm·3 •

2(d)(i) 25 cm 3 oxalic acid i s placed in a conical flask and 25 cm3 of dilute sulfuric
acid is added

Mixure in flask heated to approximately 8 °c.

The mixure in the flask is titrated immediately with KMn0 4(a q)·

2(d)(ii) KMn04aq)
 CAPE Chemistry June 2009 U2 P2 Q3 - Answ
Answer
er

3(a)(i) The conversion of atmo

atmosphe
spheric
ric nitro
nitrogen
gen to nitrogen compounds.

3( a ) ( i i ) Electrical discharge in the atmosphere (lightning- atmospheric

Action of bacteria in plants (legumes)- biological

3(b) N2!gl + 02!gl- 2N O!g) ·

3( c ) Deforestation and
an d power generation (fossil fuels

3(d) Policies are costly

costl y and could result in unemployment

3(e)(i) Pink.

3(e)(ii) Concentrated aqueous sodium hydroxide.

3(e)(iii) Colour: whit

white
e Appearance: gelatinous precipitate

3(e)(i v)
 v) Filtration
 CAPE Chemistry June 2009 U2 P2 Q4 - Answ
Answer
er

4(a)(i)a) Compounds
Compou nds that difer
dife r only in  the arrangement of atoms in space.
in the
4(a)(i)b) A carbon atom which is bonded to four diferent
diferent groups
4(a)(ii) 8 H O ptical isome
isomerism
rism
'N-* �-C
-C
a/ I "o-B
H-C-H

H

4(a)(iii) H H

I I
• c._
 ·
 \ 
CH3
NH2

m or

4(a)(iv)a) 4(a)(iv)b) 4(a)(iv)c)

   +I 
H
0 n, 1 ;
H
o +  ; 
0

H -' NCC  C H�cc

/C '- H/C
I 'o- H/CI 'o
I I I
H H n

4(b)(i) Condensation
Condensation polymerization.
4(b)(ii)
 0   O H 
'        0

+   'cc-
H/ I
H-C-
'o-n /  I
-c-n
'-n
-C-B

I I 
H H 

4(b)(iii) Amide
 CAPE Chemistry June 2009 U2 P2 QS - Answe
Answerr

5(a)(i) Molecules undergo changes in modes of vibration, and absorption of JR

radiation occurs when vibrations cause a net change in dipole moment of
molecules.

5(a)(ii) Stretching and bending

5(a)(iii) Grind sample with an excess of potassium bromide to a fine texure and
press this mixure into the for
form
m of a pellet

5(b)(i) A: C H B: 0-H and C: C=O

5(b)(ii)
o
I /
H -C

 �0-H
H
5(c)(i) Advantages: Cheap and uses an environmentally friendly solvent
solvent

Disadvantage: Yield will be lower

5(c)(ii) Eficiency is increased due

due to increa
increased
sed suace
suace are with increase
increased
d length of
 the exr
exract
actor
or
 CAPE Chemistry June 2009 U2 P2 Q6 - Answ
Answer
er

6(a)(i) Chlorine,
Chlorin e, sodium hydroxide and
and hydrogen.

6(a)(ii) At the anode chlorine

chl orine ions
i ons are conveed to chlorine gas by oxidation:

A t the cathod
cathode
e �ater is decomposed to give hydr
hydroge
ogen
n by reduction
reduction

6(b) Weed kill

killers
ers antiseptics and chlorina
chlorinated
ted organic compounds

6(c) Function: Sulfur dioxide is a reducing agent It preven

prevents
ts oxidation of food
 thereby reta
retarding
rding food spoilage

Disadvantage: Sulfur dioxide distorts the

the taste of food
 CAPE Chemistry Jun
June
e 2010
2010 U2 P2 Ql - Answ
Answer
er

l(a)(i) Hot acidified

acidified Mn04•

l(a)(ii)

l(b)(i) (b)(ii)
CH, CH,  Br
CH 


HO O 

l(c)(i) A macromoecue formed from joining many monomers (sma moecu

moecues).
es).

l(c)(ii) Addition.

l(c)(iii) Poy(ethene)

l(c)(iv)

l(c)(v) No,, because they do not have >C=C<

No

l(d)
H- I ?
N--
. 0
I
,
H
R

l(e))
l(e Simiarity: They both contain the amide inkage O 
11 I
- C-
C-N
N

Diference: The amide inkages are separated by one C atom in proteins, but
in nyon 6
66
6 they ar
are
e separated by
b y severa C atoms
 CAPE Chemistry June 2010 U2 P2 Q2 - Answ
Answer
er

2(a)(i) Radiation consisting of oscillating electric and magnetic fields of energy

 which can be transmited
transmi ted throu
through
gh space.
space.

2(a)(ii) The distance between

be tween successiv
successivee peaks of waves of
of radiation

2 (a)(iii)
(a)(iii) The number of waves passing a given
given point per
pe r second
secon d

2(b)(i)

2(b)(ii) 95 x 10 7 Hz

2(b)(iii) Infrared radiation

2(b)(iv) Radio waves

2(c)(i) Sample
Sample of Xis accurately weighed
weighed on an analytical balance

Sample of X weighed is dissolved in a suitable solvent and a standard

solution made, using a volumetric flask

Sample is filtered to remove

re move any solid particles

Absorbance of sample solution is measured at a selected wavelength in the

U V visib
visible
le region,
region, afer the
the spectrophotometer ha
hadd been blanke
blanked
d

Ensure that sample absorbance does not eceed 1.0 In such a case dilute
the sample
s ample and re-do the measurement

2(c)(ii) Ability
Abilit y to produce a colour when reacting with analyte

Transparent
Transparent in the U V visib
visible
le region of
of the electromagnetic
electromagnetic spectrum

2(d)(i)

1
2(d)(ii) Emole = E molecule XL= 9.9 X 10·19 J X 602 X 10 23 mol1 = 6 x 10 5 J mo

= 600 k mo·1.
 CAPE Chemi
Chemistry
stry June 2010
2010 U2 P2 Q3 - Ans
Answer
wer

3 (a)(i)

3(a)(i i)
(ii) CO2 comes from respiration and N02  from lightning storms.

3(a)(iii)

3 (b )(i ) Electric power generation that relies on burning fossil fuels like coal which
can be contaminat
contaminated
ed with sulfur

Burning of gasolin
gasoline
e in vehicles in heavily populated areas - the
there
re is ofen
incomplete combustion of gasolin
gasolinee generation
generatio n N O x

3(b)(ii) Destroys
Destro ys aquatic life and leaches soil nutrients

3( c)(i) nsure container is clean.

3(c)(ii) Pb2•: K

3(c)(iii) Pb2·:  yellow ppt.

N03·: brown ring at junction of con acid and rest

re st of solution
 CAPE Chemistry June 2010 U2 P2 Q4 - Answe
Answerr

4(a) They have the same molecular formula, CH80, but dierent stuctural
 formulae- atoms are linked diferen
di ferently.
tly.

4(b
(b)) Alkene and 1°
1° alcohol

4( c)(i) HHH
-6I lI
� 6-- =C -
 
O  H 3 H  H

4(c)(ii)
4(c)(ii) Cis isomer: H 
"
/
I

C fC C C
3 z 2 C0H
"


 3

Trans isomer:  C0  

"c=I
/ �
� 1  HCz   2
 H

C 

There is
i s no asymmetric or chiral carbon therefore no optical isomerism

4(d)(i) Cracking is the spliting od larger alkane molecules to smaller ones together
 with the formation of an alkene. This requires
requir es high temperature or modera
moderate
te
 temperature and a catalyst

4(d)(ii)b) Bubble each gas separately into brown bromine in an inert solvent The
alkane C H10  will hav
4 havee no efect and the alken
alkenee C4H8  will immediat
immediately
ely
decolorize it
 CAPE Chemistry June 2010
2010 U2 P2 QS - Answ
Answer
er

5(a) Distinguish between molecules of similar M r

Prediction of possible identity of simple organc molecule based on

fragment
fragmentation
ation patern.
pat ern.

Determination of the number of C atoms in the molecule based on M and

M+ peaks

5(b
5( b)(i) M = 78and M+ =79
= 79

5(b)(ii)
5(b

5(b)(iii)

The name
nam e of the compound is
is 2-chloropropane

5(c) A,(RAM) =((7577

=((7577 /10) x 3497) +((2423/10)
+((2423/10) x 3696) =265
=265 +8.95 =3545
=3545

5(d) Separation of dyes and pesticide analys

analysis
is
 CAPE Chemi
Chemistry
stry June 2010
2010 U2 P2 Q6 - Ans
Answer
wer

6(a) Fractional distillation of liquid air

6( b)(i)
b)(i) Hydrolysis.

6(b)(ii)

6(c) High pressure favours low volume and low temperature favours foward
exothermic reaction

6(d) The Haber process uses the compromise pressure of 250 atm and moderate
 temperature of 55
5 5 0 °c  with Fe catalyst to increase rate

6(e) N 3·: So
Sour
urcce - fer fertil
tiliz
izers
ers Pollu
Pollutin
ting
g efect
efect - Eutr
Eutrop
ophi
hica
cati
tion
on/a
/alg
lgal
al
bloom/lowers 2  for marine
mar ine life

P43 ·: Sour
Source-
ce- Detergent Polluting efect-
efec t- Eutrop
Eutrophicati
hication/alg
on/algal
al bloom

Pb2·: So
Sour
urce
ce - Car bateries
bateries Pol
Pollut
luting
ing efect
efect - Carc
Carcinoge
inogenic,
nic, cumulative
poson
 CAPE Chemistry June 2011 U2 P2 Ql - Answe
Answerr

l(a)(i) No responses required.

l(a)(ii) Test: Add a few drops of acidified potassium permanganate.

Obseation: Coour change from pur

purpe
pe to coouress with A

l(a)(iii) Obseation: Siver mirror with 8.

l(a)(iv) Test: Add a few drops of 2,4-DNP

Obseation: Yeow/orange precipitate �ith B

B

l(b)(i)

+ Br

(l)(b)(ii) Unimoecuar nuceophiic substit

substitution
ution

l(c)(i) Step 1: sufuric acid (concentrated)

Step 2: sufuric acid (concentrated) and wat

water
er

Step 3: acidified potassium permanganate

l(c)(ii) Oxidation
 CAPE Chemistry June 2011 U2 P2 Q2 - Answ
Answer
er

2(a) Accuracy refers to how close a measurement is to the true or accepted value
of the quantity being measured. Precision refers to measurements of the
same quantity Both accura and precision refer to how closely t\o
measurements
measurem ents agree with each othe
otherr

2(b) Pipete burete, volumetric

volumetric flask
fla sk

2(c)(i) Student 1: 0065, Stud

Student
ent 2: 115 Student
Student 3: 346 Student 4: 0082

2(c)(ii) Student 1: precise not accurate. Student

Student 2: accurate not precise.
Student 3: not accurate, not precise. Student 4: accurate and precise

2(d) Weigh a beaker on an analytical balance.

Condition the 10 cmcm3 pipete
Fill the pipete
pipete to the mark with distilled water room temperat
temperature.
ure.
Transfer
Trans fer water from pipete to beaker
Weigh beaker
beaker and water
Record
Rec ord \Veight obtained in tab
table
le of results
Repeat steps above until cons
consisten
istentt mass values
values are obtained
 CAPE Chemistry June 2011 U2 P2 Q3 - Answ
Answer
er

3(a) Heating crude oil, which is a mixure of hydrocarbons, separates components

according to volatility. The components are collected by the use of a
fractionating tower with the more volatile collected first

3(b)(i) Breaking up of large

large molecules into
in to smaller ones

3( b)(
)(iiii)) Rearrangement of ato
atoms
ms in molecules to form new structures
str uctures

3(c)

3(d) In the production of pharmaceuticals, insulators and plastics

3(e)(i) A and B are yeast

yeast and
and starch
starch

3(e)(
)(iiii)) Efeescence would be obseed in the conical flask and a white precipitate
 would be obseed in the beaker
bea ker

3(e)(iii) The yeast would be killed

 CAPE Chemist
Chemistry
ry June 2011 U2 P2 Q4 - Ans
Answer
wer

4(a)(i) Compounds with he same molecular formula but diferent stctural

 formula.

4(a)(ii) Chain isomers, eg 

I
 C

I 7
H    H

I  I  I
-C-CC-C-   c  H
  I  I  
H H   H H 

Positional
Positio nal isomers eg
H HH H HH
     
H-C ·
 ·C
C 
 CC 
 OO 
 HH H C C 
 C
C 
 HH
     
H HH H OH

H

10 cm3 35cm 20 cm

mole ratio 1 35 2

:. X =2

x=y/4=35

 y/4=35-2

 y/4=1Sand y=6

The molecular formula of the hydrocarbon is

isCC2H 6 •
 CAPE Chemi
Chemistry
stry June 2011 U2 P2 Q4 - Answ
Answer
er

4(c) In order of increasing

inc reasing acid strength: alcohols< phen
phenols<
ols< carboxylic acids.

Alcohols are weakest since the alkyl group releases electron density,
resulting in a localization of the negative charge on the oxygen
oxygen making it less
likely to release a proton

Phenols are stronger

stronger acids than alcohols but still weakly acidic
acid ic This is due to
 the elect
electron
ron withdrawing efect of the phenyl ring which caus causeses the
phenoxide ion to be stabilized by resonance

Carboxylate ions are resonance stabilized:

e
o
I
.C-
R 0

These ions are less likely to hold on to a proton since the highly
electronegative oxygen pulls electron density towards itself and away from
 the C H bond.
 CAPE Chemist
Chemistry
ry June 2011
2011 U2 P2 QS - An
Answe
swerr

S(a)(i) Electronic absorption between molecular energy levels.

S(a)(ii)  --�-----
 --�----- a•

�-  .

S(b)(i) This is a group of atoms in a molecule responsible for the absorption of

electromagnetic radiation

S(b)(ii) Conjugated system of double bond

bondss or benzene structure

S(b)(iii) Using A= l

12= 288X 1 X C
c = 12/(288 x 1) = 42 x 10·3 mol dm·3.

S(c) The absorbance of standard solutions is obtained

A calibration
calibration cue of absorbance vs concentration is ploted
ploted
Using the calibration cuve, the concentration of the unknown solution can
be foun
found
d

5(d)
5( d) Determinin g the amount of glucose in blood
Determining
Determining the amount of urea in blood
 CAPE Chemistry June 2011 U2 P2 Q6 - Answ
Answer
er

6(a) Nitrifying
Nitrify ing bacteria, proteins, soil nitrates and nitrogen
nitrog en oxid
oxides
es respectively.

6(b) Deforestation
Deforestation and burning of fossil fuels

6(c) Formation of ozone:

Oxygen is dissociated int

into
o atoms by UV radiation

hµ •
02!gl - O!gl + 0 (gl

Ozone is formed by the reaction of oxygen atoms and molecular

molecular oxygen

Breakdown of ozone:

Ozone decomposes to molecular oxygen and oxygen atoms by lower energy

UV radiation

Ozone molecules and oxygen atoms produce two molecules of oxygen

 CAPE Chemi
Chemistry
stry June 2012 U2 P2 Ql - Ans
Answer
wer

l(a)(i) l(a)(ii)
H H  H H H3H
I I I I   
H-C-C-
H-C-C -C--O
C--OHH H----
I I I I   
H H  H   

butan-1-o 2-methy propan-1-o

l(a)(iii) H  OH 
l(a)(iv) H H H
I      
---C --H - -  --
      
H  H  H H H

butan-2-o 2-methy propan-2-o

l(b)
l(b) Structura
Structur a isomerism.

l(c))
l(c Stereoisomerism (optica
(optica).
).

l(d)(i) butan-1-o purpe to coouess

l(d)(ii) 2-me
2-meth
thy
y propa
pan
n-1-o pur
urp
pe
e to
to coo
coour
ure
ess
ss..

l(d)(iii) butan-2-o purpe

purpe to coouress.

l(d)(iv) 2-me
2-meth
thy
y propa
pan
n-2
-2--o no co
coo
our
ur ch
chan
ange
ge

l(e) yeow to green.

 CAPE Chemistry June 2012 U2 P2 Q2 - Answ
Answer
er

2(a) Forensicc testing.

Forensi

2(b) Obtain a beaker and cover its botom with a solvent (mobile phase).

Apply the mixure to be separated

se parated as a spot at a short distance from one end
of the TLC plate

Dip the end of the plate below the spot into the solvent (make sure the
solvent
sol vent level
level does not cover the spot)

Allow the solvent to climb the

the plate
pl ate until it nears the top of the TLC plate
plate..

2(c) Stati ona phase: this is a soli

Stationa solid
d and is the material which holds the solute on
 the plate.

Mobile phase: this is a liquid and it carries the solute along the stationa
phase
phase on the plate.

2(d) Silica and alumina.

2(e)(i) For A,
A, Rt = (24/68)
(24/68) = 035
035 and fo r B, Rt = (51/68
( 51/68)) = 0
0 75

2(e)(ii) A is more atracted to the stationa phase and B is more atracted to the
mobile phase

2 (e)(
)(iii) Nature of stationa and mobile phases
 CAPE Chemi
Chemistry
stry June 2012
2012 U2 P2 Q3 - Ans
Answer
wer

3(a) Reuse newspaper as absorbing material

Recycle paper by
b y making pa
papi
pier
er mach.

Reduce use of paper by using email for communications.

3(b) Waste streams contam

contaminate
inate and degrade
degrade land, and radioact
radioactive
ive gases - free
radica
radicals-
ls-relea
released
sed into ai
airr - carcinogenic

3(c) Carbon dioxide and hydrogen

hydrog en sulphide

3( d)(i) Sucrose is converted to

to glucose and then to ethanol by enzymes produce
produced
d by
yeast.

3(d)(ii)
3(d)(ii) Compound 1: ethanoic acid. Compou
Compound
nd 2: ethanol
ethano l

Type of reaction
reaction:: oxidation
 CAPE Chemistry June 2012 U2 P2 Q4 - Answ
Answer
er

4(a)(i) 4(a)(ii)
CH 3
H CH H 3

I I I I
H C-C - C-H
3
H C-C-C-H
3

I I I I
OH Br Br Br

4(a)(iii) 4(a)(iv) CH 3

CH 3
H \
I I C=O + H 0 + CO 2 2

H C-C - C-H
3 I
I I CH 3
O H OH

4(b) es not .
It doe
It do

4(c) Both groups atached to each carbon of the double bond are the same, and
there are no common groups atached to the carbon atoms of the double
bond.

4(d)

B

HC
3
H HC
3
H Br H
\ I \0 I I I
C=C + H -B r �  - C-H � H C-C - C-H 3

I \ I I I I
HC
3
H HC
3
H CH 3
H

4(e) Electrophilic addition

 CAPE Chemistry June 2012 U2 P2 QS - Answe
Answerr

5(a) Figure 2 is a sintered glass cucible used for filtration by suction and dying of
precipitate in oven. Figure 3 is a suction funnel and is used for filtration by
suction

5(b)(i) Partition coeficient (r) concentration of

of ester
este r in
in toluene
tol uene
concentration of ester in water

5(b
5( b)(ii) 1 Temperatur
Temperature
e 2 Solute does not react with solvents

5(b)(iii) Organic compounds are generally more soluble in non polar solvents that in
polar solvents like water Solvents are immiscible An organic compound is
paitioned between two solvents by shaking and the organic compound is
recovered
recovere d by distilling of the solven
solventt afer separation of two layers

5(b)(iv) Concentration
Concentration of Yin water
water=
= (16/10
(16 /100
0= 0016
Concentratio
Concentration
n of Yin ether= (84/
(84/200)
200)=
= 0042

Partition coeficient = (0042/0.016) = 2625 with respect to K, ether and

water
 CAPE Chemi
Chemistry
stry June 2012
2012 U2 P2 Q6 - Ans
Answer
wer

6(a) Expansion possibilities, political situation, readily accessible energy need

needss
and good transportat
transportation.
ion.

6(b) One safety concern is that it is a high pressure process and there is the
possibility of explosions The safety measure for this concern is that workers
should be fully aware of evacuation procedures Another safety concern is
 that spil
spilll of product is likely in transportio
transportion
n The safety measure for this
concern is that clea
clean
n up measures should be developed

6(c) 2CO + 02- 2C02 and 2CO + 2NO- 2C02  N2.

6(d)(i)

6(d)(ii) Production of smog; adverse efects on respiratory system

 CAPE
CAPE Chemistry
Chemistry Jun
June
e 2013 U2 P2 Ql - Answe
Answerr

l(a)(i) H   and
I  I 1
-C-C-C- R'-C0 N
+

I  I
OOHO

l(a)(ii) and
I
H H  0
I  I
-C-CC
I  I Cl3 -  C- R
OOHO
l(a)(iii)a) Saponification.

l(a)(iii)b) Transesterification.

l(a)(iv)a) Soap making

l(a)(iv)b) As fue (biodi

(biodiese.
ese.

l(b)(i)a) Orange precipitate produced.

l(b)(i)b) KMn04 decoourised.

l(b)(i)c) Z is an adehyd
adehyde
e

l(b)(i)d) Z is an
a n aromatic adehyde

l(b)(ii)

c,
I

� .
H

I 0 +
C = O + r  - C-0  H
l(c)
" � .G

/�  J
CN

I
-C-o
I
CN
 CAPE Chemistry June 2013 U2 P2 Q2 - Answ
Answer
er

2(a) Bending and stretchi

stretching
ng vibrat
vibrations.
ions.

2(b) Laborato identification of org

organi
anicc compound
compoundss and identification of
functional groups.

2(c)(i)a) Acetone.

2(c)(i)b) wavenum ber of 1715 cm·1.

The >C=O at a wavenumber

2(c)(ii)a) 2-propanol

2(c)(ii)b) cm··1.
-OH at a wavenumber of 3350 cm

2(c)(iii)a) Butanoic acid

2(c)(iiib cm·1 an
>C =O at a wavenumber 1710 cm· and cm··1
d -H at a wavenumber of 3400 cm

2(d)(i))
2(d)(i Grind the solid sample with potass
potassium
ium bromide and for
form
m this mixure into a
pellet under pressure Insert the sample into machine and record
rec ord readings

2(d)(ii) NaCl i s transparen

transparentt to infrared radiation
 CAPE Chemistry June 2013 U2 P2 Q3 - Answ
Answer
er

3(a)(i) Leaching.

3(a)(ii) Fungicides and herbicides

3(b)(i) Reagents: FeS04(aq); concentrated H2S04 •

Obseations: A brown ring forms at the interface of the two liquids

3(b)(ii)
3(b Reagents:: Ammonium molybdate
Reagents

Obseations: Yellow precipitate

3( c)(i) Difusing from atmospher

atmospheree and aeration from rapid movement

3( c)(
)(iiii)) Ecessive nutrients (N0 3• and Pol·) lead to algal growth followed by
bacterial decom
decomposit
position
ion on
o n death (remov
(removal
al of oxygen)

3(c)(iii) It cause
causess corrosion
corrosio n in boiler pipes
pip es due to acidity
aci dity due to the presence of CO2.

3(d) Filtration and chlorination

 CAPE
CAPE Chemistry June 2013 U2 P2 Q4 - Answ
Answer
er

4(a)(i) NaOH

4(a)(ii) Br Br



B

4(a)(iii)

11
Cl - C - CH 2  C 3

4(b)(i) Step I: concentated sulfuic acid and concentated nitic acid.

Step II: 2 and Fe .
3

Step 11I:
11I: Sn and concentated
concentat ed HC

4(b)(ii)

4(b)(iii) Electophilic substitution

4(b)(iv) N0 2 i s a me
meta
ta diecto and theefoe diects the incoming substituen
substituentt to the
meta position.

4( c)(i) Nitobenzene, benzene methylbenzene.

 CAPE Chemistry June 2013 U2 P2 Q4 - Answe
Answerr

4(c)(ii)
l

Cl

Cl
 CAPE Chemistry June 2013 U2 P2 QS - Answ
Answer
er

 5(a) The ratio of the solute concentrations immersed in solvents at a given

 temperature.

 5(b) Using the

the formula k= C,.Jche :. (0854/10)/(0159/10)= k= 536
(0854/10)/(0159/10)=

Let the mass of acid in water= x g

(x/10)/((1-x)/20)=
(x/10)/((1-x)/20)= 5.36  736
736 x 5.36

X= 536/7 .36
.36=
= 0
0728
728 g

 5(c)(i) Steam distillation.

 5((c)(
 5 )(ii)
ii) Solvent exraction

 5(c)(iii)
 5(c)(iii) Fractional distillation.

 5((c)(i v)
 5  v) Simple distillation
distillation

 5((d)
 5 Liquid of composition x when heated, produces a vapour of composition a1 .

Vapour on condensing produces a liqu liquid

id of composition x1 Liquid has greater


concentration of A than B  Repeated vaporization andand condensation

produces liquid
liquid A which is the distillate
 CAPE Chemistry June 2013 U2 P2 Q6 - Answ
Answer
er

6(a) The ore is crushed and treat

treated
ed with sodium hydr
hydroxid
oxide.
e. The filt
filtrate
rate is
seeded to produce Al(OH The Al(OH is heated to produce aluminium
oxide

NaAl(OH)4(aq) -> NaOH (aq) +Al(OH!s)·

6( b)(i)
b)(i) Red mud

6( b)(ii)
b)(ii) Harms flora and fauna, and disfigu
disfigures
res the environment

6( c)(i)  Anode reacti on: 202 -> 02(gl + 4e-

reaction:

Cathode reaction: Al3 +3e-> Al ii)) 

•

6(c)(ii)a) The process requi

requires
res a large quantity of energy

6(c)(ii)b) Energy demand

demandss and pollution efects are reduce
reduced
d
 CAPE Chemistry June 2014
2014 U2 P2 Ql - Answ
Answer
er

l(a)(i) To break the bonds in Br

B r2 moecues and produce bromine radicas.

l(a)(ii)

l(b)(i) K b = [RNH/] [OH·]

[RNH 2]

l(b)(ii) Ethyamine is the stronger

stronge r base

l(b)(iii) The ethy group increases the avaiabiity of the one pai
pairr of eectrons.

I n phenyamine
phenyamine,, the nitrogen
nitrog en atom's one pair of eectrons i s deocaized
deocaized int
into
o
 the benzene ring, decreasing their avaiabiity

l(c)(i)  t i s arg
arger
er than 93
938
8

l(c)(ii) The avaiabiity of nitrogen's one pair of eectrons is further reduced due to
 the presence of-ON system

l(d)(i) Vigorous react

reaction
ion and the evoution of dense white fumes.
fum es.

l(d)(ii) Pae yeow

yeow precipitate
precipitate formed

l(d)(iii) White precipitate produced

l(d)(iv) B r2 i s decoourize
rized
d
 CAPE Chemi
Chemistry
stry June 2014 U2 P2 Q2 - Answ
Answer
er

Vsible
2(a)(i)
raditon

Incc reasing frequency

In

2(a)(ii) Infrar
Infrared:
ed: Ban
Band
d X ray
rays:
s: A.

2(b) C= V

= 30 x 108= 45 x 101 5 '

'= (30 x 1 08)/(45 x 1015)= 67 x 10·8 m

2(c) S2 in wines/juice

2(d)(i) Step 1: To produce S from miure

Step 4: To ensure the removal of all traces of wat

water
er

2(d)(ii) Suction flask and suction funnel

2(d)(iii) Oven.

2(e) Mass of washing

washing sod
soda=
a= 64
644
4 g

Mass of anhydrous sodium sulfate= (3709-34

(3709-3425
25)) g=
g= 284 g

Mass of water= (644-284) g = 360 g

(2.84/142) moles of Na2S4 combined with (360/18)

(360/18) mo
moll of water

= 1 mole (360/18) X (142/284) = 10

 = 1 0 moles H

:.
 CAPE Chemistry June 2014
2014 U2 P2 Q3 - Answ
Answer
er

3(a)(i)

3(a)(ii) Temp: 400 °c- 500 °c. Pres

Pres:: 25 atm -200
- 200 atm.

3(a)(iii) Fractional
Fractional distillat
distillation
ion of air

3(a)(iv) Closeness to labour

labou r force
force Closeness to water source

3( b)(i) The process is exothermic An in temp will shif eq'm to lef resulting in a
decrease in yield of ammonia

3(b)(ii) Foard rxn favours an inease in pressure due to lowering of the total
number of molecules. Eq'm
Eq' m shifs to
to right
right This increases yield of ammon
ammonia
ia

3(c)(i) A: steam reforming B: dissolving of

of CO2 in water C: condensation

3(c)(ii) Fe catalyst (finel

(finelyy divide
divided)
d)

3(c)(iii) Liquid
 CAPE Chemistry June 2014 U2 P2 Q4 - Answe
Answerr

4(a) Primay: one ethyl group atached to the carbon atom bonded to the
halogen.

Seconday: two alkyl groups atached to the carbon atom bonded to the
halogen

Teia: three alkyl groups atached to the carbon atom bonded to the
halogen

4(b)(i) 2-bromobutane.

4(b)(ii) T he presence of a chira

chirall centre results in optical isomer
isomerism.
ism.

4(b)(iii)

4( c)(i) 2-bromo-2-methylpentane

4(c)(ii) C
C
H.iC I .
' \C-
rBr c+ + 

H3C' l�
�.

 3
I- l  C1
3 

C l C
a
3
 \
C+�Ol
Ol C ()1
C ()1
i� H3C'#
'#JJ
f;C J- HC
3

4( d)(i) O f  white precipitate produce

produced
d

4(d)(ii) NaBr(aq) + AgN03aq) -> Na

NaN0
N03aq) +AgBr(s)
 CAPE Chemistry June 2014 U2 P2 QS - Answe
Answerr

5(a)(i) Electron beam

beam knocks
kn ocks of e- fro
from
m molecule
molecule producing positive ions

5(a)(
)(iiii)) Magnetic field separates ions according to their respective m/z ratios for
detection.

5(a)(iii) The recorder presents ions as a series of peaks according to their respective
ion curr
currents
ents produced

5(b)  the ratio of the relative abundance of the M/(M+) (molecul

(molecular
ar ion
ion)) peaks
indicates the number of carbon atoms in the compound
compou nd

5( c)(i) 88

5(c)(ii) 43

5(c)(iii)
H O  H
I II I 
H-CC0CCH
 I I
H  H

5(d)
H H
O
I  , H
H-c-  I

 
H
" o cH

 CAPE Chemistry June 2014
2014 U2 P2 Q6 - Answ
Answer
er

6(a)(i) Uv radiation breaks down

down ozone into
into O radicals and oxygen molecules.
molecules.

The ozone and oxygen atoms react to give 0 2 molecules

6(a)(ii) CFC's

6(a)(iii) Cataracts and skin cancer

6( b)(i)
b)(i) Yeast contains the enzyme zymase
zymase whiwhich
ch catalyses the breakdo�n of gluco
glucose
se
into ethanol and carbon dioxide C 6H1206- 2C2H50H + 2C02•

6( b)(ii)
b)(ii) Fractional distillation

6(c) Yes becau

because
se the sale of beverages
bevera gesgives revenue and job opportuniti
opportunities
es
 CAPE Chemistry June 2015 U2 P2 Ql - Answe
Answerr

l(a)(i) Therma cracking.

l(a)(ii) Temp
Temperatures
eratures in excess of 60
6000 °c.

l(a)(iii) 8: CH4
C: CH3CH =CH2

l(b)(i) The 2s eectrons are unpaired and one

one of these is promoted to the
th e empty 2p
orbita The 2s and three 2p orbitas are hybridized to give four equivaent
s p3 hybrid orbitas

l(b)(ii) Aqueous bromine with propane in sunight

- 2ar

 H H H  

 '
!  " ., - .,
I 
 -  -  - - C - C -c ' " -

I 
    

H    

 - ! -  -  r
�  �)  H -  - C -  - B, . .,
     

       H    
I I  "I  
H-c-e-d. c--e-H  ----- c-c-

I I  I  
     H      
l(b)(iii) Free radica substitution

l(c)(i) Red brown coour of bromine is decoorized

decoorized

l(c)(ii) Purpe coour of permanganate is decoorized

 CAPE
CAPE Chemistry
Chemistry June 2015 U2 P2 Q2 - Ans
Answer
wer

2(a)(i) Reading burete at eye level increases accuracy.

2(a)(ii) Adding titrant dropwise close

close to the end point increases accuracy

2(b) Large molar mass and high degree of purity

2(c)(i)

II
·t
J

f
H
'

1-
� .
. 

+ -
32 �
I •

'

'
r

i
30
10 IS 20 25 JO 5 40 "4 5
Volume rci (')
 CAPE Chemistry June 2015
2015 U2 P2 Q2 - Ans
Answer
wer

2(c)(ii) 24.5

2(c)(iii) 25 cm3 NaOH contain

cont ain (20 x 25)/1000 = 005
005 mol

Mole ratio
r atio of HCI to NaOH
Na OH is
is 1: 1 so moles HCI = 005
0 05

245 cm 3 of HCI contain 005 mol HCI and

1000 cm3 contai

containn (005 x 1000)/245
1000)/245 = 204 moles HCI
H CI

[HCl(aq)] = 2.04
2.04 mol
mo l dm·3.

2(d) Pipete 25 cm3 sodium hydroide solution into a polysty

polystyrene
rene cup

Allow solution to sta

stand
nd for a fe�v minutes
minutes and measure it
itss temperature

HCI added from burete in 5 cm3 portions rom burete The miure is
stirred and the temperature recorded This is repeated until 45 cm3 of acid
hae been added
 CAPE Chemistry June 2015 U2 P2 Q3 - Answ
Answer
er

3(a) Increased pressure of reagen, decreased temperature and the use of a

catalyst.

3(b)(i) If one o r more factors which afect an equilibrium system, the position of the
equilibrium shifs in the direction which opp
oppose
osess the change.

3(b )(ii)
3(b Low temperature and high
hig h pressure
press ure

3(b )(iii)
3(b S 0 3 is dissolved in concentrated H 2S04 to produce oleum Oleum is diluted
 with water to yield concentrated H 2S04•

3(b)(iv)

3(b)(v) H2S04 can cause blindness if it gets into eyes, H 2S04 can cause burns to the
skin and flesh, and the reaction between sulfur trioxide and water is highly
exothermic
 CAPE Chemi
Chemistry
stry June 2015 U2 P2 Q4 - Answe
Answerr

4(a) The process of linking

linking one type of monomer
monomer withwi th double
double or triple bonds to
 yield the poly
polymer
mer which is the only product of the reaction (addition
polymerization).
polymerization). The process of linking
linking two types
t ypes of monomers
monomers to give both
bot h
the
th e polymer an
andd a small
smal l molecule
molecule (condensation polymerization)

4(b) Polysaccharides eg starch, and proteins

4(c) H
' '
1

. '
( HO - C +
  • 
-

b%le •I,& dtco\Q�(

dtco\Q�(
0W

1 / H2o

0 H
I I
4(d) The link between the two monomers is -CN.

H
The remaining pas of the repeating unit are H, I 0
, '
I
C 3

and 

" N-C-C
I #o

/  \
H

So the monomers are and

  I ,0
, 
I '
 3 O
 CAPE Chemistry June 2015 U2 P2 QS - Answ
Answer
er

5(a)  Chromatography
 Chromatog raphy involv
involves
es the sepa
separatio
ration
n of compo
components
nents of a mixure
between two phases ie. the paitioning of the components of the mixure
between
betwe en a stationa phase and a mobile phase Partitioning results because
 the mixure's componen experience diferent absorptio
absorption
n force
forcess with the
stationa phase and have
have diferent solubilit
solubilityy with
wi th the mobile phase

5(b)(i) By the use of a reagent called a visualizing agent or a locating agent This
reacts with the componen
componentt and forms a coloured compou
compoundnd

5(b)(ii)
b)(ii) Using R f = distance travelled by solute/distance
solute/distance travelled b y sol
solven
vent,
t,

 forr Q , R f = 25/135 = 02 and for R, R f = 125/135 = 09

 fo

5(b)(iii)
b)(iii) Q is more polar so it is more strongly adsorbed onto the stationa phase
 than R which is not as polar as Q

5(c) TLC can separate small amounts of compounds and is used to separate
amino acids Column chromatography is used where large amounts of
substances need to be separated and collected Fractions from column
chromatography can be collected
collected for analysis
 CAPE
CAPE Chemistry
Chemistry June 2015 U2 P2 Q6 - Answe
Answerr

6(a)
Chlorine Hydrogen

0 t

- 

Concentratd
sdium hld


l
/ "
Titanium anode Steel cathode
Dapagm
Sodium hydroxide
hydroxide solution
soluti on
contaminated with NaCl.

Anode reaction: 21·(aq)-2e-> Cl21gl

Cathode reaction: 2H(aq) + 2e·-> H2(g)·

6(b) The use of the asbestos diaphragm is of concern since asbe

asbestos
stos is consi
considere
deredd
 to be a carcinogen and dy as asbes
bestos
tos fibre
fibress can be inhaled, causin
causingg
respirato problems.

6( c)(i) CFC's accelerate the depletion of the ozone layer in the atmosphere
Destruction of the ozone layer allows hamful ultraviolet radiation to reach
 the suace of the earth
earth CFC's are broken down in the stratosphere to
produce chlorine free radicals which react with ozone causing its conversion
 to oxygen
oxyg en

6( c)(ii) Carbon dioxide is a product of combustion of fossil fuels and it is a

greenhouse gas Increased concentrations of carbon dioxide contributes to
 the greenhouse
green house efect ie globa
globall warming This has
h as a negative efect on the
atmosphere through melti
melting
ng of glaciers and ice caps increase in sea levels
levels 
 CAPE Chemistry June 2016 U2 P2 Ql - Answ
Answer
er

l(a) Typ e of isomerism in which compound have the same moecuar formua but
Type
diferentt structur
diferen structura
a formuae.

l(b)(i) Voume of carbon dioxid

dioxide
e produced = 30 cm3
Voume of oxygen consumed = 50 cm3
One moe of hydrocarbon therefore produces 3 moes of CO2.
Therefore
Therefo re x = 3, in x + (y/4)
Using voume of oxygen consumed x + (y/4) = 5 which giv
gives
es y = 8
Formua
Formu a of Xis C H8 .

l(b)(ii) Dispayed formua: H H 

l I 
-CC-
I  I
 H 

l(c)(i) H H  H

H - C - C - C - H  0 

 H H - C - C - C - H

H C - 

 

0
H - C - H




2-methy propan1o 2methy propano

propano

l(c)(ii) H3C
H3C  H3C, /H
, /
/c=, 
H  H 3
c i sb
sb u t2
t2 ene rab
rab u t  ne
 CAPE
CAPE Chemistry Jun
June
e 2016
2016 U2 P2 Ql - Answe
Answerr

l(d) First pair

pair of compounds:
compounds :

Test: To bot
both
h comounds, add
add alkaline iodine solution.

Obseation: Fine yellow cstals

cstal s roduced with
with the first
comound
como und No change seen with the other

Second pair of compounds:

Test: To bot
both
h comounds add a few dros of acidified
otassium ermanganate

Obseation: Potassium ermanganate goes from urle to

Potassium
colourless with the first comound No change
obseed with the other
 CAPE Chemistry June 2016 U2 P2 Q2 - Answ
Answer
er

2(a) Compounds have natural modes of vibratio

Compounds vibration.
n. Absorption of JR ours when
 the freque
frequency
ncy of the radiation equals the natur
natural
al freq
frequen
uency
cy of the
compound

2(b) The compounds must undergo a change 1n dipole on abso

absorptio
rption
n of JR
radiation

2(c)(i) 3500 cm·1 = NH 2 and 680-800

3350-3500
3350-  680-800 cm1 = >C =O

2(c)(ii) Name: aminoethanoic acid

2(c)(ii) Displayed formula: H  , 7 f

N-C 
' \
 HI 0

2(d) Finely
Fine ly gro
ground
und mixture of the compound and NaCl i s press
pressed
ed into a tablet

2(e) Cannot be used fo

forr nonpolar compou
compounds
nds
 CAPE Chemistry June 2016 U2 P2 Q3 - Answ
Answer
er

3(b) Fertilizers leached

Fertilizers into
into ground water and mercu
mercu fro
from
m the c hl
hlor
or alkali
indust.

3( c)(i) Radioactive waste

wast e causes cancer and lead causes poisoning
poisoning

3(c)(iiii)) Washing with phosphate

phosphate detergents and feilizers can cause eutrophition
and limit oxygen content

3( d)(i) Pb2  test: add dilute hydrochloric acid Pb 2 obseation: white precipitate
• 

N0 3• test: add FeS04 follo�ed by concentrated H2S04 slowly

N0 • obseation: brown ring

3(d)(ii) Pb2·(aql + Cl·(a

(aq
P
ql -> bCl 2(s)
(s)·
·
 CAPE Chemistry June 2016 U2 P2 Q4 - Answe
Answerr

4(a) Reaction I Electrophilic substitution. Reaction JV: Diazotization

4(b) Reactionn  Reagents
Reactio Reagents - conc
concentr
entrae
aedd H S0 and HN0 Condition -
2 4 3 .

 emperature of 55 ·c  to 60 ·c.

Reaction IV: Reagents-Na
Reagents-Na00  and HCl · Conditions-temperature of
2 aq) (aq)
-5 ·c

4(c)
QN= c1-

4(d) 3 3 3

 ' '
/
Br +
Br H Br -ABr 3• Br
4(e)(i) Br Br 4(e)(ii) o a
+
4(e)(iii)
 ,  
0
3

I
'
HO

B

4(f) O
�  9
+ 1 
� '1
 CAPE Chemistry June 2016 U2 P2 QS - Answe
Answerr

S(a)(i)

S(a)(ii) Mixing occurs with zero heat change and zero volume change.

S(b)(i) A consta
constant
nt boiling mixure
mixure 

S(b)(ii) The compositio

composition
n of azeotropes changes with pressure

S(b)(iii)
B.pt 8.pt

"\

z X 10

Comositn

Liquid of composition X boils at temperature T1 Vapour has higher

.

composition of A As distillation continues, vapour produces azeoope M.

The temperature of
o f the residue ri
rise
sess producing pure B

S(c) Mass of compound in organic solvent= x g

Mass of compound ( 5-x) g.
compound in water= (5-x)

Concentration of
o f compound in water = 1/0200 = (x/25)/((5-x)/100)= 28 g.
(x/25)/((5-x)/100)=
Concentrati
Concentration
on of
o f compound
compound in ether
 CAPE Chemistry June 2016 U2 P2 Q6 - Answ
Answer
er

6(a)(i) Colite and aluminium fluoride are added to alumina to lower the melting
point The cell is lined with carbon which is the cathode. The carbon anode
dips into the molten electrolyte Anode reaction: 202 1,  02(gl + 4e·
Cathode re
reaact
ction:Al
ion:Al 3 1,  3e·
• 3e · Al (s
(s))

6(a)(ii) Oxygen produced reacts with the carbon anode to produce

pro duce carbon dioxide

6(a)(iii)

6(b)  Availabil ity of energy - source of electrical power

 Availability power transpo
transpoation/us
ation/usee of
railroad
railr oad seice
seicess and appropriate disposal of toxic waste.

6( c)(i) Processing materials which would otheise become waste

6( c)(ii)  Aluminium is shredded and hot air

 Aluminium a ir blown on shreds to remove
remo ve coatings The
shreds are melted to molten aluminium which is made into
in to blocks

6(c)(iii) Mirror reflectors

reflectors in alloys-
alloys- for aircrafs/cars
aircrafs/cars electrical cables
 CAPE Chemistry June 2016 U2 P2 Q6 - Answ
Answer
er

6(a)(i) Colite and aluminium fluoride are added to alumina to lower the melting
point The cell is lined with carbon which is the cathode. The carbon anode
dips into the molten electrolyte Anode reaction: 202 1,  02(gl + 4e·
Cathode re
reaact
ction:Al
ion:Al 3 1,  3e·
• 3e · Al (s
(s))

6(a)(ii) Oxygen produced reacts with the carbon anode to produce

pro duce carbon dioxide

6(a)(iii)

6(b)  Availabil ity of energy - source of electrical power

 Availability power transpo
transpoation/us
ation/usee of
railroad
railr oad seice
seicess and appropriate disposal of toxic waste.

6( c)(i) Processing materials which would otheise become waste

6( c)(ii)  Aluminium is shredded and hot air

 Aluminium a ir blown on shreds to remove
remo ve coatings The
shreds are melted to molten aluminium which is made into
in to blocks

6(c)(iii) Mirror reflectors

reflectors in alloys-
alloys- for aircrafs/cars
aircrafs/cars electrical cables
 CAPE Chemist
Chemistry
ry June 2017
2017 U2 P2 Ql - Ans
Answer
wer

l(a)
l(a) 1. A
A members contai
containn the sam
same
e func
function
tiona
a group
2 A
A member can be represented by
by a genera formua
3. Physica propeties
propeties of members va with increa
increasing
sing number of carbon
atoms

l(b)(i) C H 0

Mass/g 0.40 0.06 054

Moes 003 006 003

Simpest
Simp est ra
rati
tio
o 1 2 1

So empirica formua is C H20

l(b)(ii) C2H402,

l(c)(i) CnH 2 n•COOH

l(c)(ii)
II
H, c,  
 0
 I
Cl

l(d) The pK vaue of A wi be arger since the chorine atom of the substituted
0

acid wit
withdr
hdraw
awss ee
eectro
ctron
n density from
from the 0-H bond making H · more easiy
ost

l(e)(i) Add akaine iodine soution to each compound and wam The first
compound shows no visibe change whie the second produces yeow
cstas

l(e)(ii) Add a few drops of bromine to each The first mpound shows no change
 whie
hi e the seco
second
nd causes the red coour
coou r of bromine
bro mine to disappear
 CAPE Chemistry June 2017 U2 P2 Q2 - Answ
Answer
er

2(a)(i) The degree to which a measure

measurement
ment is close to the true value.
value.

2(a)(ii) The degree to which measurements are close to each oth

other
er

2(b) Steam distillation

2(c)(i) C , G H.

2(c)(ii) B , E.

2(d)(i) C a •(aq) + (204 q)- CaC 204(s)

2 2
(a

2(d)(ii) Molar mass of calcium oxalate= 128 g mo·1

Moles of calcium oxalate precipitated= (619/128

(619/128)) mol
mol=
= 48 mol

Therefore moles
moles of calc
calcium=
ium= 48 mol

Mass of calcium
calcium== (484
(484)
)g=
g= 193 g

Percentage calcium
calciu m in sample= (193
(193/496
/496
1%
1%=
= 39%
 CAPE Chemistry June 2017 U2 P2 Q3 - Answe
Answerr

3(a)(i) It abso
absorbs
rbs ultraviolet radiation, preventing
prev enting damaging
da maging radiation fro
fromm reaching
Earth's surface.

hf
3(a)(ii) 02(g)- O(g)  "g)
g) + 0g) + Mg  03g  M'g;
ozne

3(b)(i) 1. Respi
Respirato
rato illnes
illnesss can result.
2 Reduced crop yield and fofores
restt growth.

hf
3(b)(ii) N02·(g)- O  O

3 ( c) No 1

Test: Add aqueous sodium

sodium hydroxide and zinc metal and warm
Inference: Nitrate
Nitrat e ion present

No 2

Inference: lead()
lead() ion present

No 3

Inference: cyanide
cyani de ion pres
present
ent
 CAPE Chemistry June 2017 U2 P2 Q4 - Answe
Answerr

4(a) Prim
Pr a alco
ima hol:
coh
H   
I   
-C C 
 
O
I   
H   

An alcohol in which the -H group is bonded to a carbon atom which is

bonded to only one other carbon atom.

Seconda alcohol:
H H O 
I I  
H 
-C  -C C 
C C -C -
I I  
   

An alcohol in which the -H group is bonded to a carbon atom which is

bonded to tvo other
othe r carbon
carbo n atoms

Teia alcohol:
 3
I  I
CCC
I  I
   

An alcohol in which the -H group is bonded to a carbon atom which is

bonded to
to three
thr ee other
oth er carbon
carbo n atoms.

4(b)(i) Type
Ty pe of reaction:
reaction: dehydration.
dehydration.

Structural
Structu ral formula of compound D: =C2

0
(b)(ii) Eis formed by the oxidatio
ox idation
n of a seconda alcohol to a ketone
ket one

Fis forme
formedd by the oxidation of a prim
prima
a alcohol to an aldehyde.
 CAPE Chemistry June 2017 U2 P2 Q4 - Answer

4( c)(i) E:
0
F:

4 (c)(ii) A: B:
OH

4(d) A will rotate plane polarized light; B will not.

 CAPE Chemistry June 2017 U2 P2 QS - Answ
Answer
er

5(a)(i) Stable in air at room temperature, available in a state of high purity and has
a large relative formula
form ula mass.

5(a)(ii) It is not considered a primary standard because it absorbs water from the
atmosphere and dissolves in it.

5(b) From A to B there is a consistent temperature rise as HC0 3·(aq) and H*aq) ions
react. When all the HC0 3(aq) ions have reacted with H*(aq) ions the highest
 temperature is reach
reached
ed at B. As cess H*(aq) ions are added the
 temperature decreases from B to C

5(c)(i) Moles of carbonate used = 25 x 25 x 1 = 625

3

5(c)(ii) Moles of acid reacted= 5

5 x 25 x 25 x 13= 3125

5(c)(iii)
5(c)(iii) Concentration of acid= 3125/
3125/2
2 =16 mol dm·
dm· 3
.

5(d) Potentiometric titration

5(e) Emf measu

measuremen
rements.
ts.
 CAPE Chemistry June 2017 U2 P2 Q6 - Answ
Answer
er

6(a)(i) The decomposition of large hydrocarbon molecules into molecules with

smaller numbers
numbe rs of carbon atom
atoms.
s.

6(a)(ii) The conversion of straight chained or unbranched alkanes into branched

chained and aromatic hydrocarbons

6(b) N2(g) + Hg) ; 2NH3(g) H = -ve High pressure favours reduction in the
number of molecules and therefore the forward reaction which produces
ammonia Low temperature favours the foward reaction since the foward
reaction is exothermic

6(c) Act uall pressures used are between 200 and 10 atmos
Actua atmosphere
pheres.
s. Act
Actua
uall
compromise temperature of 500 °C is used At low temperatures the rate of
achieving equilibrium (rate of production of ammonia) is slow. An iron
catalyst is
is used
u sed to
to increase the rate.

6(d) Ammonia base ferti

Ammonia fertilizer
lizerss are leached into gr
groun
oundd water This leads to
overgrowth of algae
alga e leading to eutrophication
 CAPE Chemistry June 2018 U2 P2 Ql - Answe
Answerr

l(a) B: eectrophiic addition.

C: nuceophi
ophiic substitution
l(b)(i)
r  i
 
H  H1- I  , 
-c

-
l(b)(ii) 
I

I
CH3  1
I I I
-c-c--c--1
I I I I 
  O M

l(c)
I H
/ C H3
IHCI H3

C--
H3
I \"c
+
,> C CI CI C C
H3 H2 H3

H
�2  H H Br

Br·
- H Br

l(d)
l(d) Namee of test: oxidation Reagent: acidified potassium pemanganate
Nam
l(e) Obseations: yeowbrown Structure of expected
coour of bromine fades or product:
disappears, white precipitate is Br 

produced and an antiseptic

sme is noted HO
0
a

With NaO : H Structure of expected

w
product: O Na•
"
 CAPE Chemistry June 2018 U2 P2 Q2 - Answ
Answer
er

2(a) Suction flask-

flask-increases
increases rate of filtration.
Suction funnel - allo�vs filtration under acuum
Silica crucible - heating or burning solid substances
Sintered
Sinter ed glass crucible
crucible - used for filtration,
filtration, ding and weighing
weighing of
substances
substa nces withouttransfer
Oen/furnaces-used
Oen/furnaces-u sed for ding substances to reproducible weight

2(b)(i) Moles of siler chloride=

chlo ride= (08402/1435) mol= 00059
00 059 mol

2(b)(ii) Moles of KCI= 00059 mol

2(b)(iii) Mass of KC
KCII = (000
( 00059
59 x 7 4.5
4.55)
5) g=
g= 04398 g

% KCI = (04398/0
(04398/0450)
450) x 100= 97 33 %

2(c Determination
Determination of the amount of phosphor
phosphorous
ous in fertilizer

2(d) ,  and  are the Mono

Monochrom
chromato
ato beam splite
spliterr and reference cell,
respectiely

2(e) Using A= Ec, c= (7/(840

/(84000 x 1)) mol dm·3= 833 x 10
10··5 mol dm·3.
 CAPE Chemist
Chemistry
ry June 2018 U2 P2 Q3 - Ans
Answer
wer

3(a)(i) I, II I, IV and V are Cl (g, H (g ,) titanium anode, steel/nickel cathode and
2 2

NaOH/NaC respectively.

3(a)(ii) At I: 2Cl·(aq- Cl g + 2e·. At IV: 2H

2 2H(aq) + 2e·- H g) 
2

3(a)(iii) Hydroen and chlorine would

wou ld spontaneously inite
init e H (g + Cl (g
g-
2 - 2HCl
2HCl (g
2

3(b) Bleachin aents herbicides an

andd pesticides

3(c) Risk of pollution fr

from
om asbestos NaOH, chlorine
 CAPE Chemistry June 2018 U2 P2 Q4 - Answe
Answerr

4(a)(i) H 

I
C� H ,c� ,H
H H3 c ,
"c 
H C
 
H CH3 C

but 1-ene cis-2-butene trans-2-butene

4(a)(ii)   H 
I I  I
- 
I I  I
 O  

4(a)(iii) Optical isomerism becau

because
se butan-2-ol contains a chiral carbon.
carbo n.

4(b)
0 0
  -H20
HO C(CH4COH + NC)sNH2 .

0 0
 
NC(CH4CNH(CH2 NH
n

Fomation of the amide bond between 1,6-diaminohane and hexane-16-

dioic acid results in the loss of a water molecule
 CAPE Chemistry June 2018 U2 P2 QS - Answe
Answerr

5(a)(i)

5 (a ) (i i ) The M and M+2 peaks suggest the presence of either chlorine or bromine.
Since the peaks at 108 (M) and 110 (M+2) have almost the same intensity,
 this says
sa ys that bro
bromine
mine is present

5(a)(iii) The relative isotopic abundances of 79Br and 81Br are 50-50

5(b)(i) The vapour pressure of a component of a mixure is equal to the vapour

pressure of the pure component at that temperature multiplied by its mole
fraction in the mixure.

5(b
5(b)(ii) Positive deviation from Raoult's law occurs when the vapour pressure of a
mixure is higher than expected for an ideal mixure This higher vapour
pressure is as a result of there being weaker intermolecular forces between
ethanol and cyclohexane �hen compared to the pure substances These
weaker
weak er intermolecular force
forcess in the mix
mixure
ure are as a result of the diferences
in polarity
polar ity between ethanol
ethano l and cyclohexane molecules

5(b)(ii)

 81 


Boiling temperature
Vapour
78 
°

648 
°
Liquid

100% EtOH 0430 EtO

EtOHH 100%C6H12
0%C6H 12 0570 EtOH 0% EtOH
 CAPE Chemistry June 2018 U2 P2 Q6 - Answ
Answer
er

6(a) Sucrose is nverted to glucosglucose e and fructose by the action of enzymes

present in yeast ie. C 12H 22 01 1 + H20 - 2C6H1206 . The fructose and glucose
sugars then react via the action of another enzyme in yeast to produce
ethanol and carbon
carbon dioxide iei e C6H120 - 2C2H50H + 2C
2C002•

6( b) Fractional distillation

6(c) The ethanol present in wine ca

can
n be oxidi
oxidized
zed to etha
ethanal
nal and ethan
ethanoic
oic acid

6(d))
6(d Two advantages: Gla
Glass
ss can be re-used and rec
recycl
ycled
ed which
whi ch leads to a
reduction in solid waste, and recycling glass means that some of the
manufacturing costs
co sts are reduced

Two disadvantages: Glass manuacture is vey expensive and glass is non

biodegradable

6(e) Cirrhosis of the liliver

ver and hea disease