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Hello and welcome to the introduction to

Technology for Teaching and Learning!

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I hope that you’ll read and comprehend
the text thoroughly and not for the
sake of just reading or going through
the text again when you’ll be given your
assignment later.

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As you read, analyze what is implicated
by the statements, as elaborated by
According to a research, people tend to remember: the notes provided.
10% of what they read
20% of what they hear
30% of what they see
50% of what they hear and see inherent = innate; already present
70-90% of what they see, hear and experience potentialities = potentials; capabilities

Educational Technology
• is the application of technology in the educative process that takes place in education institutions.

Educational Technology is a combination of the terms, education and technology. Education refers to the process of
bringing up or leading out the inherent potentialities from the pupil. It is the process by which the knowledge, skills and
attitude are transmitted to the members of the community.

knowledge = acts, information, and skills skills = the attitude = a settled way of thinking or
acquired by a person through experience ability to do feeling about someone or something,
or education; the theoretical or something typically one that is reflected in a
practical understanding of a subject. well; expertise. person's behavior.

🧠cognitive 🙌 psychomotor ❤️affective

How do you think are these

transmitted?

Technology refers to the techniques as well as technical contrivances which enhance a process. It is a systematic way
of applying the techniques to achieve an objective. Therefore Educational Technology can be defined as the systematic
application of technology in the field of education.

technique = a skillful or efficient way of Technical contrivances = devices that • organized

doing or achieving something makes a process easier and faster • logical
• well- planned

Like any other term, Educational Technology has been defined variously. According to G.O.M. Leith, Educational
Technology is the application of scientific knowledge about learning and the conditions of learning to improve the
effectiveness and efficiency of teaching and learning.

Educational Technology is a system of 5M’s in education in which machines, material, men, media and methods are
interrelated and work together for the fulfillment of specific educational objectives. Technology explosion has yielded
several new machines, materials and media which have great potential for use in the educational enterprise. An adequate
knowledge of theory and practice of educational technology and their proper use would enable the teacher to understand
and effectively discharge his new roles in the educational system in the age of ‘information explosion’, ‘knowledge
explosion’ and ‘expectation explosion’.

Interrelated things
are connected —
they complement or
depend on each
other.
Technology in Education
• is the application of technology in the operation of education institution.

Instructional Technology
• it refers to aspects of educational technology that are concerned with instructions.

Technology Integration
• is using learning technologies to introduce, supplement and extend skills.

BENEFITS FROM USING EDUCATIONAL TECHNOLOGY

1. Increase the quality of learning and the degree of its mastery through the use of special effects of unique
programming that are considered individualized, valid and accessible.
2. Decrease the time spent in instruction for learners to achieved desired learning objectives.
3. Increase efficiency of teachers.
4. Reduce educational cost without affecting quality of instruction.

Flexibility of the IM is important because The

more flexible it is, the better they are able to Instructional materials refer to the human and
adapt and the higher the chances are of increased non-human materials and facilities that can be
student participation and engagement. used to ease, encourage, improved and promote
teaching and learning activities.
GUIDELINES IN USING EDUCATIONAL TECHNOLOGY
1. Determine the purpose for which the instructional materials are to be used.
2. Define the objectives to determine the appropriateness of the material.
3. Know the content of the material. In considering your objectives, you must
4. Exercise flexibility so that the materials satisfy different purposes. determine what you want your audience
to achieve with the help of the
5. Consider diversity/variety of materials. Instructional Material.
Repetition of materials may
tend to become boring.

6. Relate materials to age, ability, maturity and interests of students.

7. Arrange the conditions so that the materials do not interrupt the momentum of the lesson.
8. Prepare the students for what they will hear, see and do as lessons unfold. You’ll need ample knowledge of the
9. Operate equipment needed for efficient use. equipment you’re going to use.

10. Summarize experiences gained and follow up with further relevant discussion.
11. Evaluate the results of the use of materials together with the instructional process, to determine effectiveness.

It is effective if
you have
successfully attained
your objectives.

Methods of teaching are instructional techniques that facilitate learning while Media are the means of
implementing those methods.
COMMONLY USED MEDIA/ MATERIALS FOR INSTRUCTION
1. Print Media or Materials
• considered to be the most dominant and the primary means of communicating subject matter to students.
• the principal aid to teaching and learning.
• Examples: books, textbooks, periodicals such as (newspapers, magazines, journals, handouts, manuals)

2. Still Pictures and Graphics

• Useful means of expressing ideas; convey lines, patterns, colors and shades to convey information.
• Examples:
- Pictures
- Graphics such as maps, diagrams, charts/graphs, tables, posters and cartoons
- Visual display devices such as chalkboards, whiteboards, magnetic board, bulletin boards.
- Projection devices such as slide and filmstrip projectors, opaque projectors and overhead
projectors.
You must be familiar
with these types of
graphics. If not,
search for examples.
3. Sound recordings and radio
• Phonograph records
• Audiotapes
• Compact disc
• Radio

4. Film and Television

5. Video Recording
• Videotapes and discs
• Cables and satellites
• Camcorders

6. Computer Based Learning (CBL)

• Enables the students to study almost anytime in convenient locations and with varying ability level; provides
multimedia, interactive instruction, practice and testing that in turn help teachers further in terms of diagnosis
and guidance.

TRADITIONAL EDUCATION CBL

INFO TRANSFER Lecture Webpage and Links
STUDY MATERIALS Textbooks and notes Downloadable notes
CONCEPTS AUGMENTATION Problem-solving exercise Self-learning modules
KNOWLEDGE EVALUATION Examination Quizzes and examination

7. The Web

ROLES OF EDUCATIONAL TECHNOLOGY IN LEARNING

Technology can play a traditional role, i.e., as delivery vehicles for instructional lessons or in a constructivist way as
partners in the learning process.

• From the traditional Point Of View, technology serves as source and presenter of knowledge. (David H. Jonassen
1999)
• Technology like computer is seen as a productivity tool with the eruption of the INTERNET in the mid-90s.
• From the constructivist Point of View, educational technology serves as a learning tool that learners learn with.

From a Constructivist perspective, the following are roles of technology in learning: (Jonassen, et. al. 1999)
Technology as tools to support knowledge construction:
• For representing learners’ ideas, understanding and beliefs for organized, multimedia knowledge bases by
learners.
• For producing organized, multimedia knowledge bases by learners
 Technology as information vehicles for exploring knowledge to support learning-by-constructing:
• For accessing needed information
• For comparing perspectives, beliefs and world view

Technology as context to support learning-by-doing:

• For representing and stimulating meaningful real- world problems, situations and context
• For representing beliefs, perspectives, arguments, and stories of others.
• For defining a safe, controllable problem space for student thinking.

Technology as a social medium to support learning by conversing:

• For collaborating with others.
• For discussing, arguing, and building consensus among members of a community
• For supporting discourse among knowledge building communities.

Technology as intellectual partner (Jonassen 1996) to support learning by reflecting:

• For helping learners to articulate and represent what they know.
• For reflecting on what they have learned and how they came to know it.
• For supporting learners internal negotiations and meaning making.
• For constructing personal representations of meaning
• For supporting mindful thinking.

GENERAL PRINCIPLES/ CRITERIA FOR SELECTION OF INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS

1. Appropriateness
- materials must catch the general and specific objectives of the lesson; must be appropriate.
* difficulty of concepts taught
* vocabulary level of students What are the
* methods used in teaching differences between
* interest of learners these two?

2. Authenticity
- materials must be accurate, up-to-date, and reliable.
3. Interest and appeal to users
- materials must have the power to catch the interest of users, motivate them for learning and stimulate their
curiosity.
4. Organization and balance
- materials must be very clear, well-organized, and logically sequenced.
5. Cost Effectiveness/Economy
- materials used must be relative to the cost of other similar materials, their durability and the number
of student-users.
6. Breadth
- the scope of materials must suit many different types of learners and learning purposes.

TEN COMMANDMENTS FOR CREATING LEARNING MATERIALS

1. Do not overcrowd.
2. Be consistent in format, layout and convention. Are you (still) Your learning
3. Use appropriate typefaces and point uses. familiar with material
4. Use bold and italics for emphasis, but don't overuse them. accessibility must help
5. Use titles, headings and subheadings to clarify and guide. of design? your students
6. Use numbers to direct through sequences. develop
7. Use graphics and illustrations to reinforce ideas. understanding
8. Use symbols and icons as identifying markers. and retention.
9. Use color/video/audio/music to stimulate but not to overpower senses.
10. Produce the materials with technical excellence good quality, good audio, clear etc.
THE ROLE OF INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY IN EDUCATION
by Louise Young

Out of the current world population of 7.7 billion people, 5 billion own mobile phones and over
50% of these devices are smartphones. It’s safe to say that information and communication technology
(ICT) is an integral part of today’s world.

ICT refers to any product that can receive, store, manipulate or retrieve data or information in a
digital format.

ICT in education has increased information accessibility across nations and diverse socioeconomic
classes. Students and teachers use various devices to access information and communicate with each
other. There are opportunities for more interactive learning which boosts students’ motivation. Creativity
and self-expression are also nurtured through the use of ICT in education.

With this in mind, let’s look at some of the roles of ICT in education today:

1. Easy Access to Information

A few years back, most learners would dread the thought of carrying out research.
The amount of time it took flipping through books in the school library was arduous, to say the least.
Mastering the monstrous Dewey Decimal system was a must if you wanted to get the relevant reading
materials.

And that’s assuming the library was well stocked with the necessary books and journals. If not,
more trips to different libraries were inevitable.

The role of ICT in education has enabled many to get the latest and most relevant information just
by the click of a few buttons. Students can carry out research in the environment of their choice. This means
saving on time otherwise spent moving around in search of information and photocopying notes and
assignments in libraries.

Easy access to information encourages more students to get involved in the learning process. It
eliminates hurdles that prevented marginalized learners from accessing necessary academic resources.
Students with different learning abilities and styles aren’t factored in using most traditional teaching and
learning methods. The speed of teaching without ICT is also standardized which means it doesn’t address
the needs of outliers. Using ICT allows for diversification of teaching and learning methods e.g use of visual
and audio multimedia. Students can learn at their own pace thanks to individualized software features.

Teachers can confidently give up to date lectures and assignments. ICT gives teachers the ability to
teach without having to slavishly follow state-mandated textbooks.

2. Increased learners’ motivation

A school administrator’s joy is seeing their teachers enjoy teaching and students enjoy learning.
Before the role of ICT in education was well known to learning institutions, most models of teaching were
limited to long, boring lectures and group projects scribbled onto poster boards.

With ICT, the process no longer has to be so monotonous. Teachers can use multimedia like videos,
images, and audios to aid in teaching. Using varied ways of passing information makes learning fun and
exciting for students. They can remain alert longer.
In schools where each student has their computer, laptop, or tablet, there’s the opportunity for a
more interactive learning process. Students can contribute to online forums in real-time. The learning
environment becomes less formal and tense and this allows learners to open up and be more eager to
learn.

Even the American Psychological Association points out the advantages of using technology in
classrooms.
Students’ motivation is also increased by interacting with other learners from different parts of the world.
Virtually meeting people of different cultures and backgrounds may trigger a curiosity that will drive them
to learn more.

3. Improved communication

Before ICT, whenever teachers gave assignments, it was harder to follow up with the students
when they weren’t in class. Technology enables communication from anywhere. Students can also hand in
3. Improved communication

Before ICT, whenever teachers gave assignments, it was harder to follow up with the students
when they weren’t in class. Technology enables communication from anywhere. Students can also hand in
tests, projects, or assignments and get feedback much faster. This improved communication makes
learning seamless and continuous thus more effective. “Student to student” communication is also
augmented by having out of class interactive sessions on these online academic forums. More time is
therefore used acquiring knowledge in a way that’s less stressful and feels effortless.

For school administrators, communications with education stakeholders have been made easier. Memos
and reminders can be sent to all teachers instantly and automatically. Parents can also be kept up to date
on their children’s performance and achievements using the same online platforms.

4. Better assessment and follow-up of students

According to Forbes, technology significantly aids in students’ assessment.

Teachers are spared from keeping countless paper records of their students’ performance and hours of
manually analyzing data. Educational ICT avails assessment tools that teachers can use to do all these.

Records of students can be stored in the school database and analysis automatically by simply giving the
computer a few commands. This means fewer errors and more ways of presenting the final information
such as through the use of infographics. The school administration can then use these findings to make
decisions concerning curricula and teaching models.

5. Access to Training for Teachers

Educators have to remain up to date with knowledge in their fields to better teach students on various
subjects. This was harder to achieve in the past because one had to physically attend training sessions and
that meant time off work.
With the internet, teachers can enroll in online training programs. This can be done wherever it’s
convenient and whenever the teacher finds the time. The time saved by avoiding the commute between
work and higher training institutions relieves overworked teachers from the balancing act needed to
maintain success on both ends.

6. Nurtured Creativity and Self-expression

The role of ICT in education is not only to give information to students but also to allow them to contribute
to the information. Software is available for learners to edit their multimedia and present it to the world
through the internet.

Recent surveys show learners’ creativity is nurtured as they create images, videos, or audios. The mind of
a child opens up to new possibilities when they know they can make an impact through self-created media.
Having a platform to showcase their work also builds confidence as people from all over the world view
and comment on their creations.

Technology also helps shy students find different ways of expressing themselves.
Online forums where students can interact freely with others encourage self-expression. Teachers can
instruct their students to be a part of specific academic forums where they can learn more from colleagues
all over the world.

7. Education Accessibility for More Learners

Thanks to the World Wide Web, education is now accessible to students all over the world. Learners do
not have to be in a physical classroom to be taught. All they need is a reliable internet connection and a
computer.

Universities are making an effort to offer their degree programs to students online. Because of this, more
students can acquire knowledge that was once only accessible in a few regions. Lecturers can now also

pass their knowledge to students all over the world.

ICT has made it possible for people who work odd hours to still get an education during their free time
when it’s convenient for them. For instance, mothers with young children can enroll online if they so wish
and continue learning in the comfort of their homes.
pass their knowledge to students all over the world.

ICT has made it possible for people who work odd hours to still get an education during their free time
when it’s convenient for them. For instance, mothers with young children can enroll online if they so wish
and continue learning in the comfort of their homes.

8. Strengthened Integrated Learning

With traditional forms of learning, most subjects were taught in isolation. ICT makes it easier to achieve
integrated learning. Various disciplines can be linked in the learning process through the use of computer
software.

Teachers using smart boards in classrooms can easily show connections between different subjects or
topics. Moving back and forth from one page to the other by simply swiping or clicking a button makes
referencing smooth and uncomplicated.

Teachers can also incorporate practical aspects of the class into the theoretical parts using ICT-enhanced
learning. Computer technology can be used to simulate what the teacher has taught in theory.
This eventually helps students seamlessly integrate into the workforce after school. Several organizations
today have a knowledge sharing workforce that depends on connectivity and automation provided by ICT.
By gaining familiarity with similar systems in school, students can later quickly get up to speed when
entering technology-centered companies.

In Conclusion

There are many roles ICT plays in education. Even major organizations like the United Nations Educational,
Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) believe that incorporating ICT into education helps ensure
equity and universal access to education.
However, for educational technology to be effective, it cannot be done in isolation. Teachers still need to
use some of the traditional methods of learning.

ICT cannot replace teachers and classrooms.

But by merging the different learning models and aiming for a perfect balance, educators will be able to
amplify the role of ICT in education.

Most workplaces are also embracing ICT. This means students taught in ICT-enhanced environments have
an advantage. They are better positioned to integrate into the job market. Those with a more
entrepreneurial mindset can also blend well into the globalized business world.

Properly implemented ICT in education can create better learning and teaching form for both students and
teachers.

Write a reflection paper on the above text (THE ROLE OF INFORMATION AND
COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY IN EDUCATION by Louise Young).

Turn in a PDF that is in 8.5x13 paper size and orientation, using Calibri, 11
as typeface, single spaced; and words ranging from 350-500 max.

You must have submitted on the day before next meeting.