Electrical Power and Energy Systems 54 (2014) 516–524

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Electrical Power and Energy Systems

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/ijepes

A statistical model to determine the capacity of battery–supercapacitor

hybrid energy storage system in autonomous microgrid
Hongjie Jia, Yunfei Mu ⇑, Yan Qi
Key Laboratory of Smart Grid of Ministry of Education, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, People’s Republic of China

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: Battery–supercapacitor hybrid energy storage system (BSHS) is a key component for regulating the fre-
Received 31 May 2012 quency in autonomous microgrid. The lifetime and capacity are two important aspects for the efficient
Received in revised form 15 July 2013 and economic use of BSHS. In this paper, the above two aspects are investigated in detail. Firstly, a
Accepted 19 July 2013
new frequency control strategy based on hysteretic loop is developed for BSHS to extend the battery life-
time by avoiding small charge/discharge cycles. Then a capacity statistical model which is composed of
statistical analysis, time-domain simulation and a capacity determination algorithm is proposed. Monte
Keywords:
Carlo simulation is implemented to the statistical model to obtain the capacity distributions of BSHS.
Autonomous microgrid
Battery–supercapacitor hybrid energy
Finally, a benchmark low voltage microgrid is established as the test system using the commercial
storage system (BSHS) software DIgSILENT. Simulation results verify the effectiveness of the hysteretic loop control strategy
Hysteretic loop control strategy (HLC) and the capacity statistical model. The obtained capacity distributions of BSHS are used to determine
Capacity statistical model the optimum capacity according to the needs of operation. The results also show that the hysteretic loop
Monte Carlo simulation (MCS) control strategy can reduce the capacity of Battery Energy Storage System (BESS) while increase the
capacity of Supercapacitor Storage System (SCSS).
Ó 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction the characteristic of fast dynamic response can maintain power

The distributed generation using renewable energy is the most
promising solution to de-carbonize the power industry in the fu-
ture [1,2]. Microgrid (MG) which is defined as a low voltage (LV)
network with a cluster of distributed generators (DGs) and loads
connected to it is an effective structure for the integration of DGs
[3]. The MG can operate either in grid connected mode or autono-
mous mode [4]. The DGs with intermittent nature (e.g., wind tur-
bine (WT), photovoltaic (PV) generators, etc.) will cause the
imbalance between power supply and demand in MG. As a result,
frequency is a critical issue for the stable operation of MG. In the
grid connected mode, MG exchanges power with the upstream grid
to keep the balance between power supply and demand; while in
the autonomous mode, the frequency issue becomes extremely
serious. The conventional DGs, such as gas engine and microtur-
bine can partly solve the above problem in MG, but these devices
with slow dynamic response speed are hard to satisfy the fre-
quency regulation requirement of MG.
To solve this problem, the introduction of energy storage
system (ESS) is considered as an effective solution. The ESS with
balance by exchanging instantaneous power with MG [5]. Two
hot issues related to ESS in MG are as follows:
1.1. Frequency regulation
Several studies have been carried out on ESS for regulating the
frequency of autonomous MG [6–8]. The single type based ESS
(e.g., battery, supercapacitor, fuel cell, etc.) has difficulty in satisfy-
ing the requirements of power and energy density simultaneously.
For this reason, the hybrid energy storage system which can make
full use of the complementary characteristics of each kind ESS is
introduced to solve this problem. In particular, the battery–sup-
ercapacitor hybrid energy storage system (BSHS) with the advanta-
ges of high power and energy density is widely studied. In [9], a
dynamic control strategy of DC/DC converter for the energy man-
agement between battery and supercapacitor was introduced. A
control strategy for BSHS to improve the energy efficiency was pro-
posed in [10], which also extends the service life of battery. Fuzzy
logic control was applied to BSHS with advantage of no need for
the precise model of BSHS in [11].

⇑ Corresponding author. Address: Room 627, Building 26(E), School of Electrical

Engineering & Automation, Tianjin University, 92, Weijin Road, Tianjin 300072,
People’s Republic of China.
E-mail addresses: hjjia@tju.edu.cn (H. Jia), yunfeimu@tju.edu.cn (Y. Mu),
qiyan.tju.fly@gmail.com (Y. Qi).
1.2. ESS capacity determination
The capacity is another issue for ESS. Usually, the ESS devices
are over-sized to guarantee the operation reliability which will

0142-0615/$ - see front matter Ó 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijepes.2013.07.025
 H. Jia et al. / Electrical Power and Energy Systems 54 (2014) 516–524
cause high investment cost. For this reason, a capacity optimiza-
tion approach of battery energy storage system (BESS) for fre-
quency regulation in an autonomous power system was
presented in [12]. The approach uses sensitivity analysis technique
to determine the BESS capacity for the largest economic perfor-
mance index. In [13], numerical simulations based on historic fre-
quency measurements are used to determine the minimum
possible capacity which takes battery state of charge (SOC) limita-
tion into consideration. A SOC-based control strategy is proposed
and used in [14] for pursuing the optimum ESS capacity by keeping
the battery SOC around 50%. But the above approaches are all
deterministic based which may lead to impractical results. Besides,
the increasing penetration of controllable loads (e.g., electric vehi-
cles, refrigerator and air conditioners, etc.) in MG can contribute to
the frequency response by the demand management without dis-
turbing the users’ normal use [15]. In this case, the needed ESS
capacity can be reduced by the coordination between these con-
trollable loads and ESS. Therefore, it is important to determine
the ESS capacity in a statistical way.
This paper concentrates on both of the above two issues for
autonomous MG. Firstly, a hysteretic loop control (HLC) strategy
for frequency regulation is proposed, which can avoid small
charge/discharge cycles on battery and extend the service life of
battery. Secondly, a statistical model using Monte Carlo simulation
(MCS) is developed to determine the capacity distributions of
BSHS. Compared with the results obtained in [12–14], the capacity
distributions are more flexible which can be used by engineers to
choose the optimum capacity according to the needs of operation.
Rest of the paper is organized as follows: Section 2 describes the
principle of HLC strategy for BSHS in autonomous MG. The statisti-
cal model to determine the capacity distributions of BSHS is de-
picted in Section 3. A case study for demonstrating the above
two methodologies is given in Section 4. Conclusions are stated
in Section 5.
2. Frequency control strategy for autonomous microgrid
In autonomous MG, one of the basic requirements is to main-
tain the frequency within an acceptable range. The WT and PV sys-
tems both operate at the maximum power points for efficient
operation and their power outputs are intermittent [16]. In this pa-
per, BSHS is used to keep the balance of instantaneous power and
regulate the frequency of autonomous MG due to its fast-respond-
ing speed. The control scheme of BSHS is shown in Fig. 1, which is
composed of three units. The frequency control unit (FCU) calcu-
lates the power references of BSHS (Pref,bat and Pref,sc) according
to the new HLC strategy proposed in this paper. The automatic con-
trol unit (ACU) provides the pulse width modulation signals of
BSHS (mbat, and msc) according to the outputs of frequency control
unit. Proportional plus integral controller (PI controller) in ACU is
used for no-error control of the power outputs of DGs/ESS. The
function of pulse generation unit (PGU) is to generate the switch-
ing pulse signals which are used for driving converters.
Fig. 1. The control scheme of BSHS.
517
In this paper, a HLC is developed for BSHS to regulate the fre-
quency of autonomous microgrid. Compared with the classical hy-
brid control (CHC) strategy proposed in [10], a hysteretic loop is
introduced in HLC to avoid the small charge/discharge cycles on
BESS. The principle of HLC strategy is depicted in Fig. 2. The output
of droop control loop is the power reference of BSHS Pref. Then Pref
is divided into low-frequency components Pref,bat and high-fre-
quency components Pref,sc by a low-pass filter. The low-frequency
components are supplied by the BESS with high energy density,
while high-frequency components are supplied by supercapacitor
storage system (SCSS) with high power density and long service
life. The SCSS acts as a ‘‘power buffer’’ to avoid large instantaneous
charge/discharge current on BESS and extend the service life of bat-
tery. The basic principle of power distribution is having the battery
to support system energy and the supercapacitor to meet the
power requirement [9].
In order to avoid small charge/discharge cycles on BESS, the
power output of BESS is controlled by a hysteretic loop (see
Fig. 2). As shown in Fig. 3, four threshold levels placed symmetri-
cally around frate (50 Hz) are used to define a control range and a
non-working range in the allowed frequency range [fmin, fmax].
Three trigger signals (frate, fmin þ Df and fmax  Df ) are introduced
to determine the actions of BESS. If the measured frequency value
fmeas reaches the trigger value fmin þ Df or fmax  Df , then the BESS
switches on and keeps working in the control range until the value
of fmeas reaches frate. In this process, BESS exchanges power with
MG to support the frequency and the power output of BESS Pref,bat
equals to P 0ref;b . If the value of fmeas reaches frate, then the BESS stops
working until fmeas reaches other trigger signals. During this period,
the BESS is in non-working range to avoid small charge/discharge
cycles. Therefore, the BESS switches between control range and
non-working range according to the value of frequency. The differ-
ence between Pref and the output of hysteretic loop (Pref,b) is the
power reference of SCSSPref,sc. Meanwhile, the battery SOC should
be kept within a proper range [SOCmin, SOCmax] in the control pro-
cess to avoid the battery degradation [17].
3. Capacity statistical model of BSHS
In this section, a statistical model using MCS is proposed to
determine the capacity distributions of BSHS. The capacity of BSHS
should be large enough to satisfy the requirement of frequency
regulation. However, it is not economical to install over-sized
BSHS. Therefore, the optimum capacity of BSHS in this paper is
the minimum capacity which can satisfy the requirement of fre-
quency regulation. The framework of capacity statistical model is
depicted in Fig. 4.
As Fig. 4 shows, the inputs of statistical model are historical
data of wind speed/irradiance/loads and the outputs are the capac-
ity distributions of BSHS. Firstly, statistical analysis is applied to
the historical data to generate random powers of WT/PV/loads on
a certain confidence level. Secondly, time-domain simulations of
MG based on HLC are carried out to obtain the BSHS power. Finally,
518 H. Jia et al. / Electrical Power and Energy Systems 54 (2014) 516–524

Meanwhile, the distribution ranges of parameters c and k on a

certain confidence level are obtained. Then the wind speed v at
each specific time along a day is generated randomly based on
the obtained parameters. The corresponding distribution range of
wind speed on the predefined confidential level is obtained and
shown in Fig. 5b. Finally, the random power output of a WT gener-
atorPWT is obtained by the simplified model as shown in the fol-
lowing equation [19]:
8 mv cin
< P r v rat v cin
> v cin 6 m 6 v rat
PWT ðv Þ ¼ P r v rat 6 mv cou
>
:
Fig. 2. Principle of hysteretic loop control. 0 m 6 v cin ; m P v cou
where Pr is the rated power; vrat is the rated wind speed; vcin is the
cut-in wind speed and vcou is the cut-out wind speed.
Following the same statistical method as wind speed, Fig. 6
shows the statistical analysis results of irradiance. The irradiance
s at a specific time follows the normal distribution, whose pdf is ex-
pressed as follows [20]:
!
1 ðs  lÞ2
pðsÞ ¼ pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi exp  ð3Þ
2pr 2r2

where l is the expectation and r is the standard deviation.

Fig. 3. Control range and non-working range of BESS.
Then the random output range of a PV system is calculated by
the implicit equation as shown in the following equation [21]:
   
U pv þ Ipv Rs
Ipv ¼ NP ISC  NP I0 exp 1 ð4Þ
nNS V T

where ISC is the short circuit current of a PV module [A];I0 is the

diode saturation current [A]; n is the ideal constant of diode; VT is
the thermal potential of a module [V];NP is the number of PV mod-
ules in parallel; NS is the number of PV modules in series.
Also, the random characteristic of loads in the MG is considered
by the MCS in this paper. It is assumed that the load at each load
bus also follows the normal distribution (depicted in (3)) at each
time during time-domain simulation process, with the parameters
of lL and rL.

3.2. Capacity determination algorithm

Fig. 4. Framework of capacity statistical model. Considering the uncertainties from intermittent DGs and loads,
a capacity determination algorithm is proposed to determine the
capacity distributions of BSHS. The capacity includes power capac-
the data of BSHS power are processed by the capacity determina-
ity and energy capacity. Power capacity is the maximum instanta-
tion algorithm and the capacity distributions of BSHS are obtained
neous output that the ESS can provide which is usually measured
using MCS. The HLC for time-domain simulation of MG is intro-
in kilowatts (kW). Energy capacity is the amount of electrical en-
duced in Section 2. In this section, the statistical analysis and
ergy that the ESS can store which is measured in kilowatt-hours
capacity determination algorithm are introduced.
(kW h) [22].

3.1. Statistical analysis 3.2.1. Capacity of BESS

The BESS is used to provide the MG with energy support. It is
In order to carry out MCS, the precise power distributions of WT assumed that the frequency of MG is regulated by a BESS with en-
and PV systems in the MG should be determined firstly. The distri- ough capacity. As shown in Fig. 7, the power above the time-axis
butions of wind speed and irradiance for one day are obtained by means the battery is discharging for regulating the frequency. Con-
statistical analysis based on the historical data. Fig. 5 shows the versely, the power curve below the time-axis means the battery is
statistical analysis results of wind speed in a certain area of China charging to maintain the frequency at a reasonable range. In order
from a ten-year’s data. to ensure every single charging or discharging process is not lim-
As shown in Fig. 5a, the wind speed v at a specific time follows ited by the rated power of BESS, the absolute value of the largest
the Weibull distribution [18], whose probability density function power corresponds to the minimum power capacity of BESS. Sam-
(pdf) is expressed in the following equation: ples the output power of BESS,
  The energy capacity of BESS should be considered at the same
k v k1 v k time. As depicted in Fig. 7, the negative area A means the BESS is
pðv Þ ¼ exp  ð1Þ
c c c storing energy for frequency regulation, and the minimum re-
quired energy can be realized by a BESS with capacity jAj in the
where k is the shape parameter and c is the scale parameter. X1 region. Meanwhile, the areas of B, C, D have the same meanings
 H. Jia et al. / Electrical Power and Energy Systems 54 (2014) 516–524 519

Fig. 5. The statistical analysis results of wind speed.

Fig. 6. The statistical analysis results of irradiance.

Eb ¼ Eb;min =ðSOCmax  SOCmin Þ ð6Þ

3.2.2. Capacity of SCSS

The SCSS is used to compensate the power fluctuations of MG.
The SCSS power output for the MG frequency regulation is shown
in Fig. 8. The power profile shows that the SCSS experiences
frequent charge/discharge cycles and the power fluctuates severely

Fig. 7. BESS power profile for one day.

with A (the positive areas B, D mean the BESS is releasing energy

for frequency regulation). The minimum energy capacity of BESS
without SOC limitation Eb,min is the maximum energy required
for the whole successive simulation period from A to D, which is
shown as follows:

Eb;min ¼ MaxfjAj; jA þ Bj; jA þ B þ Cj; jA þ B þ C þ Djg ð5Þ

As depicted in Section 2, the SOC of battery should be kept with-
in a proper range [SOCmin, SOCmax], which means Eb,min is only part
of the energy capacityEb. Therefore, the energy capacity consider-
ing SOC limitation is shown as follows: Fig. 8. SCSS power profile for one day.
520 H. Jia et al. / Electrical Power and Energy Systems 54 (2014) 516–524
around the time-axis, which follows the power distribution
principle depicted in Section 2. The capacity determination of SCSS
is similar as the BESS. The minimum power capacity Pc and energy
capacity Ec,min can be obtained.
Usually, Ec,min is converted into the capacitor value Cc to express
the energy capacity of supercapacitor. The relationship between
Ec,min and Cc is given in the following equation:
1 This section presents a case study to illustrate the performance
Ec;min ¼ C c ðV 2max  V 2min Þ
2
where Vmax and Vmin are the allowed minimum and maximum ter-
minal voltage of supercapacitor, separately.
Therefore, the energy capacity of supercapacitor Cc is expressed
as follows:
C c ¼ 2  Ec;min =ðV 2max  V 2min Þ
3.3. Flowchart of capacity statistical model
The flowchart of capacity statistical model is shown in Fig. 9.
As shown in Fig. 9, a set of random parameters [c, k, l, r, lL, rL]
generate a set of capacity results [Pb, Eb, Pc, Cc]. Based on statistical
analysis, a large number of random scenarios on a certain confi-
dence level are generated using MCS and then a series of BSHS
Fig. 9. Flowchart of capacity statistical model.
capacities are obtained. The MCS terminates when ITER reaches
the maximum simulation times Nmax and the corresponding capac-
ity distributions of BSHS are determined.
4. Numerical studies
ð7Þ of HLC strategy and verify the effectiveness of capacity statistical
model. The benchmark LV network [23] built in DIg SILENT soft-
ware is shown in Fig. 10, which comprises a LV feeder, loads, sev-
eral microgeneration systems (WT, PVs, fuel cell and microturbine)
and BSHS. To simplify the study, fuel cell and microturbine models
are replaced by DC voltage sources, and their power outputs are set
ð8Þ to be constant.
As shown in Fig. 10, a hybrid WT/PV system is connected to bus
15 and a single PV system is connected to bus 17. The WT/PV
control parameters are shown in Appendix A and B. The BSHS is
connected to bus 13. A typical battery model taking SOC into con-
sideration and a non-linear supercapacitor model are used in this
case [24]. The battery and supercapacitor are connected to MG
by independent inverters separately for flexible control. The
parameters of BSHS model and control systems are shown in
Appendix C and D.
 H. Jia et al. / Electrical Power and Energy Systems 54 (2014) 516–524
Fig. 10. Benchmark low voltage microgrid.
4.1. The performance of HLC strategy
The wind speed and irradiance data of an autumn day in a cer-
tain area of China are shown in Fig. 11a and b, separately. The typ-
ical load profiles (in mean values lL) are shown in Fig. 11c in which
the loads 4, 12, 17 represent the typical residential loads and loads
13, 19 represent the typical commercial loads.
Fig. 11. Simulation environment.
521
Fig. 12. Power outputs of DGs and microgrid frequency.
Fig. 12a shows that the outputs of WT and PV systems fluctuate
with the variations of wind speed and irradiance. The BSHS is used
to compensate the imbalance between the power supply and de-
mand. As Fig. 12b shows, under HLC strategy, the SCSS responds
to fast power fluctuations, which causes frequent charge/discharge
cycles on the SCSS. Meanwhile, the battery only works at intervals
to provide the MG with energy. The frequency under HLC is shown
in Fig. 12c, where the allowed frequency range is set to be
[49.97 Hz, 50.03 Hz] and the value of Df is set to be 0.02. As de-
picted in Section 2, when the frequency reaches 50.02 Hz or
49.98 Hz, the BESS is triggered for frequency response with SCSS
until the frequency reaches 50.0 Hz. When the value of frequency
reaches 50.0 Hz, the battery is out of service and only the SCSS
works to regulate the frequency until the frequency reaches
50.02 Hz or 49.98 Hz. It shows that the frequency under HLC is
controlled within the predefined range [49.97 Hz, 50.03 Hz] and
the battery and supercapacitor make full use of their complemen-
tary characteristics.
The battery output comparison between HLC and classical
hybrid control (CHC) strategy proposed in [10] is shown in
Fig. 13. Battery output comparison under different control strategies.
522 H. Jia et al. / Electrical Power and Energy Systems 54 (2014) 516–524

Fig. 14. Distribution ranges of wind speed and irradiance.

Fig. 13. Between 4 and 15 h, the power output of BESS under HLC is
zero and the SOC of battery is unchanged which means the BESS is
out of service, while the power output and SOC under CHC fluctu-
ates continuously, which indicates that the battery experiences
small charge/discharge cycles. Compared with CHC, the BESS under
HLC only works at intervals for frequency regulation which can
avoid small charge/discharge cycles on battery.
Based on the analysis above, the HLC strategy not only can reg-
ulate the frequency within the predefined control range, but also
can avoid the small charge/discharge cycles on the battery. Fig. 16. Cumulative probability functions of BSHS capacity under different control
strategies.

4.2. Capacity distributions of BSHS

This section verifies the effectiveness of the capacity statistical

generated randomly using normal distribution based on the typical
model firstly and then analyzes the influence from different control
load profiles shown in Fig. 11a.
strategies on the capacity of BSHS.
The previous methods to obtain the capacity of ESS are ‘‘worst
scenario’’ based and the results are conservative. The statistical
4.2.1. The capacity distributions of BSHS
model using MCS presented in this paper can solve this problem
The distribution ranges of wind speed and irradiance on the
in a statistical way. The capacity probability distributions of BSHS
confidence level of 99% are shown in Fig. 14 and the loads are
under HLC and CHC are shown in Figs. 15 and 16.
Figs. 15 and 16 show the capacity distributions of BESS and SCSS.
According to the cumulative probability functions shown in Fig. 16,
the energy capacity and the corresponding power capacity of BSHS
can be determined on each specific cumulative probability level. As
depicted in Table 1, the results on three typical levels (50%, 75% and
90%) are given. For example, the BESS energy capacity Eb,HLC corre-
sponding to the cumulative probability of 90% under HLC is
641.6552 kW h and that of 75% is 600.2094 kW h. The energy
capacity of BESS is saved by 41.4458 kW h when the cumulative
probability is 75%. This is meaningful when there are high penetra-
tions of controllable loads which can contribute to the frequency re-
sponse of MG [14]. With the development of demand side
management in microgrid, the capacity statistical model proposed
in this paper offers a flexible way for engineers to choose the opti-
mum capacity of BSHS for MG according to the needs of operation.

Table 1
BSHS capacity comparisons at different cumulative probability.

The value of cumulative distribution

50% 75% 90%
Eb,HLC (kW h) 546.4927 600.2094 641.6552
Eb,CHC (kW h) 591.3565 640.6201 695.0820
Pb,HLC (kW) 53.5924 57.9635 62.5392
Pb,CHC (kW) 53.5913 57.8214 62.1991
Cc,HLC (F) 6.1793 6.9663 7.9687
Cc,CHC (F) 5.8010 6.7438 7.8683
Pc,HLC (kW) 58.4052 62.1191 66.5202
Fig. 15. Probability distributions of BSHS capacity under different control Pc,CHC (kW) 54.1861 58.9540 62.5392
strategies.
 H. Jia et al. / Electrical Power and Energy Systems 54 (2014) 516–524 523

Table 2 level. As shown in Table 1, at the cumulative probability of 90%,

Parameters of BSHS capacity distributions. the power capacity of SCSS under HLC is 66.5202 kW and that un-
Expectation Standard deviation der CHC is 62.5392 kW. Compared with CHC, the SCSS power
Eb,HLC (kW h) 550.3697 69.3879 capacity under HLC is increased by 6.3% at the cumulative proba-
Eb,CHC (kW h) 591.3551 76.878 bility of 90%. This is because under HLC, the frequency regulation
Pb,HLC (kW) 54.3257 6.2955 is dependent on SCSS when the BESS is in non-working range
Pb,CHC (kW) 54.2800 6.2512 and parts of the SCSS power are larger than those under CHC,
Cc,HLC (F) 6.1914 1.354
Cc,CHC (F) 5.8743 1.4206
which can give full play to the high power density characteristic
Pc,HLC (kW) 58.5658 5.9819 of SCSS. Meanwhile, the energy capacity of SCSS under HLC is a lit-
Pc,CHC (kW) 54.7267 6.2012 tle larger than that under CHC, which can be seen from Table 2.

4.2.2. Capacity comparisons of BSHS under different control strategies 5. Conclusions

In this part, the impact from different control strategies on the
distributions of BSHS capacity is investigated using the statistical
model.
4.2.2.1. BESS capacity comparison. The parameters of BESS capacity
distributions under HLC and CHC are shown in Table 2. The energy
capacity expectation of BESS under HLC is smaller than that under
CHC by 40.9854 kW h, and the standard deviation of BESS energy
capacity under HLC is also smaller than that under CHC by
7.4901 kW h. Fig. 16a shows that the cumulative probability values
under HLC are higher than that under CHC at the same capacity le-
vel, which means the energy capacity under HLC is smaller than
that under CHC at the same cumulative probability level. As shown
in Table 1, at the cumulative probability of 90%, the energy capac-
ity of BESS under HLC is 641.6552 kW h and that under CHC is
695.0820 kW h. Compared with CHC, the HLC strategy can save
the BESS energy capacity by 7.7% at the cumulative probability of
90% for the HLC strategy can avoid small charge/discharge cycles
on BESS.
The power capacity distributions of BESS under HLC are similar
with that under CHC, which can be seen from Table 1 and Fig. 16d.
This is because the HLC only avoids small charge/discharge cycles
on battery and the maximum charge/discharge power is almost
unchanged.
4.2.2.2. SCSS capacity comparison. Table 2 shows that the power
capacity expectation of SCSS under HLC is larger than that under
CHC, and Fig. 16d also shows that the power capacity under HLC
is larger than that under CHC at the same cumulative probability
A statistical model using MCS to determine the capacity distribu-
tions of BSHS is proposed in this paper for ESS planning in MG. The
advantage of this statistical model is that the capacities of BSHS at
different cumulative probability levels can be determined. Com-
pared with the deterministic based methods, the statistical model
is more flexible for engineers to choose the optimum capacity
according to the needs of operation. Additionally, the influence from
different control strategies on the capacity distributions of BSHS is
studied and compared in this paper. Compared with CHC, the HLC
strategy proposed in this paper can reduce the energy capacity of
BESS to a certain extent while increase the capacity of SCSS.
Although the power capacity of SCSS is increased, it can give full
play to the high power density characteristic of SCSS. Besides, the
HLC can avoid small charge/discharge cycles on battery, which
can extend the service life of battery. With the surging development
of MG, the capacity statistical model definitely provides a useful tool
for ESS planning and coordinating the ESS capacity with load-de-
mand management, which is also the work to be studied in future.
Acknowledgements
This work is supported by Special Fund of the National Basic
Research Program of China (‘‘973’’ Program, Grant No.
2009CB219701), National Natural Science Foundation of China
(Grant Nos. 51277128, 513111017, 51377117 and 51307115), Tian-
jin Municipal Science and Technology Development Program of Chi-
na (Grant No. 09JCZDJC25000) and Research Fund for the Doctoral
Program of Higher Education of China (Grant No. 20090032110064).

Appendix A. Dynamic parameters of WT system (Definition of parameters referring to [18])

WT model Pr (kW) vrat (m/s) vcin (m/s) vcou (m/s)

60 13 3 20

Inverter Tl Kp Tp Kq Tq Kiq Tiq Kiq Tiq

0.01 0.5 0.08 0.5 0.08 0.2 0.01 0.2 0.01

Appendix B. Dynamic parameters of PV system (Definition of parameters referring to [20])

PV model Voc (V) ISC,ref (A) Pmax,ref (W) Vmp,ref (V) Imp,ref (A) k (J/K) q(c) J c
21.7 3.35 53 17.4 3.05 1.38e23 1.6e19 6.5e4 3

A n Rs (X) Eg,ref (c) T (K) Tr (K) NP NS m

1.76 1.5 0.3162 1.237q 321.3 298 12 46 36

Inverter Tl Kp Tp Kq Tq Kiq Tiq Kiq Tiq

0.01 5 0.05 5 0.05 0.4 0.01 0.4 0.01
524 H. Jia et al. / Electrical Power and Energy Systems 54 (2014) 516–524

Appendix C. Dynamic parameters of BESS system (Definition of parameters referring to [23])

Battery model V0 (V) K Q Rb (X) A B SOC0 NP NS

226.25 8.9 3 20 18.644 2.3 0.6 2 4

Inverter Kd Kp Tp Kq Tq Kiq Tiq Kiq Tiq

10 0.8 0.1 0.8 0.1 0.2 0.01 0.2 0.01

Appendix D. Dynamic parameters of SCSS system (Definition of parameters referring to [23])

Supercapacitor model V0 (V) R (X) C (F)

800 0.01 10

Inverter Tl Kp Tp Kq Tq Kiq Tiq Kiq Tiq

0.01 0.8 0.05 0.8 0.05 0.2 0.01 0.2 0.01

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