Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Final Project
Final Project
Final Project
Benghazi Faculty of
Engineering
Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Department
By…
Mohamed faraj ahmed (25190)
Supervisor by…
Omran saleem
Academic year
2021
Contect
CHAPTER 11
INTRODUCTION1
1.1 Background of Study2
1.2 Problem Statement4
1.3 Aim of the Project5
1.4 Objectives5
1.5 Thesis Organization5
CHAPTER 26
ANTENNA THEORY6
2.1 INTODUCTION7
2.2 Antenna Parameters7
2.2.1 Antenna Gain7
2.2.2 Bandwidth8
2.2.3 Directivity9
2.2.4 Antenna Efficiency10
2.2.5 Input Impedance10
2.2.6 Radiation Pattern11
2.2.7 Return Loss12
2.2.8 Side lobes13
2.2.9 Front-to-Back RATIO13
2.2.10 VSWR14
2.3 Patch Antenna15
2.3.1 Patch Antenna Definition15
2.3.2 Advantages of Patch Antennas17
2.3.3 Disadvantages of Patch Antenna are18
2.4 Feeding Techniques18
2.4.1 Feed Coaxial19
2.4.2Microstrip Line feeding Method20
2.4.3Proximity Coupled Method22
2.4.4Aperture Coupled Feed Method23
2.5 Advantages and desadvantages of feed Techniques25
2.6 Methods of Analysis in Rectangular patch26
2.7 Design26
I
2.8Defected Ground structue 29
2.8.1introduction30
2.8.2DGS classification30
2.8.3single unit cell DGS31
CHAPTER 333
Methods34
3.1 INDENTATIONS AND EQUATIONS34
3.2 Simulation scenarios36
3.2.1 scenario 1 36
3.2.2 scenario 2 37
CHAPTER 439
Result39
4.1 Introduction40
4.1.1 scenario 140
4.1.1.1 Return loss and Antenna Bandwidth40
4.1.1.2 Gain:41
4.1.1.3 voltage standing wave ratio.42
4.1.1.4 Directivity43
4.1.2 scenario 244
4.1.2.1 Antenna Bandwidth44
4.1.2.2Gain 45
4.1.2.3 voltage standing wave ratio.46
4.1.2.4 Directivity47
4.2 Comparative Study Of All scenariops results48
CHAPTER 549
CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE WORK49
5.1 Introduction50
5.2 Conclusion50
5.3 future work51
LIST OF FIGURE
III
IV
CHAPTER 1
Introduction
ABSTRACT
In this project simple RMPA is designed and its performance
parameters are compared with RMPA having defected ground plane.
The antenna is simulated at 2.4 GHz using CST simulation
software .This work mainly includes modification of antenna ground
plane called as Defected Ground Structure (DGS). The parameters of
antenna such as Reflection coefficient, Gain, VSWR and Bandwidth,
with and without DGS are measured. The main focus of this project is
to improve band width so that patch antenna is used for wide band
applications and study effect of DGS on antenna parameters.
2
low profile, conformable to planar and non-planar surface, simple
and low cost to manufacture by using a modern printed circuit
technology. Microstrip antennas consist of a patch of metallization on
a grounded substrate. These are low-profile, light weight antennas,
most suitable for a erospace and mobile applications. Because of their
low-power handling capability, these antenna can be used in low-
power transmitting and receiving applications.
The simple Microstrip patch Antenna consists of a dielectric substrate
having fixed dielectric constant. Radiating patch is present on one
side of a dielectric substrate and a ground plane is present on other
side of a substrate. The metallic patch may take any geometrical
shapes like rectangular, triangular, circular, helical, ring, elliptical
etc. The dimensions of the patch are corresponds to the resonant
frequency of antenna.
However, microstrip patch antennas are having narrow bandwidth
and bandwidth enhancement is necessary for most of the practical
applications, so for increasing the bandwidth different approaches
have been utilized. Defected Ground Structure is one of them. In
addition most of the applications which uses microstrip antenna in
communication systems like mobile handhel communicating devices
require smaller antenna size. Different advance tools to the design of
very compact microstrip patch antennas have been introduced over
the last few years.
Many types of microstrip antennas have been evolved which are
variations of the basic structure In order to simplify analysis and
performance estimation, generally square, rectangular, circular,
triangular, and elliptical or some other common shape patches are
used for designing a microstrip antenna. Microstrip antennas can be
designed as very thin planar printed antennas and they are very
useful elements for communication applications as shown in the
figure (1.1).
3
Fig (1.1) rectangular microstrip patch antenna (RMPA).
4
1.3 Aim of the Project:
The aim of this project simple RMPA is designed and its performance
parameters are compared with RMPA having defected ground plane.
The antenna is simulated at 2.4 GHz using CST simulation
software .This work mainly includes modification of antenna ground
plane called as Defected Ground Structure (DGS). The parameters of
antenna such as Reflection coefficient, Gain, VSWR and Bandwidth,
with and without DGS are measured.
1.4 Objectives:
5
CHAPTER 2
6
2.1 INTODUCTION
in this chapter microstrip patch antenna well be discussed in
detail which well be mentioned later in this chapter , there are
several factors that should be taken into account in the designing
process of the micro strip patch antenna .
• wire antenna
• Aperture antenna
• Microstrip antenna
• Array antenna
• Reflector antenna
• Lens antenna
2.2Antenna Parameters
To describe antenna performance, it is necessary to define different
parameters. Some parameters are interrelated; each of which must
specifically describe the antenna performance
7
2.2.1 Antenna Gain
The antenna gain describes how much power is transmitted in the
direction of peak radiation, compared to that of an isotropic source.
This implies that when the antenna loss is less, the antenna gain is
same as the directivity as shown by equations (2.2).
G= ŋ D
(2.1)
U (Ө , Ø )
G ( Ө, Ø )= (2.2)
Pin
U ( Ө , Ø )=Radaition density
2.2.2 Bandwidth
The bandwidth of an antenna is described by the range of frequencies
over which the antenna can operate efficiently. The antenna ’s
bandwidth is the number of Hz for which the antenna will exhibit a
return loss less than -10dB.
8
m in lobe of antenna between the direction at which the antenna‟s
sensitivity is half maximum value at the center of the lobe.
f 2−f 1
BW% = fc
× 100
( 2.3)
2.2.3 Directivity
The directivity of an antenna is defined as the ratio of the
maximum radiation intensity in a given direction from the
antenna to the radiation intensity averaged over all directions .
This is also measure that describes only the directional properties
of the antenna, and it is therefore controlled only by the pattern.
9
Directivity can be seen from the radiation pattern and gain shows the
efficiency of an antenna
2π π
1
U 0 = ∫ ∫ [ U 0 ( Ө, Ø ) ] sinӨ dӨdØ ( 2.5)
2π 0 0
U c max )2.6
Directivety=
U0
2.2.4Antenna Efficiency
e 0=er e c ed )2.7
Where
10
e c =conduction efficiency (dimensionless)
e d =dielectric efficiency (dimensionless)
Z¿ =R¿ + j X ¿ )2.8
11
be plotted as a 3D graph or as a 2D polar or Cartesian slice of this
3D graph, all is summarized by figure (2.2)
Pi
Return loss (in dB) = 10 log10 (2.9)
Pr
12
Figure 2. 3: RL curve of an antenna
2.2.8Side lobes
Usually microwave antennas seem to be directional for example the
patch antenna seem to be directional. When an antenna radiates
some of the energy spills and hence causing what we call side lobes
.The side lobes are the ones which are seen with lower amplitude
where as the main lobe have higher amplitude all this is
demonstrated in Figure 2.4a
2.2.9Front-to-Back RATIO
Usually when an antenna radiates energy practically not all energy is
radiated from the front of the antenna. The front to back ratio is the
gain in the required forward direction to the gain in the opposite
direction out of the back of the antenna.
13
Figure (2.4): (a) show side how side lobes (b) show the antenna pattern with main,
back, and side lobes
2.2.10 VSWR
The Voltage Standing Wave Ratio (VSWR) is defined as the ratio of the
maximum voltage to the minimum voltage in a standing wave pattern.
A standing wave is developed when power is reflected from the load.
Therefore, the VSWR is a measure of how much power is delivered to a
device as opposed to the amount of power that is reflected from the
device. If the source and load impedance are the same, that is, the
VSWR is 1:1; then there is no reflected power. The minimum
1+|Γ|
VSWR= (2.10)
1−|Γ|
14
Where Γ is the reflection coefficient and is also known as S 11 or return
loss in terms of the scattering parameters.
2.3Patch Antenna
15
Figure 2.5: Types of Patch Antenna [6]
16
Fig 2.7 Microstrip patch antenna
17
2.3.3 Disadvantages of Patch Antenna are:
Low efficiency.
Narrow bandwidth.
Low RF power.
18
Figure 2. 9: The equivalent circuit for the feeding technique
19
Figure 2.10: Coaxial feed
The microstrip feed is linked to the patch and the microstrip feed
have smaller width comparing with the width of the patch and this
feed arrangement has the advantage that the feed can be etched on
the same substrate to provide a planar structure.
20
Figure 2. 11: Microstrip Line Feed
The inset cut in the patch done to match the impedance of the
microstrip feed line to the patch without the use any additional
matching element. All of this is done by properly controlling the
inset position. Therefore this is an easy feeding technique, hence it
is easier in modelling and asimpedance matching.
21
Figure 2. 13: Microstrip patch antenna showing all dimensions
22
Figure 2. 14: Proximity coupled feeder
This method employs ground plane between two substrates. A slot will
be placed on the ground plane and feed line will be placed on lower
substrate. This will be electromagnetically connected to patch on the
upper substrate through the ground plane slot. One should take care
about substrate parameters and they have to choose in a way that feed
optimization and independent radiation functioning can exist. The
coupling slot should be nearly cantered so that the patch magnetic
field will be maximum.
When considering that the ground plane separates the patch and
the feed line, spurious radiation is reduced. This feeding technique
is not going to be discussed because it was not used in designing of
23
the patch antenna because this increases the patch antenna
thickness.
24
Advantages and desadvantages of feed Techniques 2.5
Advantages Disadvantages
Insert position is
25
deleterious effect of a Higher back lobe
highdielectric constant radiation
substrate on
the bandwidth and
efficiency
No direct contract
between feed
and patch avoiding large
probe
reactance or width
microstrip line
No radiation from the
feed and
active devices since a
ground
plane separates them
from the
radiating patch
26
used by a number solvers for example such as CST studio for
simulations.
2.7 Design
c 2.1
ʎ air =
fr
W=
1
√ 2
=
2 2
√
2 f r √ µ0 Ɛ 0 Ɛr + 1 2 f r Ɛr + 1 2.1
[ ]
−1
Ɛ reff +1 Ɛ reff −1 h 2
2.13 Ɛ reff = + 1+12
2 2 w
27
Once W is found using equation 2.14 and then determine the
extension of the length
w
2.14 ΔL
( Ɛ reef +0.3 ) ( h +0.264 )
=0.412
h w
(Ɛ ¿ ¿ reef −0.258)( +0.8)¿
h
The equation 2.15 the how the real length of the patch antenna is
determined.
1
L= 2.1
2 f r √¿¿¿¿
c 2.1
L= −2 Δ L
2 f r √Ɛr
When the calculation of the length and the width of the patch is done
there‟s need for calculation of the feed point which is may be
calculated using the following equation and the main goal is to match
the antenna to 50Ω.Hence now the feed point is now determined
using the equations 2.17.
1
2.17 R¿ =
2(G1+G12 )
1
R¿ = ¿¿ 2.18
2(G 1+G12 )
l1 2.1
G 1= 2
120 π
[ ( )] j ¿ ¿
2
w k0
R¿ =∫ sin cos Ө 0
2
28
[ ( )] j ¿ ¿
2
l1 wk0 2.2
G 12=
120 π
2 ∫ sin
2
cos Ө 0
2.22 V0
ʎ eff =
fr
√ Ɛ reef
Lg =6 h+ L 2.2
2.2
W g=6 h+ W
If the feeding method is via a microstrip feed line and hence the
characteristic impedance is calculated using the equation 2.25.
2
2.25 Ɛr
Z a=90 ¿
Ɛ r−1
29
2.25
60 8 d wT
WT= ln ( + )
√ Ɛ r wT 4 d
ʎ ʎ0
)2.26( l= =
4 4 √ Ɛ reef
.
Defected Ground Structure:2.8
30
INTRODUCTION 2.8.1
The DGS geometries reported till now includes simple shapes such as
rectangular dumbbell, circular dumbbell [7], spiral, „U‟, „V‟, „H‟,
31
concentric ring, split ring, Meander lines, Fractals, some of simple
.shapes are shown the below Figure 2.17
32
CHAPTER 3
33
methods .
3.1 INDENTATIONS AND EQUATIONS:
In this chapter, there will be some discussion on how to design a
rectangular microstrip patch antenna with or without holes on the
FR-4 buffer substrate. The dielectric constant is 4.3, the substrate
height is 1.6 mm. The antenna is designed on a dimension substrate
58 mm x76 mm. This antenna will be in CST Studio.
1: Width calculation (W):
Where c = free space velocity of light . Substituting c = 3.0e8 m/s, εr = 4.3 and fo
= 2.4GHz,
we get: W = 0.038m = 38 mm
34
The effective length is:
35
To design the microstrip feed line (inset-fed)
-.the gap between the patch and the inset-fed (Gpf) usualy 1 mm
. Design
3.2 Simulation scenarios
Antenna simulation is performed using CST Studio software. We also
designed two rectangular patch antennas with different scenaios. First
of all, basic antenna geometry is discussed and then the other
antenna is discussed by configuring different scenarios with their
36
simulation results. In the end, a comparison is made between them
and the best is chosen
3.2.1 scenario 1:
In this scenario we will design a microstrip patch antenna on the cst
program and the values we enter are taken from the research paper
37
3.2.2 scenario 2:
38
CHAPTER 4
Results
39
4.1 Introduction:
All of the results presented in this chapter are produced by a
simulation program called Computer Simulation Technology Studio
Suite (CST Studio Suite). It has powerful graphic capabilities to denote
the antenna design. In this chapter, the various results of bandwidth
& gain are discussed. All simulations were performed using CST.
4.1.1 scenario 1:
The first step is to design and simulate the rectangular micro strip
patch antenna using CST. Some that can be calculated with this
program are shown. The results features of the antenna simulated by
the proposed antenna are shown in the figure below
40
Bandwidth = 2.4555 GHz – 2.3504GHz .
Bandwidth= 104.7 MHz.
Percentage bandwidth = (Bandwidth /Resonant frequency ).
41
4.1.1.2 Gain
42
This figure shows VSWR before the slot in the ground. Figure 4.5.
shows the total VSWR of the proposed antenna after simulation. A
peak VSWR of 1.398dB is obtained at a frequency of 2.4GHz.
Directivity:4.1.1.4
43
Figure 4.6.Simulated 3D Directivity plot of patch antenna at 2.4 GHz
4.1.2 scenario 2:
The second step is to design and simulate a rectangular microstrip
patch antenna with slot using CST . The simulated results for the
proposed antenna are shown in the following figure: 7
44
Figure 4.8: bandwidth of a micro strip patch antenna with slot.
Figure 4.9: Return loss of a micro strip patch antenna with slot.
4.1.2.2 Gain:
The gain determines the antenna's efficiency and is an important
number for the antenna. Figure 4.9. shows the total gain of the
proposed antenna after simulation. A peak gain of 5.58 dB is obtained
at a frequency of 2.4GHz. and the figure 4-4 shows polar Gain in
patch antenna at 2.4 GHz.
45
Figure 4.10 the 3D Gain with DGS
This figure shows VSWR after the slot in the ground. Figure 4.12.
shows the total VSWR of the proposed antenna after simulation. A
peak VSWR of 1.071 dB is obtained at a frequency of 2.4GHz.
46
Figure 4.12. VSWR of a microstrip patch antenna
Directivity:4.1.2.4
47
Comparative Study Of All scenariops results:4.3
48
CHAPTER 5
Conslusion & future work
49
Conclusions and future work
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Conclusion
The patch antenna for all scenarios has been successfully designed,
and tested. The results were obtained and analyzed and were in
agreement with the theory. The characteristics of the patch antenna
were found and then discussed in chapter 4 and 5 where the results
were analyzed
microstrip patch antenna without slots and with slots are design and
simulated at operating frequency 2.4 GHz
In this paper a rectangular microstrip U-slot patch antenna with
narrow probe
Presented.
From this antenna capabilities compared to another rectangular patch
antenna,
it can be indicated that, it has reduced size, lower probe diameter,
without reduction in bandwidth, compared to the first antenna, and
being possible to have more bandwidth than it with similar conditions,
50
although it uses a simple structure. Its low size and being possible to
fabricate using pcb technique,
can be used in array applications. This antenna can be recommended
when a
is used linear polarisation applications.
designer should note that the resonant frequencies should be placed
the most far apart each other, but the broad band conditions also
should be verified.
51
:References
Rajeshwar Lal Dua, Himanshu Singh, 2.45 GHz Microstrip Patch ]5[
Antenna with Defected Ground Structure for Bluetooth, IJSCE, ISSN:
.2231-2307, Volume-1, January 2012
Neha Ahuja, Rajesh Khanna and Jaswinder Kaur , Design of single ]6[
.band RMPA for WLAN application, IJCA , 2012
Yang, F., and Rahmat Samii, Electromagnetic band gap structures ]7[
.in antenna engineering, Cambridge University press, USA, 2009
52
Applications, IOSR-JECE ,ISSN: 2278-2834-, ISBN: 2278-8735, PP:
.46-50
http://www.emtalk.com/mpacalc.php ]17[
http://www.feko.info ]18[
53