GENETIC CODE

SAMSON, ANNJENETTE M
SALAH, ELDEEN TANAEL
ZAMORA, SOPHIA ANGELA
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THE GENETICS CODE

The genetic code encodes all information in
development of a protein

The genetic code is a particular sequence of

amino acids which will link together to form a
protein

There are 64 sets of triplet nucleotides

The genetic code has 8 important

characteristics.
The 8 characteristics of the genetic code
The genetic code is written in linear form,

Each “word” within the mRNA consists of three ribonucleotide

letters, thus representing a triplet code.

The code is unambiguous —each triplet specifies

only a single amino acid.
The code is degenerate; that is, a given amino acid can be
specified by more than one triplet codon. This is the case for
18 of the 20 amino acids.
The code contains one “start” and three “stop”
signals, triplets that initiate and terminate
translation.
No internal punctuation (such as a
comma) is used in the code.
The code is non overlapping.

The code is nearly universal.

DNA
ENE GENE GENE
THE
The triplet code is the set of nucleotides that form the
20 amino acids
Each of the three are called codons
A single amino acid can be coded by more than one

TRIPLE
codon, this term is called Degeneracy
A single amino acid can be coded by 4 codons but
each of those codons can only code THAT amino
acid and not any other amino acid, this is called non-

CODE
ambiguity
UNIVERSALITY OF GENETIC
CODE
Basically each triplet code codes the same

amino acid in one organism as for all organisms

 Regulation of Gene
Action in Prokaryotes
By the end of this section, you will be able to do the following:
Describe the steps involved in prokaryotic gene regulation
GENETICS

Explain the roles of activators, inducers, and repressors in gene

regulation
WHAT IS PROKARYOTIC
CELL OR PROKARYOTES?
Prokaryotes are
organisms whose cells
lack a nucleus and
other organelles.
Most prokaryotes are
small, single-celled
organisms that have a
relatively simple
structure.
Prokaryotic cells are
surrounded by a plasma
membrane, but they have
no internal membrane-
bound organelles within
their cytoplasm.
Most prokaryotes carry
a small amount of
genetic material in the
form of a single
molecule, or
chromosome, of circular
DNA.
 WHERE CAN WE
FIND THE DNA OR
DEOXYRINUCLEIC
ACID?
The DNA of prokaryotes is organized into a circular chromosome,
supercoiled within the nucleoid region of the cell cytoplasm. Proteins
that are needed for a specific function, or that are involved in the
same biochemical pathway, are encoded together in blocks called
operons.

For example, all of the genes needed to use lactose as an energy

source are coded next to each other in the lactose (or lac) operon,
and transcribed into a single mRNA.

Bacteria are classified as prokaryotes, along with another group of

single-celled organisms, the archaea. Prokaryotes are tiny, but in a
very real sense, they dominate the Earth. They live nearly
everywhere – on every surface, on land and in water, and even inside
of our bodies.
Three Types of Regulatory
Molecules that can affect the
Expression of Operons
 A regulator protein that turns genes ON
when it binds DNA is called an “activator
protein,” and a regulator protein that turns
genes OFF when it binds DNA is a
“repressor protein.”
WHAT IS OPERON? PROKARYOTES
THE TRP OPERON: A
REPRESSIBLE OPERON

 If tryptophan is present in the

environment, then E. coli does not
need to synthesize it and the trp
operon is switched off. However,
when tryptophan availability is low,
the switch controlling the operon is
turned on, the mRNA is transcribed,
the enzyme proteins are translated,
and tryptophan is synthesized.
Three Regions:

CODING REGION

TRP OPERATOR

TRP PROMOTER
 CODING REGION
INCLUDES THE GENES FOR
THE FIVE TRYPTOPHAN
BIOSYNTHESIS ENZYMES
 PROMOTER SEQUENCE, TO
WHICH RNA POLYMERASE
BINDS TO INITIATE
TRANSCRIPTION, IS BEFORE
OR “UPSTREAM” OF THE
TRANSCRIPTIONAL START
SITE.
 THE TRP OPERATOR
CONTAINS THE DNA
CODE TO WHICH THE
TRP REPRESSOR
PROTEIN CAN BIND.
The trp Operon: A Repressible Operon
CATABOLITE ACTIVATOR
PROTEIN (CAP)

A Transcriptional Activator
The cAMP molecule is a signaling molecule that is involved
in glucose and energy metabolism in E. coli.

Accumulating cAMP binds to the positive regulator catabolite activator protein

(CAP), a protein that binds to the promoters of operons which control the
processing of alternative sugars. the screen.

When cAMP binds to CAP, the complex then binds to the promoter
region of the genes that are needed to use the alternate sugar
sources

In these operons, a CAP-binding site is located upstream of the RNA-

polymerase-binding site in the promoter.

CAP binding stabilizes the binding of RNA polymerase to the promoter

region and increases transcription of the associated protein-coding
genes.
THE LAC OPERON: AN
INDUCIBLE OPERON

 If glucose is present, then CAP fails to

bind to the promoter sequence to
activate transcription. If lactose is absent,
then the repressor binds to the operator
to prevent transcription. If either of these
conditions is met, then transcription
remains off. Only when glucose is absent
and lactose is present is the lac operon
transcribed
The lac Operon: An Inducible Operon

 FUN FACT

THE ESTIMATED
TOTAL OF
OPERONS IN
E.COLI ARE 630
TO 700.
GENETICS

Regulation of Gene
Action in
Eukaryotes
 QUESTION #1

WHAT IS
EUKARYOTES?

 GENE REGULATION IN
EUKARYOTES
One common method of regulating the expression
of eukaryotic genes is to alter the role of
transcription of those genes.
Regulated by repressors as well as by
transcriptional activators.

 How do you carry on cells

such as the cells found in our
body actually regulate gene
expression?

COMPONENTS EXONS
OF
EUKARYOTIC INTRONS
UNIVERSAL

GENE:
TRANSCRIPTION
START SITE
PROMOTER
ENHANCERS
EXONS
-these are the DNA
sequences that
encode for a
polypeptide
INTRONS -these are the
sequences of DNA
that do not code for
anything useful.

TRANSCRIPTION -this is the location

START along the DNA where
RNA polymerase II
SITE binds to RNA.
Polymerase IIis a
complex of 12 proteins
that synthesis the
mRNA.

PROMOTERS -region of DNA

where transcription
of a gene is
initiated.
 There are three main portions that
make up a promoter:
Core Promoter- region is located most proximal to the start
codon and contains the RNA polymerase binding site, TATA
box, and transcription start site (TSS).
Proximal Promoter- found approximately 250 base pairs
upstream from the TSS and it is the site where general
transcription factors bind.
Distal Promoter-The final portion of the promoter region.

EUKARYOTES
 These are DNA segments

ENHANCERS that are typically located

for away from the gene.
They can be downstream
of the gene.

Enhances bind special

transcription factor
proteins that increase
the rate of
transcription.
 THANK YOU FOR
YOUR ATTENTION
SAMSON, ANNJENETTE
TANAEL, SALAH Mr. REX
JARDELEZA
ZAMORA, SOPHIA