SOUTH EAST ASIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, INC.

National Highway, Crossing Rubber, Tupi, South Cotabato

COLLEGE OF EDUCATION DEPARTMENT

___________________________________________________

LEARNING MODULE
FOR
M 102: TRIGONOMETRY

_____________________________________________________

WEEK 13

__________________

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 COURSE OUTLINE

COURSE CODE : M102

TITLE : Trigonometry
TARGET POPULATION : All 1st Year BSED Mathematics Students
INSTRUCTOR : MS. MARJORIE N. GARCIA

The following are the topics to be discussed

Week 13 Law of Cosine (Case 1 and Case 2)

Week 14 Trigonometric Identities (Proving)
Week 15 Trigonometric Identities (Continuation)
Week 16 Logarithms (Logarithmic Equations and Parts)
Week 17 Laws of Logarithmic Functions

WEEK 13
THE LAW OF COSINES

When two sides and the included angle (SAS) or three sides (SSS) of a triangle are given, we cannot
apply the law of sines to solve the triangle. In such cases, the law of cosines may be applied

To prove the theorem, we place triangle ABC in a coordinate plane with vertices labeled
counterclockwise and so that one side lies on the positive x axis and one vertex is at O.

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 Now rotate the triangle so that B is at the origin and C is on
the positive x axis. An analogous argument now gives

When C is at the origin,

we find

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M102: TRIGONOMETRY
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M102: TRIGONOMETRY
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 ACTIVITY
(To be submitted on ______________)
A. Table Completion:
Direction: Classify the type of information given, then use the Law of Cosines to find the missing length of
triangle ABC to the nearest tenth.

Type of Angle Side a Side b Side c

information
C = 240 10 cm 15 cm
B = 1120 24.4 cm 16.2 cm
A= 780 2 cm 4 cm
A = 210 20 cm 14 cm
C = 740 20’ 47 cm 58 cm

End of thirteenth week

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 SOUTH EAST ASIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, INC.
National Highway, Crossing Rubber, Tupi, South Cotabato

COLLEGE OF EDUCATION DEPARTMENT

___________________________________________________

LEARNING MODULE
FOR
M 102: TRIGONOMETRY

_____________________________________________________

WEEK 14
________________

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 WEEK 14
TRIGONOMETRIC IDENTITIES

FUNDAMENTAL IDENTITIES

Using Fundamental Identities to Verify Other Identities

The fundamental trig identities are used to establish other relationships among trigonometric functions.
To verify an identity we show that one side of the identity can be simplified so that is identical to the other
side. Each side is manipulated independently of the other side of the equation. Usually it is best to start with

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the more complicated side of the identity.

Example
Changing to Sines and Cosines to Verify an Identity.
Verify the identity: sec x cot x = csc x.
Solution
The left side of the equation contains the more complicated expression. Thus, we work with the left
side. Let us express this side of the identity in terms of sines and cosines. Perhaps this strategy will
enable us to transform the left side into csc x, the expression on the right.

GUIDELINES FOR VERIFYING TRIGONOMETRIC IDENTITIES

1. Work with each of the equation independently of the other side. Start with the more complicated side and
transform it in step by step fashion until it looks exactly like the other side.

2. Analyze the identity and look for opportunities to apply the fundamental identities.

3. If sums or difference of fractions appear on one side, use the least common denominator and combine
the fractions.

4. Don’t be afraid to stop and start over again if you are not getting anywhere. Creative puzzle solvers know
the strategies leading to dead ends often provide good problem-solving ideas.

PROVING IDENTITIES

Proving an identity is very different in concept from solving an equation. Though you'll use many of the same
techniques, they are not the same, and the differences are what can cause you problems.

An "identity" is a tautology, an equation or statement that is always true, no matter what. For instance, sin(x)
= 1/csc(x) is an identity. To "prove" an identity, you have to use logical steps to show that one side of the
equation can be transformed into the other side of the equation. You do not plug values into the identity to
"prove" anything. There are infinitely-many values you can plug in. Are you really going to "prove" anything
by listing three or four values where the two sides of the equation are equal? Of course not. And sometimes
you'll be given an equation which is not an identity. If you plug a value in where the two sides happen to be
equal, such as π/4 for the (false) identity sin(x) = cos(x), you could fool yourself into thinking that a mere
equation is an identity. You'll have shot yourself in the foot. So let's don't do that.

To prove an identity, you cannot work on both sides of the equation at the same time. You can work on both
sides together for a regular equation, because you're trying to find where the equation is true. When you are
working with an identity, if you work on both sides and work down to where the sides are equal, you will only
have shown that, if the starting equation is true, then you can arrive at another true equation. But you won't
have proved, logically, that the original equation was actually true.

Since you'll be working with two sides of an equation, it might be helpful to introduce some notation, if you
haven't seen it before. The "left-hand side" of an equation is denoted by LHS, and the "right-hand side" is
denoted as RHS.

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It's usually a safe bet to start working on the side that appears to be more complicated. In this case, that
would be the LHS. Another safe bet is to convert things to sines and cosines, and see where that leads. So
my first step will be to convert the cotangent and cosecant into their alternative expressions:

2.

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 ACTIVITY
(To be submitted on Tuesday, _____________)

Prove the following identities. (5 pts. each)

1. sin y tan y=sec y

2. sin y + sin y cot 2y=csc y

3. sinx cosx tanx=1−cos2x

End of fourteenth week

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 SOUTH EAST ASIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, INC.
National Highway, Crossing Rubber, Tupi, South Cotabato

COLLEGE OF EDUCATION DEPARTMENT

___________________________________________________

LEARNING MODULE
FOR
M 102: TRIGONOMETRY

_____________________________________________________

WEEK 15
_______________

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SOUTH EAST ASIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, INC.
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CONTINUATION……….

WEEK 15
PROVING IDENTITIES

Problem 1 : 

Prove : 

(1 - cos2θ) csc2θ  =  1

Solution :

1. Let A  =  (1 - cos2θ) csc2θ  and  B  =  1.

A  =  (1 - cos2θ) csc2θ

Because sin2θ + cos2θ  =  1, we have  

sin2θ  =  1 - cos2θ

Then,

A  =  sin2θ ⋅ csc2θ

A  =  sin2θ ⋅ (1/sin2θ)

A  =  sin2θ /sin2θ

A  =  1

A  =  B  (Proved)

2. Prove :

sec θ √(1 - sin2θ)  =  1

Solution :

Let A  =  sec θ √(1 - sin2θ)  and B  =  1.

A  =  sec θ √(1 - sin2θ)

 Because sin2θ + cos2θ  =  1, we have  

cos2θ  =  1 - sin2θ

Then, 

A  =  sec θ √cos2θ

A  =  sec θ ⋅ cos θ

A  =  sec θ ⋅ (1/sec θ)

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 A  =  sec θ / sec θ

A  =  1

A  =  B  (Proved)

ACTIVITY
(To be submitted on Tuesday, ____________)
Prove the following Identities. (5 pts. each)

1. (1 - cos θ)(1 + cos θ)(1 + cot2θ)  =  1

2. cos θ/(1 - tan θ) + sin θ/(1 - cot θ)  =  sin θ + cos θ

3. tan4θ + tan2θ  =  sec4θ - sec2θ

End of fifteenth week

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 SOUTH EAST ASIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, INC.
National Highway, Crossing Rubber, Tupi, South Cotabato

COLLEGE OF EDUCATION DEPARTMENT

___________________________________________________

LEARNING MODULE
FOR
M 102: TRIGONOMETRY

_____________________________________________________

WEEK16
________________

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SOUTH EAST ASIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, INC.
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 WEEK 16
LOGARITHMS
INTRODUCTION

In its simplest form, a logarithm answers the question:

How many of one number do we multiply to get another number?

Example: How many 2s do we multiply to get 8?

Answer: 2 × 2 × 2 = 8, so we had to multiply 3 of the 2s to get 8

So the logarithm is 3

We write "the number of 2s we need to multiply to get 8 is 3" as:

log2(8) = 3 So these two things are the same:

The number we multiply is called the "base", so we can say:

 "the logarithm of 8 with base 2 is 3"

 or "log base 2 of 8 is 3"
 or "the base-2 log of 8 is 3"

Notice we are dealing with three numbers:

 the base: the number we are multiplying (a "2" in the example above)
 how often to use it in a multiplication (3 times, which is the logarithm)
 The number we want to get (an "8")

More Examples

Example: What is log5(625) ... ?

We are asking "how many 5s need to be multiplied together to get 625?"

5 × 5 × 5 × 5 = 625, so we need 4 of the 5s

Answer: log5(625) = 4

Example: What is log2(64) ... ?

We are asking "how many 2s need to be multiplied together to get 64?"

2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 = 64, so we need 6 of the 2s

Answer: log2(64) = 6

Exponents

Exponents and Logarithms are related, let's find out how ...

The exponent says how many times to use the number in a multiplication.

In this example: 23 = 2 × 2 × 2 = 8

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 (2 is used 3 times in a multiplication to get 8)

So a logarithm answers a question like this:

In this way:

The logarithm tells us what the exponent is!

In that example the "base" is 2 and the "exponent" is 3:

So the logarithm answers the question:

What exponent do we need

(for one number to become another number) ?

The general case is:

Example: What is log10(100) ... ?

102 = 100

So an exponent of 2 is needed to make 10 into 100, and:

log10(100) = 2

Example: What is log3(81) ... ?

34 = 81

So an exponent of 4 is needed to make 3 into 81, and log3(81) = 4.

PROPERTIES OF LOGARITHM

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 One important but basic property of logarithms is log b bx = x. This makes sense when you convert the
statement to the equivalent exponential equation. The result? bx = bx.

Let’s find the value of y in . Remember , so means and y

must be 2, which means . You will get the same answer that  equals 2 by using the
property that logb bx = x.

LOGARITHMIC OF A PRODUCT

Remember that the properties of exponents and logarithms are very similar. With exponents, to multiply
two numbers with the same base, you add the exponents. With logarithms, the logarithm of a product is the
sum of the logarithms.

Let’s try the following example.

Example.

Problem. Use the product property to rewrite

Answer log2 (4•8) = 5

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The Word

"Logarithm" is a word made up by Scottish mathematician John Napier (1550-1617), from the Greek word
logos meaning "proportion, ratio or word" and arithmos meaning "number", ... which together makes "ratio-
number" !

LOGARITHMIC EQUATIONS

To solve a logarithmic equation, rewrite the equation in exponential form and solve for the variable.

Example 1: Solve for x in the equation Ln(x)=8.

Solution:

Step 1: Let both sides be exponents of the base e. The equation Ln(x)=8 can be rewritten
.
Step 2: By now you should know that when the base of the exponent and the base of the logarithm
are the same, the left side can be written x. The equation can now be written .
Step 3: The exact answer is

and the approximate answer is

Check: You can check your answer in two ways. You could graph the function Ln(x)-8 and see where it
crosses the x-axis. If you are correct, the graph should cross the x-axis at the answer you derived
algebraically.You can also check your answer by substituting the value of x in the initial equation and
determine whether

the left side equals the right side. For example, if Ln(2,980.95798704)=8, you are correct. It does, and you
are correct.

Example 2: Solve for x in the equation 7Log(3x)=15.

Solution:

Step 1: Isolate the logarithmic term before you convert the logarithmic equation to an exponential
equation. Divide both sides of the original equation by 7:

Step 2: Convert the logarithmic equation to an exponential equation: If no base is indicated, it means

the base of the logarithm is 10. Recall also that logarithms are exponents, so the exponent is . The
equation

can now be written

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 Step 3: Divide both sides of the above equation by 3:

is the exact answer and is the approximate answer

PARTS OF LOGARITHMS

ACTIVITY
(To be submitted on Tuesday, ______________)
Worksheet: Logarithmic Function
1. Find the value of y.
(1) log525 =y (2) log31 =y (3) log164 =y (4) log21/8=y (5) log51 =y
(6) log28 =y (7) log71/7=y (8) log31/9=y (9) logy32 – 5 (10) log9y =−12
2. Evaluate.
(1) log31 (2) log44 (3) log773 (4)b logb3 (5) log2553

End of sixteenth week

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 SOUTH EAST ASIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, INC.
National Highway, Crossing Rubber, Tupi, South Cotabato

COLLEGE OF EDUCATION DEPARTMENT

___________________________________________________

LEARNING MODULE
FOR
M 102: TRIGONOMETRY

_____________________________________________________

WEEK 17
___________________

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SOUTH EAST ASIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, INC.
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 WEEK 17
LAWS OF LOGARITHM

The laws of logarithms

Introduction

The laws apply to logarithms of any base but the same base must be used throughout a calculation. This
law tells us how to add two logarithms together. Adding log A and log B results in the logarithm of the product
of A and B, that is log AB.
There are a number of rules known as the laws of logarithms. These allow expressions involving
logarithms to be rewritten in a variety of different ways. The laws apply to logarithms of any base but the
same base must be used throughout a calculation.
The laws of logarithms.
The three main laws are stated here

First Law
Log A+ log B= log AB

This law tells us how to add two logarithms together. Adding log A and log B results in the logarithm of
the product of A and B, that is log AB. For example, we can writelog105 + log104 = log10 (5×4) = log1020.
The same base, in this case 10, is used throughout the calculation. You should verify this by evaluating both
sides separately on your calculator.

Second Law
Log A−log B= log AB

So, subtracting log B from log A results in log A/B. For example, we can write

loge12−loge2 = loge122= loge6

The same base, in this case e, is used throughout the calculation. You should verify this by evaluating
both sides separately on your calculator.

Third Law
Log An=n log A

So, for example

log1053= 3 log105

You should verify this by evaluating both sides separately on your calculator. Two other
important results are

log 1 = 0,logmm= 1

The logarithm of 1 to any base is always 0, and the logarithm of a number to the same base is always 1.
In particular, log1010 = 1, and loge e = 1

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  Write each log in expanded form.
 
1)  Log5 xy2 =
                         Solution:  Log5 x + Log5 y2 = Log5 x + 2 Log5 y
 
2)  Log7 (xy/z2) =
 
                        Solution:  Log7 x + Log7 y - 2 Log7 z
 

3) 

 Express each as a single log.

 
1)  Log x + Log y - Log z =
 
                     Solution:  Log (xy)/z
 
2)  2 Ln x + 3 Ln y =
 
                     Solution:  Ln x2y3
 
3)  (1/2) Ln x - (1/3) Ln y =
 
SOLUTION:

                     

Writing logs as single logs can be helpful in solving many log equations.
1)  Log2 (x + 1) + Log2 3 = 4
                     Solution: First combine the logs as a single log.
                                         Log2 3(x + 1) = 4
                                      Now rewrite as an exponential equation.
                                         3(x + 1) = 24
                                       Now solve for x.
                                         3x + 3 = 16
                                         3x = 13
                                         x = 13/3  Since this doesn't make the number inside the log zero or negative, the
answer is acceptable.
 
2)  Log (x + 3) + Log x = 1
                     Solution:  Again, combine the logs as a single log.
                                         Log x(x + 3) = 1
                                       Rewrite as an exponential.
                                           x(x + 3) = 10
                                       Solve for x.

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                                           x2 + 3x = 10
                                           x2 + 3x - 10 = 0
                                           (x + 5)(x - 2) = 0
                                           x = -5 or x = 2  We have to throw out 5.  Why?  Because it makes (x + 3)
negative and we can't take the log of a negative number.  So the only answer is x = 2.
 
3)  Ln (x - 4) + Ln x = Ln 21
                     Solution:  Notice, this time we have a log on both sides.  If we write the left side as a single log,
we can use the rule that if the logs are equal, the quantity inside must be equal.
                                     Ln x(x - 4) = Ln 21
                                   Since the logs are equal, what is inside must be equal.
                                     x(x - 4) = 21
                                   Solve for x.
                                     x2 - 4x = 21
                                     x2 - 4x - 21 = 0
                                     (x - 7)(x + 3) = 0
                                      x = 7 or x = -3 

Again, we need to throw out one of the answers because it makes both quantities negative.  Throw out -3
and keep 7.  Thus, the answer is x = 7.

SUMMARY

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 ACTIVITY
(To be submitted on ____________)

Direction: Use the logarithmic law to simplify the following.

(a) log108 + log105,

(b) logx−logy,

(c) log(4x)2,

(d) Simplify 7 logx−logx5

End of seventeenth week

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