EMPOWERMENT TECHNOLOGY

• is an electronic device designed to manipulate data into more useful information.

• perform various tasks such as mathematical and engineering calculations with speed,
accuracy, and reliability

• used as a communication tool via electronic mail or phone patch through the Internet

Importance of Computer Education

• Computers have exceptional memory that can store and retrieve millions of characters.

• Through the help of the different software’s, letters, reports, manuscripts and other
Computer-Aided- Design (CAD) materials can be easily produced.

• Classroom instructions can be a lot easier through the help of the

Computer-Aided Instructions (CAI).

• Lectures and reports are done effectively through the presentation software and LCD
projector.

History of the Computer

• First numbering system was invented between 100 and 200 CE ( Common Era) by Hindus in
India

• Abacus - an ancient computing device constructed on sliding beads on a small wooden rods,
strung on a wooden frame.

Napier’s Bones

The magic ingredient is the logarithm of each operand, which was originally obtained from a printed
table. But Napier also invented an alternative to tables, where the logarithm values were carved on
ivory sticks.

Blaise Pascal (Pascaline 1642)

famous French philosopher and mathematician invented the first digital calculator.

Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibnitz’s (Stepped Reckoner (1671) )

A German mathematician who invented STEPPED RECKONER a calculating machine that can compute
addition, subtraction, multiplication, division of 5 to 12 digit numbers

Joseph-Marie Jacquard

power loom that could base its weave (and hence the design on the fabric) upon a pattern
automatically read from punched wooden cards, held together in a long row by rope
Charles Babbage (1791-1871) (The Father of Computers)

Invented the steam- powered adding machine, called the DIFFERENCE Engine ( the first modern
computer device that can automatically solvemath problems in 1821 .Later he also develop the use
of punch cards and invented the ANALYTICAL ENGINE in order to solve and print complex
mathematical operation in 1832.

• This machine would be able to

compute tables of numbers, such

as logarithm tables.

• He obtained government funding

for this project due to the

importance of numeric tables in

ocean navigation.

Ada Byron

The first Programmer

• began fashioning programs for the Analytic Engine, although still unbuilt

• invented the subroutine and was the first to recognize the importance of looping

• Hollerith’s Innovation

• By using punch cards, Hollerith created a way to store and retrieve information.

• This was the first type of read and write technology

HOWARD AIKEN ( MARK 1)

• was supported by IBM to build the ASCC computer (Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator).
The computer had mechanical relays (switches) which flip-flopped back and forth to represent
mathematical data. It was huge (of course), weighting some 35 tons with 500 miles of wiring.
The guts of the machine was comprised of IBM counting machines.

Mark I

• One early success was the Harvard Mark I computer which was built as a partnership between
Harvard and IBM in 1944.

• This was the first programmable digital computer made in the U.S.
• But it was not a purely electronic computer. Instead the Mark I was constructed out of switches,
relays, rotating shafts, and clutches.

ENIAC

• The title of forefather of today's all-electronic digital computers is usually awarded to ENIAC,
which stood for Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer.

• ENIAC was built at the University of Pennsylvania between 1943 and 1945 by two professors,
John Mauchly and the 24 year old J. Presper Eckert, who got funding from the war department
after promising they could build a machine that would replace all the "computers”

• ENIAC filled a 20 by 40 foot room, weighed 30 tons, and used more than 18,000 vacuum tubes.

UNIVAC

• The UNIVAC computer was the first commercial (mass produced) computer.

• In the 50's, UNIVAC (a contraction of "Universal Automatic Computer") was the household word
for "computer" just as "Kleenex" is for "tissue".

• UNIVAC was also the first computer to employ magnetic tape.

Types of Computers

Classification According to Purpose

General Purpose Computer

• This type of computer is programmed to handle many different functions.

• It is used in making payrolls, accounts receivables, inventory control, and

• sales analyses.

Special Purpose Computers

• There are computers designed to perform a specific set of operations. Examples of which are
digital watches, calculator, traffic light, and some highly sophisticated devices used to perform
specific task like airline reservations, industrial – processing control, and satellite
trackingClassification According to Type of Data Handled
• Analog Computers
These type of computers are specifically used for scientific and engineering applications to find
precise measurements up to the smallest unit. It deals with continuously changing data such as
pressure, temperature, and current. Speedometer is an example of this device which shows
analogous or similar changes in speed of an automobile.
• Digital Computers
These give accurate computation than the analog computers which produces discrete data with
highest degree of accuracy.
• Hybrid Computers
These type of computers are combination of the features of analog and digital computers. Like
the analog computers, these are used in solving scientific and engineering problems but are
highly reliable like the digital computer due to its 100% accuracy level. Example of the use of
these type are space vehicle simulation and training of astronauts.

Classification According to Capacity

• Supercomputers
These are the largest and fastest machines with a capacity of 50 million operations/ second.
These are used specifically in the development of nuclear weapons and to make accurate
weather forecasting.
• Large Scale Computers
Large scale computers can handle 1.5 million bytes in terms of memory and operating speed in
the low nanosecond range. These are very expensive machines which are valuable for larger
firms with thousands of employees and customers

Classification According to Capacity

• Medium – sized Computers
These type of computers have greater capacity and can handle volume of work with high -
speed. They have 32 bytes word length and 524 000 bytes memory size.
• Minicomputers
These are mid- size computers that can perform tasks that can be done by a large scale
computer. Likewise, it performs tasks at slower pace and has lesser cost.
• Microcomputers
Synonymously referred to as the personal computer, a computer designed for individual use. It
uses a microprocessor technology to make functional operations like word processing, running a
spreadsheet in the preparation of accounting forms, preparing a presentation, data base
management application, and desktop publishing.

Capabilities of a Computer
• Speed
With speed reaching up to 50 million operations per second, the computer can process data
faster than any other machine designed to perform similar task.

• Repetitiveness
A computer can tirelessly perform the same operations millions of times in exactly the same way
without getting bored like a human being does.
• Accuracy
No other system can produce as accurate as a computer system does. It performs task with
high- speed processing and is accompanied with high- accuracy results, too.
• Logical Operations
The computer can make decisions based on alternative courses of action. The decisions of the
computer are dependent on the choices prepared for it by the programmer.
• Store and Recall Information
Computers, like a human brain, have a unique capability of storing and retrieving large amount
of information, programs, and instructions.
• Self – checking
A parity check is installed in the computer to enable it to verify the accuracy of its own work. It is
capable of counting information contained in its memory to assure of no loss of data during the
time of processing.
• Self – operating
A computer is capable of executing instructions on its own. Once data had been fed into the
machine memory, it goes on without any human intervention until finished.

INFORMATION & COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES

• Deals with the use of different communication technologies such as mobile phones, telephone,
internet, etc. to locate, save, send and edit information.

Features of Web 2.0

• Folksonomy
- allows users to categorize and classify/ arrange information using freely chosen keywords.
Popular social networking sites such as Twitter, Instagram, Facebook use tags that start with the
pound sign (#). This is also referred to as hashtag.
Features of Web 2.0
• Rich Users Experience
- content is dynamic and is responsive to users input.
• User Participation
- the owner of the website is not the only one who is able to put content. Other are able to
place a content of their own by means of comments, reviews, and evaluation. Some websites
allows readers to comment on an article, participate in a poll, or review a specific product.
• Long Tail
-services that are offered on demand rather than on a one-time purchase. In certain cases, time
– based pricing is better than file size-based pricing or vise versa.
• Software as a Service
- users will subscribe to a software only when needed rather than purchasing them. This is
cheaper option if you do not always need to use a software.
• Mass Participation
- diverse information sharing through universal web access. Since most users can use the
Internet, Web 2.0’s content is based on people from various cultures.

Web 3.0 and the Semantic Web

• Semantic Web
is an extension of the Web through standards by the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C).The
standards promote common data formats and exchange protocols on the Web, most
fundamentally the Resource Description Framework (RDF).
 Web 3.0is yet to be realized because of several problems:
• COMAPTIBILITY
- HTML files and current web browser could not support Web 3.0.
• SECURITY
- the user’s security is also in question since the machine is saving his or her preferences.
• VASTNESS
- the World Wide Web already contains billions of web page.
• VAGUENESS
- certain words are imprecise. The words “old” and “small” is depend on the user.
• LOGIC
- since machines use logic, there are certain limitations for a computer to be able to predict
what are the user is referring to a given time.

6 types of Social Media

• Social Networks
- sites that allow you to connect with other people with the same interest or background.
• Bookmarking Sites
- are sites that allow you to store and manage links to various websites and resources.
• Social News
- site that allow users to post their own news items or links to other news source. The users can
also comment on the post and comments may also be ranked.
• Media Sharing
- these are sites that allow you to upload and share media content like images, music and video.
Most of these sites have additional social feature like liking, commenting and having user
profiles
• Microblogging
- these are sites that focus on short updates from the user.
• Blogs and Forums
- these websites allow users to post their content. Other users are able to comment on the said
topic.
• ASSISTIVE MEDIA
Is a nonprofit service designed to help people who have visual and reading impairments.