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TOPIC 1

INTEGRATED NAVIGATION
SYSTEM (INS) & INTEGRATED
BRIDGE SYSTEM (IBS)

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LEARNING OBJECTIVES

Understands the objectives, capabilities,

limitations and Integrity monitoring needs
of Integrated Navigation System (INS) and
Integrated Bridge System (IBS)

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Integrated Navigation System (INS)

An integrated navigation system can be defined as a

combination of systems, which are interconnected in
order to allow centralized access to sensor information. A
well-designed system will have centralized command and
control of the main functions and features.

The main purpose of the INS is to provide “added value”

to the function and information needed by the navigator
during planning, monitoring and control of the ship. Thus
the INS should improve safety and contribute to efficient
navigation of the ship in all waters, and during all types
of weather conditions.

The most important part of any INS is a highly qualified

operator.
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INTEGRATED NAVIGATION SYSTEM (INS)

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IMO RESOLUTION MSC.252(83) - ADOPTION OF THE REVISED

PERFORMANCE STANDARDS FOR INTEGRATED NAVIGATION
SYSTEMS (INS) - adopted on 8 October 2007

1 Purpose of integrated navigation systems

2 Scope
3 Application of these performance standards
4 Definitions
Module A – Integration of Information
5 Requirements for integration of navigational information
Module B – Task related requirements for Integrated Navigation Systems
6 Operational requirements
7 Task and functional requirements for an INS
8 Functional requirements for INS task stations
9 Functional requirements for displays of INS
10 Human Machine Interface
11 INS Back-up requirements and redundancies
12 System failures and fallback arrangement
13 Technical requirements

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Module C – Alert management

14 Purpose
15 Scope
16 Application
17 Definitions
18 General requirements
19 Priorities and categories
20 State of alerts
21 Consistent presentation of alerts within the INS
22 Central alert management HMI
23 Acknowledgement and cancellation location
24 Self-monitoring of alert management
25 Interface requirements for alert related communication
25 Interface requirements for alert related communication
Module D – Documentation requirements
27 Manuals
28 Information regarding the system configuration
29 Failure analysis
30 Guidance to equipment manufacturers for the provision of onboard familiarization
material
Appendix 1,2,3,4,5,6
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PURPOSE OF INS AS PER IMO RES MSC 252(83)

➢ Enhance the safety of navigation by providing integrated and

augmented functions to avoid geographic, traffic and
environmental hazards
➢ Provide “added value” for the operator to plan, monitor and/or
control safety of navigation and progress of the ship by
combining and integrating functions and information
➢ Integrity monitoring by evaluating inputs from several sources
➢ Present correct, timely, and unambiguous information to the
users and provide subsystems and subsequent functions within
the INS and other connected equipment with this information.
➢ Support mode and situation awareness
➢ Keep workload within the capacity of the operator to
❖ enhance safe and expeditious navigation
❖ complement the mariner's capabilities
❖ compensate for the mariner’s limitations
➢ Accommodate user

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Integrated Bridge System (IBS)

An IBS is defined as combinations of systems which are

interconnected in order to allow centralized access to
sensor information or command/control from
workstations, with the aim of increasing safe and efficient
ship’s management by suitably qualified personnel.

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System requirement as per IMO

Resolution MSC.64(67), Performance
Standard of IBS
The IBS should support systems performing two or more
of the following operations:
1.. passage execution;
2.. communications;
3.. machinery control;
4.. loading, discharging and cargo control; and
5.. safety and security

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(INS) vs (IBS)
Both manufacturers and users of integrated systems seem
to use the names INS and IBS as if they were the same
thing. This is not correct since INS and IBS are actually
two different systems.

An INS is a combination of systems that are

interconnected to increase safe and efficient navigation
and traffic surveillance when used by suitably qualified
personnel.

An IBS is defined as combinations of systems which are

interconnected to increase safe and efficient ship’s
management when used by suitably qualified personnel.

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INS Main Objectives

The main objectives of an INS-system are to

assist the navigator in the following main tasks:

❖ Avoid grounding
❖ Avoid collision
❖ Avoid weather damage
❖ Monitor the total system

These objectives should be obtained safely with

minimum operator interactions.

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INS/IBS Main Parts

1.The human operator, who is to evaluate available

information, decides on the actions to be taken and
executes the decisions
2.The human/machine interface, which shall ensure that
the technical system is designed with due regard to human
abilities
3.The procedures, which shall ensure that the total bridge
system performs satisfactorily under different operating
conditions
4.The technical system, which is to deduce and present
information as well as enable the proper setting of course
and speed.

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The Human operator

The term “qualified operator” can be interpreted

in many ways. In relation to operation of an INS
system on a ship sailing in confined waters under
all kind of weather and traffic conditions,
“qualified operator” means a person who has the
qualifications, capacity and quality required for
the functions to be carried out and the decisions
to be made.

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Human/Machine interface (HMI)

The HMI shall ensure that the technical system is designed
with due regard to human abilities. Today, all
manufacturers of I.N.S claim in their marketing brochures
and manuals that they have focused on HMI and user
friendliness, and given this subject high priority during the
design stage.
Nevertheless, none of the INS systems on the market today
can be said to have optimal HMI. Some of the systems try
to give the impression of user friendliness by reducing the
number of push buttons on the operator panel to an
absolute minimum. Layers of menus and a number of
operations replace the push buttons, which often give
direct access to frequently used functions. From an
operational and safety point of view this is not a good
solution and certainly not what the average operator wants
and needs.

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Operational procedures

The operational procedures shall ensure that the

“whole bridge system” performs satisfactorily
under different operating conditions. In order to
maintain a high degree of safety, the operational
procedures must include optional operational
procedures for different operating conditions
such as technical system failure, human failure,
emergency situations etc.

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The Technical System

The technical system should be designed to

deduce and present information in a straight
forward way with minimum operator interaction
as well as enable proper setting of operational
parameters, i.e. course, speed, warning limits
etc.

Technical functions and features should be

grouped and secured in a logical way using
standard names, symbols and units in order to
minimize product training and
misunderstandings.
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INS System Architecture

The main components

are:

Radar/ARPA GPS/DGPS
ECDIS Gyro compass
Autopilot Speed log
A.I.S. Echo sounder
Conning display Anemometer

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ARPA
The ARPA is one of the main sub-systems in any INS. There are many
different ARPA systems on the market; unfortunately few of the
systems meet the navigator’s requirements to user friendliness and
unambiguous information output. The main purpose of the ARPA
system is to provide the navigator with relevant and accurate
information about other ships and objects in the area.

Electronic Chart Information & Display System (ECDIS)

The ECDIS is another important part of INS. An ECDIS is a system that
displays hydrographic information, which may be combined, with
information provided by electronic position-fixing systems to assist in
safe navigation of a vessel. The main purpose ECDIS system is
continuous real time presentation of own ships position, provide easy
access to chart related information, increase safety for ship and crew
and reduce operator workload.

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Autopilot
Properly installed and adjusted autopilot normally steer the ship with excellent
course keeping capabilities. Conventional autopilots need to be adjusted
manually according to ships load - and weather/sea condition. Some of the
computerized autopilots nowadays are adaptive, i.e. self-adjusting.

Automatic Identification System (AIS)

This is a collision avoidance system independent of land based station support.
The system is able to automatically identify and plot other ships equipped with
AIS within VHF range, i.e. approximately 25 nautical miles. All SOLAS ships
are required to install AIS transponders.

Conning display
This is a screen based information system providing sensor input data and
corresponding orders related to the ships course, speed, turns and route
keeping.
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Global Positioning System (GPS)

All ships carry a GPS receiver, and most ships carry more than one unit. GPS
is to day the most commonly used navigation system in the world. The
reliability, position accuracy, user friendliness, availability of low price receivers
and toll free use of the signals have made the GPS without competitors. GPS is
a dynamic system as it constantly updates the information the navigator needs.

Gyro compass
A modern gyrocompass is a north seeking precision instrument found on almost
all merchant ships today.

Speed log
The main purpose of the ships speed log is to provide information about the
ships speed through water or the ships speed over ground. If only a doppler log
is installed, it must be able to provide speed through water for input to the
ARPA system.

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Echo sounder
This is one of the “old” electronic navigation aids that still play an
important role in navigation of ships. Its main purpose is to give
information about the water depth. In a modern INS system the
echo sounder may work in connection with the “anti grounding
system”.

Anemometer
Sensors supplying wind information may be integrated with the INS
system in order to provide true and relative wind direction and
speed information.
.

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INS System Architecture

The optional components include:

Loran C
GLONASS
Closed Circuit TV
Docking Display
Speed Pilot
Alarm and Warning System
Hull Monitoring System
Night Vision Camera
Voyage Data Recorder

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Loran C
The Loran C positioning system may be used as a back up for GPS. The
accuracy is not as good as GPS and the coverage is not worldwide.

GLONASS
This is the Russian equivalent to GPS.

Closed Circuit Television

Some ships are equipped with Closed Circuit TV (CCTV). The CCTV is
often used to monitor areas not otherwise visible from the bridge.

Docking display
The docking display provides the most essential information on one display
during low speed manoeuvring, typical when entering and leaving harbour.
Additional Docking displays may be positioned on the ships bridge wings.
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Hull Monitoring System

The main purpose of this system is to detect stress and forces acting on the
ships hull and present the result in a straightforward way on the ships
..
bridge.

Bridge Alarm System

The purpose of this system is to detect irregularities in bridge operation
caused by operator disability, and alert another qualified person.

Speed Pilot
The purpose of the Speed Pilot is to automatically apply necessary engine
power in order to meet pre-programmed ETA or speed requirements.

Voyage Data Recorder

The purpose of the VDR is to store shipboard data like the “black-box”
carried on aircraft for accident investigation.

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SHIP FLUID LEVEL (PRESSURE, TEMPERATURE,

DRAFT) MONITORING SYSTEM (CARGO, BALLAST)

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NAVTEX/WEATHER FAX MACHINE

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IMO CIRCULARS

Resolution MSC.252(83) - Adoption of the Revised Performance

Standards for Integrated Navigation Systems (INS) - (Adopted on 8 Oct
2007)

MSC/Circular.1061 - Guidance for the Operational Use of Integrated

Bridge Systems (IBS) - (adopted on 6 Jan 2003)

Resolution MSC.86(70)
Adoption of New and Amended Performance Standards
for Navigational Equipment Annex 3 INS (Adopted on 8 Dec 1998)

Resolution MSC.64(67) - Adoption of New and Amended Performance

Standards Annex 1 IBS (Adopted on 4 December 1996)

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Limitations of the INS/IBS system

All systems have limitations! The most important thing to know about any
system is the system limitations. This knowledge may some day save your
life. Unfortunately system limitations are not a hot issue in the manufacturer's
system manuals. However, the professional operator will try to obtain the best
possible understanding about his system and the system limitations.
There are several ways of obtaining such information, here are some:
• Use the system as much as possible in open waters with little or no traffic in
order to familiarize with the steering modes, steering and turning abilities,
positioning stability, trial and planning features, warning settings etc.
• Familiarize yourself with the system manuals
• Try to establish contact with experienced users of the system in order to
exchange important system information
• Contact the manufacturer and ask about things which are not clear
• Try to find some useful information on the internet
• Ask your company for a course on INS

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INTEGRITY MONITORING
Integrity monitoring is an intrinsic function of the INS. The INS supports safety of
navigation by evaluating inputs from several sources, combining them to provide
information giving timely alerts of dangerous situations and system failures and
degradation of integrity of this information.

IMO Res MSC.252(83) Para 5.5 Module A – Integration of Information

1. The integrity of data should be monitored and verified automatically before
being used, or displayed.
2. The integrity of information should be verified by comparison of the data derived
independently from at least two sensors and/or sources, if available.
3. The INS should provide manual or automatic means to select the most accurate
method of integrity monitoring from the available sensors and/or sources.
4. A clear indication of the sensors and sources of data selected for integrity
monitoring should be provided.
5. The INS should provide a warning, if integrity verification is not possible or
failed.
6. Data which fails the integrity monitoring function or data where integrity
monitoring is not possible should not be used for automatic control
systems/functions.

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IBS SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS

IMO Resolution MSC.64(67) Annex 1 para 2 - Performance
Standards for Integrated Bridge Systems (IBS)

The IBS should support systems performing

two or more of the following operations:

1. Passage execution
2. Communications
3. Machinery control
4. Loading, discharging and cargo control
5. Safety and security

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Definition of IBS as per IMO Resolution

MSC.64(67)

An integrated bridge system (IBS) is defined as a

combination of systems which are interconnected in
order to allow centralized access to sensor information
or command/control from workstations, with the aim of
increasing safe and efficient ship’s management by
suitably qualified personnel.

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Assignment Questions
1. Define the following
a) Integrated Navigation System (INS)
b) Integrated Bridge System (IBS)
2. Explain the purpose of the Integrated Navigation System (INS) as per
IMO Resolution MSC.252(83)
3. What is the scope of navigational tasks of an Integrated Navigation
System (INS) as per IMO Resolution MSC 252(83) ?
4. Define the following terms of an Integrated Navigation System (INS) as
per IMO Resolution MSC 252(83) :
i) Alarm ii) Warning iii) Caution
iv) Human Machine Interface v) Integrity vi) Situation Awareness
5. List separately the main and optional components of an Integrated
Navigation System (INS).
6. What are the requirements of the IBS system as per IMO Resolution MSC
64(67), Performance Standards for Integrated Bridge Systems (IBS).

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Reference

1. Resolution MSC.64(67), Recommendation on Performance Standard for

IBS.
2. Resolution MSC.252(83), Recommendation on Performance Standard
for INS (adopted on 8 October 2007)
3. Resolution MSC.86(70) Annex 3 Adoption of New and Amended
Performance Standards for Navigational Equipment (adopted on 8
December 1998)
4. Electronic Aids to Navigation 3rd Edn ; L Tetley & D Calcutt
5. Integrated Bridge Systems Volume 1 & 2, Dr. Andy Norris, NI
6. http://www.marineinsight.com/marine-navigation/what-is-integrated-
bridge-system-ibs-on-ships/
7. IMO Model Course 1.32

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