CV3018Jan-May2019May3 Slides 1066-1136

CV3018 DESIGN OF
STEEL MEMBERS
Session 23
Design of Members for Combined
Forces
Chapters C and H of AISC Manual
JAN-MAY, 2019 CARLOS ENRIQUE NUNGARAY PÉREZ 1066
Design of Beam-Columns
In the design of beam-columns the effect of the
axial force acting through the deformed beam-
column must be taken into account
The foregoing gives raise to the so-called
Second-Order Effects, which can be of two
types:
Second-order effects P-δ, which take place when the
beam-column does not exhibit lateral displacement
Second-order effects P-∆, which take place when the
beam-column exhibits lateral displacement
1
Ref.: Salmon, Johnson & Malhas
P-δ second-order effect
without intermediate load
(Note that there is no
relative lateral
displacement between
the ends of the column)
P-δ second-order effect

with intermediate load
Reference: Salmon, Johnson and

Malhas.
2
P-∆ second-order
effect. It occurs when
the beam-column
suffers lateral
displacement
(unbraced frame)
Reference: Salmon, Johnson and

Malhas.
Ways to include the second-order effects in
design:
By means of a computational program with

capabilities to carry out second order analyses (P-δ
and P-∆)
By means of amplification factors applied to the

axial force and bending moments resulting from a
first-order analysis (AISC approach)
3
Calculation of the required strengths for beam-columns by means of
amplification factors:
Mnt = first-order bending moments assuming there is no lateral
translation
Mlt = first-order bending moments due to lateral translation only
Pnt = first-order axial force assuming there is no lateral translation
Plt = first-order axial force due to lateral translation only
M r = B1M nt + B2 M lt
Pr = Pnt + B2 Plt
B1 , B2 are amplification factors
AISC-LRFD amplification factors for bending moments:
P-δ second-order effect (B1)
Cm
B1 = ≥ 1.0
α Pr
1−
Pe1
2
π EI
Pe1 = 2
; K1 ≤ 1.0
( K1L )
 0.6 − 0.4 ( M 1 M 2 )
Cm = 
1.00 or by analysis
α = 1.00 for LRFD
4
AISC-LRFD amplification factors for bending moments:
P-∆ second-order effect (B2)
1
B2 = ; This equation is no longer in use
α ∑ Pnt
1−
∑P e2
π 2 EI
∑P e2 =∑
( K2 L)
2
; K 2 > 1.0
1 HL  P 
B2 = ; Pe story = RM ; RM = 1 − 0.15  mf 
αP ∆H P
1 − story  story 
Pe story
α = 1.00 for LRFD AISC 360 − 16
AISC-LRFD amplification factors for the axial force:
1
B2 =
α ∑ Pnt
1−
∑P e2
π 2 EI
∑ Pe2 = ∑ 2
; K 2 > 1.0
( K2 L )
1
B2 =
 ∆H 
1 − α ∑ Pnt 
 R ∑ HL 
 M 
α = 1.00 for LRFD
5
Reference: AISC Manual
Design of Beam - Columns
6
Pr Pr
For ≥ 0.2 For < 0.2
Pc Pc
Pr  M rx M ry 
Pr 8  M rx M ry  + +  ≤ 1.0
+  +  ≤ 1.0 2 Pc  M cx M cy 
Pc 9  M cx M cy 
1 9
pPr + bx M rx + by M ry ≤ 1.0 pPr + ( bx M rx + by M ry ) ≤ 1.0
2 8
The above is other way to write the interaction equations
The coefficients p, bx, and by are obtained from Table 6-1 of the
14th Edition of the AISC Manual
The new AISC Manual has a different table
7
In the previous slide, the quantities p, bx, and by are
given by the following equations:
1
p=
φc Pn
8
bx =
9φb M nx
8
by =
9φb M ny
A note on the coefficient bx:
When Cb≠1 the value of bx from Table 6-1 needs

to be modified to take into account the effect of
moment gradient according to the following
expression:
( bx )C =1
bx mod = b
≥ ( bx )L
b =0
Cb
8
Design of Beam-Columns: Procedure
1. Start with the interaction equation corresponding to
significant axial load (if you are dealing with a low axial
load case, you may want to start with the
corresponding interaction equation):
Pr ≥ 0.2φc Pn
pPr + bx M rx + by M ry ≤ 1

2. Assume that either Pr (axial load effect), Mrx (x-axis
bending), or Mry (y-axis bending) is the dominant effect
3. Temporarily neglect the effects of the non-dominant
terms or use average values of the coefficients p, bx,
and/or by of the non-dominant terms (see Table
12.12.1 in Salmon, Johnson, and Malhas’ book)
9
4. Solve for the required value of the coefficient of the
dominant term.
Keep in mind to leave some allowance for the non-
dominant terms if you temporarily neglected them
1
preqd < for Pr controling
Pr
1
bxreqd < for M rx controling
M rx
1
byreqd < for M ry controling
M ry

5. Other possibility for Step 4 is to use a table
containing the average values of p, bx, and by,
such as the one in Salmon, Johnson, and
Malhas’ book (see Table 12.12.1)
6. Based on the required value in Step 4 or Step
5, use Table 6-1 of the AISC Manual to make a
preliminary selection
7. Check the adequacy of the selected shape
using the appropriate interaction equation
10
Reference: Salmon, Johnson, and Malhas (2009)
CV3018 DESIGN OF
STEEL MEMBERS
Example 1
11
Beam-Column Design Example 1
Design the beams and columns for the frame shown below
The beams have lateral supports @ 8 ft
Columns are braced at the ends so that K=1 for out of plane buckling
Lateral loads are wind loads
w L = 2.0 k/ft, w D = 1.8 k/ft
2.9 k
w L = 2.0 k/ft, w D = 1.8 k/ft

5.8 k
Floor height = 12 ft
Altura de cada piso = 12'
Vigas W 18X65
24'

21.6 k 24.0 k 0.9 k
61.7 k-ft 68.5 k-ft 11.4 k-ft

wL = 2.0 k/ft, w D = 1.8 k/ft
2.9 k
49.3 k-ft 54.8 k-ft 6.0 k-ft
wL = 2.0 k/ft, w D = 1.8 k/ft

5.8 k
43.2 k 48.0 k 3.24 k

Floor height:
Altura de cada12 ft = 12'
piso
Vigas W18X65 24.7 k-ft 27.5 k-ft 21.5 k-ft
24' 12.4 k-ft 13.75 k-ft 30.7 k-ft
Taken from: Bjorhovde, Disque, and Geschwindner

Muerta Viva Viento
Dead Live Wind
12
Assignment #22
Compute factored loads
Design the beams neglecting the effects of the
axial force
Use the selected shapes for the beams for
beam-column design
Carry out the final design checks including the
effects of the axial force in beams and beam-
columns (Assignment for the students)
Beam - Column Design Example 1

Applicable load combinations:
1 .2 D + 1 . 6 L
1 . 2 D + 0 . 8W
1 .2 D + 0 .5 L + 1 .6W
13
Design of the Beams
Top beam:
1.8 kip/ft 2.0 kip/ft
Mmax = 67.9 Mmax = 75.5

61.7 61.7 68.8 68.8 11.4 11.4
(D) (L) (W)
Bottom beam:
1.8 kip/ft 2.0 kip/ft
Mmax = 55.6 Mmax = 61.7

74 74 82.3 82.3 27.5 27.5
(D) (L) (W)

Design of the Beams: Critical Beam

By inspection the critical beam based on the
moment value is the one in the first level (bottom
beam) but the top beam may be critical because
of lateral-torsional buckling.
Bottom beam 1.2 D + 1.6 L :
M u = (1.2 )( 74 ) + (1.6 )( 82.3 ) = 220.5 kip − ft
Bottom beam 1.2 D + 0.5 L + 1.6W :
M u = (1.2 )( 74 ) + ( 0.5 )( 82.3) + (1.6 )( 27.5 ) = 174.0 kip − ft
Top beam 1.2 D + 1.6 L :

M u = (1.2 )( 67.9 ) + (1.6 )( 75.5 ) = 202.3 kip − ft
14
Design of the Beams
Select the beams based on the maximum
moment
220.5 ×12
Zx = = 58.80 in 3 → W 18 × 35
0.9 × 50
Z x = 66.5 in3
φb M px = 249 kip − ft ; Lp = 4.31 ft
φb M rx = 151 kip − ft ; Lr = 12.3 ft
φ BF = 12.3 kips
Design of the Beams

Checking lateral-torsional buckling of the bottom
beam:
For Lb = 8 ft and Cb = 1.0 :
Since L p = 4.31 ft < Lb = 8 ft < Lr = 12.3 ft
φb M nx = 249 − (12.3)( 8 − 4.31) = 203.6 kip − ft
220.5
Cbreq´ d = = 1.083 < Cbactual ∴ OK
203.6
Use W 18 × 35 for the beams
15
Design of the Beams
Checking the top beam by lateral-torsional
buckling:
For Lb = 8 ft and Cb = 1.0 :

φb M nx = 249 − (12.3)( 8 − 4.31) = 203.6 kip − ft
202.3
Cbreq´ d = = 0.9935 < Cbactual ∴ OK
203.6
Use W 18 × 35 for the beams
Design of the Columns

Assume the top column is critical because of the
large moments (the axial force acting on the
columns is not too big in these low-rise frames)
The critical load combination for the top column
is:
1.2 D + 1.6 L
Wind load does not produce the critical load
condition (no lt components)
16
Pnt = 64.32 kips
First-order factored
axial force and
bending moments: Mnt top = 183.6 kip-ft
Pnt = (1.2 )( 21.6 ) + (1.6 )( 24 ) = 64.32 kips

M nt = (1.2 )( 61.7 ) + (1.6 )( 68.5 ) = 183.6 kip − ft
Plt = 0; M lt = 0
Mnt bott = 146.8 kip-ft

Calculation of second-order effects
Pr = Pnt + B2 Plt = Pnt

M r = B1M nt + B2 M lt = B1M nt
17
 146.8 
Cmx = 0.6 − ( 0.4 )   = 0.2802
 183.6 
→ B1x = 1.0 ( Cmx is too low )
Pr = Pnt + B2 Plt = Pnt = 64.32 kips
M r = B1M nt + B2 M lt = M nt = 183.6 kip − ft

Try a W12 shape with the bending moment as the
dominant effect
From Table 12.12.1, KL=12 ft (y-axis buckling assumed):
pavg = 1.08 × 10 −3 kips −1
1 − (1.08 × 10 −3 ) ( 64.32 ) −1
bxreq ´ d ≤ = 5.068 × 10 −3 ( kip − ft )
183.6
From Table 6-1, Try a W 12 × 40
 p = 2.84 × 10 −3 kips −1 ; bx = 4.79 × 10 −3 ( kip − ft )−1 
 
−1
For Lb = 0 ft and Cb = 1.0, bx = 4.16 × 10 −3 ( kip − ft )
18
19
Column behavior of the selected shape
K y = 1.0 → ( KL ) y = 12 ft
For x-axis buckling:
Gtop =
∑ ( I / L) cols
=
307
12 = 1.204
∑ ( I / L) beams
510
24
2 × 307
Gbottom = 12 = 2.408
510
24
Kx =
(1.6 )(1.204 )( 2.408 ) + ( 4 )(1.204 + 2.408 ) + 7.5 = 1.547
1.204 + 2.408 + 7.5

( KL ) x = (1.547 )(12 ) = 18.56 ft

18.56
( KL ) yeq = = 7.031 ft < ( KL ) y = 12 ft
2.64
y-axis buckling controls
p = 2.84 × 10 −3 kips −1
1
φc Pn = = 352.1 kips
p
20
Beam behavior of the selected shape
Lb = 12 ft
M max = 183.6 kip − ft
M A = 101.0; M B = 18.40; M C = 64.22 all in kip − ft
Cb =
(12.5 )(183.6 )
( 2.5 )(183.6 ) + ( 3)(101.0 + 64.22 ) + ( 4 )(18.40 )
4.79 × 10−3
Cb = 2.232 → bx mod = = 2.146 × 10−3 < ( bx ) L = 0
2.232 b

−1
( bx ) L =0 = 4.16 ×10−3 ( kip − ft )
b
−1
∴ bx mod = 4.16 × 10−3 ( kip − ft )
8 1
φb M nx = ×
9 bx mod
8 1
φb M nx = × = 213.7 kip − ft
9 4.16 × 10−3 ( kip − ft ) −1
21
Evaluation of the interaction equation
pPr = ( 2.84 × 10−3 ) ( 64.32 ) = 0.1827 < 0.2

pPr 9
∴ + bx M rx ≤ 1.0
2 8
0.1827 9
+ × 4.16 × 10−3 × 183.6 = 0.9506 < 1.0 OK
2 8
W 12 × 40 is adequate
22
If a W14 shape is selected for the columns of the frame,
with the bending moment as the dominant effect
From Table 12.12.1, KL=12 ft (y-axis buckling assumed):
pavg = 0.68 × 10 −3 kips −1
1 − ( 0.68 × 10 −3 ) ( 64.32 ) −1
bxreq´ d ≤ = 5.208 × 10 −3 ( kip − ft )
183.6
From Table 6-1, Try a W 14 × 38
 p = 3.73 × 10 −3 kips −1 bx = 5.00 × 10 −3 ( kip − ft ) 
−1
 
−1
For Lb = 0 ft and Cb = 1.0, bx = 3.85 × 10 −3 ( kip − ft )

23

K y = 1.0
For x-axis buckling
385
Gtop = 12 = 1.510
510
24
2 × 385
Gbottom = 12 = 3.020
510
24
Kx =
(1.6 )(1.510 )( 3.020 ) + ( 4 )(1.510 + 3.020 ) + 7.5 = 1.654
1.510 + 3.020 + 7.5
24
( KL ) x = (1.654 )(12 ) = 19.85 ft

19.85
( KL ) yeq = = 5.237 ft < ( KL ) y = 12 ft
3.79
y-axis buckling controls
p = 3.73 × 10 −3 kips −1
1
φc Pn = = 268.1 kips
p

Lb = 12 ft
M max = 183.6 kip − ft
M A = 101.0; M B = 18.40; M C = 64.22 all kip − ft
Cb =
(12.5 )(183.6 )
( 2.5 )(183.6 ) + ( 3)(101.0 + 64.22 ) + ( 4 )(18.40 )
5.00 × 10 −3
Cb = 2.232 → bx mod = = 2.240 × 10−3 < ( bx ) L =0
2.232 b
25
−1
( bx ) L =0 = 3.85 × 10−3 ( kip − ft )
b
−1
∴ bx mod = 3.85 × 10 −3 ( kip − ft )
8 1
φb M nx = ×
9 bx mod
8 1
φb M nx = × = 230.9 kip − ft
9 3.85 × 10 −3 ( kip − ft )−1

Evaluation of the interaction equation
pPr = 3.73 × 10−3 × 64.32 = 0.2399 > 0.2

pPr + bx M rx = 0.2399 + ( 3.85 × 10 −3 ) (183.6 ) = 0.9468
pPr + bx M rx < 1.0 OK
W 14 × 38 is also adequate
26

Conclusion:
Use W18x35 for the beams and W12x40 or W14x38

for the columns
The frame must be reanalyzed in order to verify that

the selected shapes are adequate to resist the loads,
based on the results of a structural analysis using the
actual properties of the members
27
Frame to be Designed
Dead Load
28
Live Load
Wind Load
29
Analysis Results – Axial Force (D)
Analysis Results – Axial Force (L)
30
Analysis Results – Axial Force (W)
Analysis Results – Moment (D)
31
Analysis Results – Moment (L)
Analysis Results – Moment (W)
32
Analysis Results – Shear (D)
Analysis Results – Shear (L)
33
Analysis Results – Shear (W)
CV3018 DESIGN OF STEEL MEMBERS
DIRECT ANALYSIS METHOD
34
Direct Analysis Method: Steps
1. Develop an analysis model
2. Determine the lateral loads
3. Calculate the notional loads
4. Perform 2nd order analysis
5. Design beams and girders
Direct Analysis Method: Steps

6. Design compression members and braces
7. Design beam-columns
8. Check seismic drift limits (not in this course)
9. Check seismic P-∆ limits (not in this course)
10. Check wind drift limits (not in this course)
35
Diseño de Estructuras de Acero
36

CV3018Jan-May2019May3 Slides 1066-1136

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CV3018 DESIGN OF

JAN-MAY, 2019 CARLOS ENRIQUE NUNGARAY PÉREZ 1066

Ref.: Salmon, Johnson & Malhas

JAN-MAY, 2019 CARLOS ENRIQUE NUNGARAY PÉREZ 1068

P-δ second-order effect

Reference: Salmon, Johnson and

Reference: Salmon, Johnson and

By means of a computational program with

By means of amplification factors applied to the

JAN-MAY, 2019 CARLOS ENRIQUE NUNGARAY PÉREZ 1071

Reference: AISC Manual

JAN-MAY, 2019 CARLOS ENRIQUE NUNGARAY PÉREZ 1076

Design of Beam - Columns

Reference: AISC Manual

JAN-MAY, 2019 CARLOS ENRIQUE NUNGARAY PÉREZ 1077

Reference: AISC Manual

JAN-MAY, 2019 CARLOS ENRIQUE NUNGARAY PÉREZ 1078

The above is other way to write the interaction equations

JAN-MAY, 2019 CARLOS ENRIQUE NUNGARAY PÉREZ 1079

When Cb≠1 the value of bx from Table 6-1 needs

JAN-MAY, 2019 CARLOS ENRIQUE NUNGARAY PÉREZ 1081

Design of Beam-Columns: Procedure

JAN-MAY, 2019 CARLOS ENRIQUE NUNGARAY PÉREZ 1083

Design of Beam-Columns: Procedure

JAN-MAY, 2019 CARLOS ENRIQUE NUNGARAY PÉREZ 1085

JAN-MAY, 2019 CARLOS ENRIQUE NUNGARAY PÉREZ 1087

w L = 2.0 k/ft, w D = 1.8 k/ft

Beam-Column Design Example 1

61.7 k-ft 68.5 k-ft 11.4 k-ft

49.3 k-ft 54.8 k-ft 6.0 k-ft

wL = 2.0 k/ft, w D = 1.8 k/ft

43.2 k 48.0 k 3.24 k

Vigas W18X65 24.7 k-ft 27.5 k-ft 21.5 k-ft

24' 12.4 k-ft 13.75 k-ft 30.7 k-ft

Taken from: Bjorhovde, Disque, and Geschwindner

JAN-MAY, 2019 CARLOS ENRIQUE NUNGARAY PÉREZ 1089

JAN-MAY, 2019 CARLOS ENRIQUE NUNGARAY PÉREZ 1090

Beam - Column Design Example 1

JAN-MAY, 2019 CARLOS ENRIQUE NUNGARAY PÉREZ 1091

Mmax = 67.9 Mmax = 75.5

(D) (L) (W)

Mmax = 55.6 Mmax = 61.7

(D) (L) (W)

Design of the Beams: Critical Beam

Top beam 1.2 D + 1.6 L :

JAN-MAY, 2019 CARLOS ENRIQUE NUNGARAY PÉREZ 1093

JAN-MAY, 2019 CARLOS ENRIQUE NUNGARAY PÉREZ 1094

Design of the Beams

For Lb = 8 ft and Cb = 1.0 :

JAN-MAY, 2019 CARLOS ENRIQUE NUNGARAY PÉREZ 1096

Design of the Columns

Pnt = (1.2 )( 21.6 ) + (1.6 )( 24 ) = 64.32 kips

Mnt bott = 146.8 kip-ft

JAN-MAY, 2019 CARLOS ENRIQUE NUNGARAY PÉREZ 1098

Design of the Columns

Pr = Pnt + B2 Plt = Pnt

JAN-MAY, 2019 CARLOS ENRIQUE NUNGARAY PÉREZ 1099

Design of the Columns

Design of the Columns

JAN-MAY, 2019 CARLOS ENRIQUE NUNGARAY PÉREZ 1103

Design of the Columns

( KL ) x = (1.547 )(12 ) = 18.56 ft