RESPONSE OF BUILDING

TO EARTHQUAKE GROUND
MOTION AND SOIL
LIQUEFACTION

19122041 P.SINDHURA
19122055 RITWIK HALDER

EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT ARCHITECTURE

Soil Liquefaction
INTRODUCTION
SOIL LIQUEFACTION IS A PHENOMENON IN WHICH THE STRENGTH
AND STIFFNESS OF A SOIL IS REDUCED BY EARTHQUAKE SHAKING
OR OTHER RAPID LOADING. LIQUEFACTION AND RELATED
PHENOMENA HAVE BEEN RESPONSIBLE FOR TREMENDOUS
AMOUNTS OF DAMAGE IN HISTORICAL EARTHQUAKES AROUND
THE WORLD.

THE CONSEQUENCES TO STRUCTURES AND UTILITIES OF Liquefaction & Damage (22.02.2011)

EARTHQUAKE-INDUCED LIQUEFACTION INCLUDE:

1) NON-UNIFORM AND DIFFERENTIAL SETTLEMENT OF STRUCTURES

OFTEN RESULTING IN CRACKING.
2) LOSS OF BEARING SUPPORT
3) FLOTATION OF BURIED STRUCTURES SUCH AS SEWER LINES,
TANKS, AND PIPES.
4) STRONG LATERAL FORCES AGAINST RETAINING STRUCTURES
SUCH AS SEAWALLS.
5) LATERAL SPREADING (LIMITED LATERAL MOVEMENT)
6) LATERAL FLOWS (EXTENSIVE LATERAL MOVEMENT)
Christchurch Earthquake (22.02.2011)

EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT ARCHITECTURE

LIQUEFACTION OCCURS IN SATURATED SOILS, THAT IS, SOILS IN
WHICH THE SPACE BETWEEN INDIVIDUAL PARTICLES IS
COMPLETELY FILLED WITH WATER. PRIOR TO AN EARTHQUAKE,
THE WATER PRESSURE IS RELATIVELY LOW--THE WEIGHT OF THE
BURIED SOIL RESTS ON THE FRAMEWORK OF GRAIN CONTACTS
THAT COMPRISE IT.

HOWEVER, EARTHQUAKE SHAKING CAN DISRUPT THE STRUCTURE,

THE SOIL PARTICLES NO LONGER SUPPORT ALL THE WEIGHT, AND
THE GROUNDWATER PRESSURE BEGINS TO RISE. THE SOIL
PARTICLES CAN MOVE FARTHER, AND BECOME ENTRAINED IN THE
WATER--THE SOIL FLOWS. LIQUEFIED SOIL WILL FORCE OPEN
GROUND CRACKS IN ORDER TO ESCAPE TO THE SURFACE. THE
EJECTED MATERIAL OFTEN RESULTS IN FLOODING AND MAY LEAVE
CAVITIES IN THE SOIL.

WHETHER AND WHERE LIQUEFACTION WILL TAKE PLACE DEPENDS

ON MANY FACTORS. THESE INCLUDE THE DEGREE OF
SATURATION, THE GRAIN SIZE DISTRIBUTION AND CONSISTENCY
AT A SITE, THE STRENGTH, DURATION, AND FREQUENCY CONTENT
OF THE SHAKING AND EVEN THE GRAIN SHAPE AND DEPTH OF
SOIL. THERE IS MUCH ACTIVE RESEARCH INTO THE MECHANISMS
OF LIQUEFACTION, BECAUSE ITS EFFECTS CAN BE SO SEVERE YET
ITS PROCESS REMAINS IMPERFECTLY UNDERSTOOD.

EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT ARCHITECTURE

 HOW DOES SOIL LIQUEFACTION WORK

The soil is a mixture of soil particles that stay connected

together. These particles naturally rest upon each other
due to gravity and form grids based on its properties.
Each particle produces its own contact force by the
surrounding particle. These contact forces together hold
all the individual soil particles in their place. Soil
liquefaction occurs due to sudden and rapid load on the
soil particle. The sudden water pressure leads to soil
losing its cohesive strength. Once the soil loses its
cohesion, it gets softened, weak and loses its solid
properties that are converted to liquid properties

EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT ARCHITECTURE

 SOIL LIQUEFACTION

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 LIQUEFACTION DURING SEISMIC EVENTS

Seismic events affect ground conditions. Liquefaction of soil causes

structural instability in buildings. This occurs due to various instances of
structural failure. The liquefied ground cannot sustain the stresses of its
load from the foundations. Foundations will sink into the sand deposit
and cause the building to lean and eventually collapse. Soil liquefaction
occurs only in areas which have saturated soils. Most of these areas are
located near a water body such as lakes, ponds, rivers etc.
Buildings constructed in this zone must adhere strict codes and bylaws.
The soil can sustain the ground forces in general conditions. But an
earthquake or strong motion/vibrations in the ground, can cause water
logging which increases the liquid consistency in the soil. The soil loses
its rigidity and the ground cannot support the loads causing them to sink
or collapse

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 SOIL LIQUEFACTION DURING EARTHQUAKE

EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT ARCHITECTURE

 SUMMARIZED MECHANISMS CAUSING
TOTAL AND DIFFERENTIAL LIQUEFACTION-
INDUCED VERTICAL DISPLACEMENTS AS
FOLLOWS:

(a)illustrates ground loss due to

cyclic densification of non-saturated
soils or volumetric reconsolidation of
liquefied or partially liquefied soils as
pore water pressures dissipate. The
overall magnitude of settlement
caused by this mechanism can be
estimated using the procedures of
Tokimatsu and Seed (1987) and
Ishihara and Yoshimine (1992),
among others. However, these
methods do not reliably predict the
magnitude and distribution of locally
differential settlements. An improved
procedure, based on the work of Wu
(2002) was subsequently presented
by Seed et al. (2003).

EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT ARCHITECTURE

 SUMMARIZED MECHANISMS CAUSING
TOTAL AND DIFFERENTIAL LIQUEFACTION-
INDUCED VERTICAL DISPLACEMENTS AS
FOLLOWS:

(b) illustrates ground loss due to

erosion of soil particles by water
escaping through cracks and fissures
as excess pore water pressures
dissipate. This is usually localized,
and can, therefore, lead to differential
settlements. Seed et al. (2003)
describes this mechanism as
“essentially impossible” to predict.

EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT ARCHITECTURE

 SUMMARIZED MECHANISMS CAUSING
TOTAL AND DIFFERENTIAL LIQUEFACTION-
INDUCED VERTICAL DISPLACEMENTS AS
FOLLOWS:

(c) through (f) illustrate modes of

settlement due to deviatoric ground
movements. These mechanisms
include rotational slope stability
failures, distributed shearing leading
to slumping, lateral spread-induced
lateral and vertical displacements,
and localized lateral movements
causing settlement and heave.

EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT ARCHITECTURE

 SUMMARIZED MECHANISMS CAUSING
TOTAL AND DIFFERENTIAL LIQUEFACTION-
INDUCED VERTICAL DISPLACEMENTS AS
FOLLOWS:

(g) illustrates liquefaction-induced

loss of strength and stiffness causing
a complete bearing failure. This
occurs when the overall bearing
capacity, evaluated with post-
liquefaction strengths, is insufficient
for static equilibrium under gravity
loads.

EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT ARCHITECTURE

 SUMMARIZED MECHANISMS CAUSING
TOTAL AND DIFFERENTIAL LIQUEFACTION-
INDUCED VERTICAL DISPLACEMENTS AS
FOLLOWS:

(h) illustrates partial bearing failure

of limited “punching” settlements.
These are the result of cyclic
softening and the corresponding
deformations required to generate
enough dilational re-stiffening to
arrest movements. This mechanism
is associated with cases in which the
post-liquefaction strengths are
sufficient to prevent full bearing
failure, and it can occur at isolated
footings or with mat foundations.

EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT ARCHITECTURE

 SUMMARIZED MECHANISMS CAUSING
TOTAL AND DIFFERENTIAL LIQUEFACTION-
INDUCED VERTICAL DISPLACEMENTS AS
FOLLOWS:

(i) illustrates the mechanism by

which cyclic vertical structural loads
can be increased due to inertial
rocking. This SSI mechanism can
exacerbate punching settlements.

EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT ARCHITECTURE

 THERE ARE FIVE PRIMARY BUILDING
DISPLACEMENT MECHANISMS. THESE
MECHANISMS WERE GROUPED INTO
VOLUMETRIC-INDUCED DISPLACEMENT
MECHANISMS AND DEVIATORIC-INDUCED
DISPLACEMENT MECHANISMS AS FOLLOWS:

Volumetric-induced displacement
mechanisms
Localized volumetric strains during
partially drained cyclic loading
controlled by 3-D transient hydraulic
gradients (εp-DR)
Downward displacement due to
sedimentation or solidification after
liquefaction or soil structure
(a) volumetric strains caused by water flow in
breakdown (εp-SED) response to transient gradients
Consolidation-induced volumetric
strains as excess pore water
pressures dissipate and the soil’s
effective stress increases (εp-CON).

EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT ARCHITECTURE

 THERE ARE FIVE PRIMARY BUILDING
DISPLACEMENT MECHANISMS. THESE
MECHANISMS WERE GROUPED INTO
VOLUMETRIC-INDUCED DISPLACEMENT
MECHANISMS AND DEVIATORIC-INDUCED
DISPLACEMENT MECHANISMS AS FOLLOWS:

Deviatoric-induced displacement
mechanisms
Partial bearing failure under the static
load of structures due to strength
loss in the foundation soil resulting in
punching settlements or tilting of the
structure (εq-BC)
Cumulative ratcheting foundation
displacement due to SSI-induced
cyclic loading near the edges of the
foundation (εq-SSI)

(b) partial bearing failure due to cyclic softening

(c) SSI-induced building ratcheting during earthquake loading

EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT ARCHITECTURE

 Additional key findings from this series of
geotechnical centrifuge experiments
were as follows:
Building settlements are not
proportional to the thickness of the
liquefiable layer, and normalizing
building settlements by the thickness
of the liquefiable layer is misleading
and should be avoided.
Buildings started to settle after one
significant ground motion cycle and
then settled in an approximately
linear manner during shaking.
Settlement rates slowed significantly
after shaking ceased, and this
indicated that volumetric strains due
to reconsolidation were relatively less
important to the observed building
settlements than deviatoric-induced
movements, sedimentation, and
localized volumetric strains due to
partial drainage.
EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT ARCHITECTURE
An increase in relative density of the
liquefiable layer of soil increases its
resistance to excess pore water pressure
generation and cyclic softening leading to
smaller settlements due to the εq-BC
mechanism. However, the greater stiffness
amplifies the dynamic demand imposed
on the structures, and this can possibly
amplify settlements due to εq-SSI.
The initiation, rate, and amount of
liquefaction-induced building settlement
are related to the rate of ground shaking
intensity. The rate of ground shaking
intensity was found to be captured by the
shaking intensity rate (SIR), defined as
Ia5-75/D5-75 where Ia5-75 is the change
in Arias intensity from 5 to 75% of its total
value and D5-75 is its corresponding
duration.
 BASIC MEASURES TO PREVENT THE
PHENOMENA OF DYNAMIC
LIQUEFACTION
1) The necessity of taking measures to
prevent these phenomena is
predetermined by possible areas of loose
soil liquefaction, dangerous for stability
and resistance of buildings and
constructions.
2) We can divide all the measures applied
in engineering for this purpose into two
types, namely,
preventive measures for possible
liquefaction;
measures which decrease detrimental
effect of liquefaction.
EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT ARCHITECTURE
3) Unlike the first type of measures, the
second one doesn't influence the conditions
which predetermine the sand
ground failure possibility and liquefaction. It
reduces the period when sand is diluted as
well as it prevents or decreases sliding of the
diluted sand soil and buildings erected on it.
4) In their turn, the measures which prevent
the liquefaction possibility are quite
numerous, and according to the
conditions that predetermine the
phenomenon of liquefaction can be divided
 THE SCHEME OF THE MEASURES TO PREVENT SOIL
LIQUEFACTION.

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 BUILD LIQUEFACTION RESISTANT
STRUCTURES

It is important that all foundation elements

in a shallow foundation are tied together to
make the foundation move or settle
uniformly, thus decreasing the amount of
shear forces induced in the structural
elements resting upon the foundation

EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT ARCHITECTURE

 BUILD LIQUEFACTION RESISTANT
STRUCTURES

A stiff foundation mat is a good type of

shallow foundation, which can transfer
loads from locally liquefied zones to
adjacent stronger ground.

EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT ARCHITECTURE

 BUILD LIQUEFACTION RESISTANT
STRUCTURES

Buried utilities, such as sewage and water

pipes, should have ductile connections to
the structure to accommodate the large
movements and settlements that can
occur due to liquefaction. The pipes in the
photo connected the two buildings in a
straight line before the earthquake

EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT ARCHITECTURE

 LIQUEFACTION EVIDENCES

KATHMANDU EARTHQUAKE
This earthquake resulted in severe damage
to structures and loss of lives. Soil
liquefaction was witnessed comprising of
sand blows and lateral spreading at 12
locations. It was found to be the main
cause of structural damages. Liquefaction
sites we are mostly observed in the city
outskirts of Kathmandu Valley.
The liquefaction occurrence was localised in
alluvial deposits of pliocene to quaternary
age. Liquefaction induced surface
expressions were also observed in rice fields
and fallow lands Fissures triggered by
liquefaction was characterized by turbulent
water flow out of those fissures. Send boiling
post liquefaction was also witnessed in the
area .

EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT ARCHITECTURE

 LIQUEFACTION EVIDENCES
27 FEBRUARY 2010 CHILE EARTHQUAKE
This earthquake occurred in South Central
part of Chile with a magnitude 8.8 and focal
depth 35 km. Soil liquefaction was observed
at several sites in 100kilometres range. After
carrying fieldwork survey and other related
reviews, liquefaction affected sites we are
identified, which include 170 sides with clear
signs of liquefaction.
The liquefaction was widespread and
constituted an area of length around 1000
km, which comes about to be twice the
rupture zone length.
Lateral spreading owing to liquefaction was
observed along the south of rupture zone.
South of the rupture zone experienced most
of the liquefaction cases which is attributed
to the presence of saturated sand soil
deposit is in the area

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 LIQUEFACTION EVIDENCES
TOHUKO EARTHQUAKE JAPAN 2011
The earthquake occurred with the magnitude
of 9.0 to 9.1 with epicentre 70 kilometres east
of oshika and focal depth of 29 km. This
earthquake resulted in extensive and
widespread liquefaction in its areas of close
vicinity.
Liquefaction induced damage due to tohoku
earthquake include house damages and
infrastructure damages. 177 house were
damaged most of them situated in the
liquefaction areas.
Damage to electric poles, roads was also
recorded. Some cases of damage to
underground sewer lines and water
distribution pipes were also observed

EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT ARCHITECTURE

 Earthquake
Ground Motion
 INTRODUCTION
Ground motion is the movement of the
earth's surface from earthquakes or
explosions. Ground motion is produced
by waves that are generated by sudden
slip on a fault or sudden pressure at the
explosive source and travel through the
earth and along its surface.

A recording of ground motion.

EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT ARCHITECTURE

 The three important factors that affect ground motion are the effect of the rupture
process on the fault surface namely source effects , the effect of the propagation path
from the source to the seismic bed rock, namely propagation path effects and the effect
of the sediments on the seismic bedrock, namely site effect.

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 Response Spectrum of a Ground Motion
A building can be mathematically conceived to be a collection of equivalent simple
structures each having only one natural period of oscillation, corresponding to one of the
modes of oscillation of the building. These are called the equivalent single-degree-of-
freedom (SDoF) structures corresponding to each mode of oscillation of the original
building.
.

Equivalent SDoF
structures
corresponding to
each mode of
oscillation of the
building:
Decomposing the
response of the
building for purposes
of understanding
behaviour and of
undertaking design
calculations

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 A single-degree-of-freedom structure has
mass m, stiffness k, and associated structural
damping ξ.
Thus, all the single-degree-of-freedom
structures with the same proportion of mass
and stiffness have the same natural period of
2π√(m/k).
Such a set of structures with the same
natural period (or frequency) of oscillation
and same structural damping ξ exhibit the
same time history of response (i.e.,
acceleration, velocity, and displacement)
when subjected to the same earthquake
ground shaking. Dependence of Response on Natural Period: Time history
Thus, it is convenient to identify beforehand of acceleration and displacement of mass is the same for
a number of structures with the same natural period when
the possible responses of a number of such subjected to the same earthquake shaking and with the
SDoF structures with different natural periods same damping
(but same damping) when subjected to one
earthquake ground shaking

EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT ARCHITECTURE

 STUDY OF DIFFERENT BUILDINGS IN A REGION SUBJECTED TO THE SAME GROUND MOTIONS TO
UNDERSTAND THEIR RESPONSE.

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 ONE CAN HYPOTHETICALLY CONSIDER MOUNTING BUILDINGS OF DIFFERENT DYNAMIC
CHARACTERISTICS (SAY, T) ON A RAILWAY WAGON AND SHAKE THE SAME WITH UNIFORM
GROUND MOTION. EXPECTANTLY, THE RESPONSE OF DIFFERENT BUILDINGS WILL BE DIFFERENT
BECAUSE THEY RECEIVE DIFFERENT INPUT ENERGIES FROM THE SAME EARTHQUAKE

Dependence of Response on Natural Period: Time history of acceleration and displacement of mass is the
same for a number of structures with the same natural period when subjected to the same earthquake
shaking and with the same damping

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 REPLACE THE BUILDINGS ON THE WAGON WITH THEIR CORRESPONDING SDOF STRUCTURES
CORRESPONDING TO THEIR FUNDAMENTAL LATERAL TRANSLATIONAL MODES OF OSCILLATION;
THE RESULTS INDICATE DIFFERENT RESPONSES TO THE SAME GROUND MOTION

Influence of same ground motion on buildings with different fundamental translational Natural Period: When
the energy content in the earthquake is higher corresponding to the fundamental translational natural period
of a building, it shows a higher response

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 ACCELERATION RESPONSE SPECTRUM OF A
GROUND MOTION
The usual seismic design
of structures is
performed using the maximum force induced in
the structure due to earthquake shaking. Force
can be defined in two ways:
1. Mass m times Acceleration a, representing
Inertia Force, or
2. Stiffness k times Displacement x representing
Elastic Force, i.e., F = ma or F = kx
Since the absolute maximum of such a response
is useful in design, a graph of the maximum
response is generated for a spectrum of SDoF
structures with different natural periods T and
the same damping under the same earthquake
ground motion. This graph is called the
Response Spectrum of the particular earthquake
ground motion.
One such response spectrum corresponding to Acceleration Response Spectrum of ground motion:
the acceleration of the building called the Absolute maximum acceleration (or spectral
acceleration response spectrum is shown in acceleration) response of a spectrum of structures
Figure for 5% damping under the action of 1940 with different fundamental translational natural
Imperial Valley earthquake ground motion (El periods, but with the same damping and subjected to
Centro; S00E component) the same considered ground motion

EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT ARCHITECTURE

In real buildings, it is easier to compute the mass of the building that is effective during
earthquake shaking, called seismic mass (equal to seismic weight divided by the
acceleration due to gravity g), than to evaluate overall stiffness.
Thus, once the natural period associated with each mode of oscillation is estimated, the
corresponding seismic lateral force is obtained by multiplying the acceleration
response spectrum value (from the acceleration response spectrum) with the mass
associated with each mode of oscillation.
In the Design of Buildings, Seismic Design Codes provide a design response spectrum,
and the corresponding force obtained is called the design seismic lateral force of the
building or the design seismic Base Shear of the Building.
The generation of acceleration response spectrum and a change of frame of reference
of deformation together have facilitated converting the moving base problem of
earthquake shaking of buildings into a fixed base problem.
The latter is easy to handle, since design practice is conversant with analysis and
design of structures subjected to forces, and not subjected to displacements or
accelerations.
Therefore, the acceleration response spectrum allows quick, back-of-the-envelope
type calculations by senior engineers to check the ball park values of force generated
in a building during earthquake shaking.

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 DESIGN ACCELERATION RESPONSE SPECTRUM

Design codes use a Design Acceleration Response Spectrum, which is derived from the
Acceleration Response Spectrum of many individual ground motions.
Loosely speaking, the Design Acceleration Response Spectrum is the smoothened
envelope of all Acceleration Response Spectra of the ground motions for which the
building is expected to be designed.
In the strict sense, Design Acceleration Response Spectrum is different for each location
in the country, since the seismic wave actions are different at different locations in the
country. But, it would be tedious if designers are required to obtain this design spectrum
by themselves for the design of individual buildings in a country.
Only one correction is made related to the soil conditions at the site. Soft soils are
expected to shake more violently, and hence the Design Acceleration Response Spectra
is different for them.
Design Acceleration Response Spectrum prescribed by codes is a spectrum
recommended for use in the design of simple, regular, and normal buildings.
For the Design of Special Buildings (e.g., tall buildings), a Design Acceleration Response
Spectrum should be arrived at specific to the site where the special building is being
constructed.

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 SEISMOMETERS, SEISMOGRAPHS, SEISMOGRAMS - WHAT'S THE DIFFERENCE? HOW
DO THEY WORK ?

A seismometer is the internal part of the seismograph, which may be a pendulum or a

mass mounted on a spring; however, it is often used synonymously with "seismograph".
Seismographs are instruments used to record the motion of the ground during an
earthquake. They are installed in the ground throughout the world and operated as part
of a seismographic network. The earliest "seismoscope" was invented by the Chinese
philosopher Chang Heng in A.D. 132. This did not, however, record earthquakes; it only
indicated that an earthquake was occurring. The first seismograph was developed in
1890.
A seismograph is securely mounted onto the surface of the earth so that when the
earth shakes, the entire unit shakes with it EXCEPT for the mass on the spring, which has
inertia and remains in the same place. As the seismograph shakes under the mass, the
recording device on the mass records the relative motion between itself and the rest of
the instrument, thus recording the ground motion. In reality, these mechanisms are no
longer manual, but instead work by measuring electronic changes produced by the
motion of the ground with respect to the mass.

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A seismogram is the recording of the ground shaking at the specific location of the
instrument. On a seismogram, the HORIZONTAL axis = time (measured in seconds) and
the VERTICAL axis= ground displacement (usually measured in millimeters). When
there is NO EARTHQUAKE reading, there is just a straight line except for small wiggles
caused by local disturbance or "noise" and the time markers. Seismograms are digital
now - there are no more paper recordings.

EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT ARCHITECTURE

thank You