ixialD; oDYH ldjHfha m%Njh

iy úldYh
mQcH lyfmd< iq.r;k ysñ
The problem of origin and the development of Sanskrit
drama have been discussed by many eminent Indian
and Western scholars during the last few decades. The
result emanating from these scholarly discussions
though often divergent, proved helpful in narrowing the
gaps to a considerable degree. Many opinions have
come out on the origin and the decline of Sanskrit drama
in India.
The aim of the present article is to examine these
problems by using the original Sanskrit drama texts and
secondary explanations of the same. Such eminent
scholars as Levi, Keith and Konow have done long
investigations into Sanskrit drama. Through their deeper
analysis and evaluations, we are in a position to study
Sanskrit drama. Their points of view have been
mentioned where necessary.
The Indian tradition preserved in the Nâtya sâstra of
Bharata has given all the details of the theories of
drama. These valuble facts are discussed in detail.
In tracing the development of drama, this work has laid
stress not only on the great writers such as Kâlidâsa
but also the later works of the minor writers.
In this work, the origin of Sanskrit Drama, its
Development, Dramatic Theory and Dramatic Practice
have been discussed.
Key words:- Sanskrit drama, Nâtya sâstra, Kâlidâsa
© ú{dml uydpd¾h mQcH lyfmd< iq.r;k ysñ
ixia' wdpd¾h mQcH óuqf¾ .=Kdkkao ysñ" uydpd¾h BYd fyajdfndaj," uydpd¾h
iqika; uyW,am;" fcHIaG lÓldpd¾h m%shxlr r;akdhl
udkjYdia;% mSG Ydia;%Sh ix.%yh" 20 l,dmh" 2012$13" udkjYdia;% mSGh" le,‚h
úYajúoHd,h
14 udkjYdia;% mSG Ydia;%Sh ix.%yh" 20 l,dmh" 2012$13

oDYHldjHh uq¿ f,dalfhys u m%p,s; l,d udOHhls' ñksidg

úkaokh iy oekqu ,ndoSu tys uQ,sl wruqKhs'1 fndfyda rgj,
kdgHhkaf.a iy kdgH md;%hkaf.a iduHhla olakg ,eîu
úuish hq;= lreKls' .%Sla" bx.%Sis" c¾uka" b;d,s" ;=¾ls wdos
kdgH md;%hka yd iei£fuka ixialD; kdgHh ms<sn| iuyr
ks.ukhkag t<ö we;s nj fuysoS i|yka lsÍu jà'

Ndr;Shhka b;sydifha wE; hq.hl isg kdgH ksmo jQ njg

idlaIH úoHudk h' k¾;kh l,dfõ fY%aIaG uj f,i y÷kajd
we;af;a tys jákdlu ksid h' ixialD; uQ,dY%hhka msßlaiSfïoS
ta nj uekúka .uH fõ' fõo ld,fhys isg úúO idys;H iy
jHdlrK lD;Skays kdgH ms<sn|j i|yka fõ' fuu f;dr;=re
ishqï j úYaf,aIKh lsÍfuka kdgHfha m%Njh ms<sn| lsishï
woyila we;slr.; yels h'

bkaÿksïk YsIagdpdrh
ffjosl uQ,dY%hhka iy ;okqnoaO idys;Hh wdY%fhka
ixialD; kdgHfhys m%Njh fiùug fndfyda ngysr úh;ayq
h;ak oerEy' tfy;a l%'s j' 1922 j¾Ifha oS bkaÿksïk YsIga dpdrh
ms<n
s | .fõIK ksid kj úNjhka flfrys W.;=kf a .a wjOdkh
fhduq úh' bkaÿksïk jeishka wd¾h fkdjk ckj¾.hlg
wh;a fia ie,fla' Tjqkaf.a ks¾udK mqrdúoHd{hkaf.a fuka
u l,d úpdrlhkaf.a o m%Yxidjg Ndckh ù we;' l%s"mQ' 3000
;rï wE; hq.hl Tjqka úiska lrk ,o ksmehqï w;sm%Yia; h'
Tjqkaf.a k.r l%udkql+,j ks¾udKh lrk ,o tAjd h'2 fun÷
ckldhlg kdgHhla ks¾udKh lsÍfï yelshdj ;sfnkakg
we;ehs is;Su fya;= rys; fkd fõ' kgUqka w;ßka u;= jQ uQ¾;s
folla kdgHh iïnkaOfhka jeo.;a fõ'

m<uq jekak foaj uQ¾;shls' bkaÿksïk jdiSyq fndfyda

foúhka weoySug mqreÿj isáhy' tla foúfhl= flfrys
úfYaIfhka mqo l<y' fuu foúhdf.a uQ¾;sh ks¾udKh lr
we;af;a k¾;k ú,difhks' Tyqf.a ysfika wx ;=kla úysoS hhs'
úfgl fï foúhd iudê ú,difhka jevisà' Tyq jfÜ .jhka
ixialD; oDYH ldjHfha m%Njh iy úldYh 15

rdYshla olakg ,efí' Tyq mY=m;s hk wNsOdkhg iqÿiq fjhs'3

fojekak ks<shlf.a uQ¾;shls' wef.a ol=Kq w; Wl=< u; ;nd
we;' jï w; Wrysi olajd j<¨j,ska msÍ we;' mdo ;rula
,sys,a ú,dihla fmkakqï lr; w;r" ix.S;hg wkqj mshjr
;nk nj yeÕS hhs' zweh ksrEmKh lrkqfha .reire ke;s
iajrEmhls' wef.a fldKavh wlanUre yevhla orhs' wef.a w;a
iy md m%udKhg jvd os.h' fuh k¾;k ú,dihla ksrEmKh
lrk uQ¾;shla f,i bkaÿ úoHdOrhka úiska w¾: l:kh lrkq
,en we;'4 fYal¾f.a u;h ixialD; kdgHfha m%Njh bkaÿ
ksïk hq.fhys olakg ,efnk njhs'5

ixjdo iQla;
R.afõofha ixjdo iQla; kdgHdkqidÍ iajrEmhla ork nj
´,av¾kan¾.a úiska fmkajd fok ,oS'6 úkaâIa o fï ms<sn|j
i|yka lr we;' uelaiauQ,¾f.a woyi ixjdo iQla; hd.fhaoS
kej; kej; .dhkd lrk ,o njhs' iuyr úg lKavdhï
folla úiska rÕ olajk ,oS' ñksiqka ix.S;hg wkqj keàu
iy .ehSu l< nj w:¾jka fõofha i|yka fõ'7 mQclhka
foúhka yd RIsjreka fuka foõf,dj l%shdjka wkqlrKh
lrñka rÕ mE nj lS;a mjihs' .%Sisfhys iy fulaisfldafjys
fuka ,sx.sl k¾;k ^Phallic dances& R.afõofhys olakg fkd
,efí'

ixjdo iQla; lsishï wd.ñl ld¾hhla yd iïnkaO fkd

fõ' fïjdfhys b;d Wiia yeÕSï nr iajrEmhla osiafjhs'
WodyrKhla f,i mqrErjia W¾jIS ixjdoh iïmQ¾Kfhka u
fm%u
a ldjHhls' th bosßm;a lr we;s iajrEmfhys kdgH ú,dihla
ÿgqj yelsh' fuu iQla;fhys moH muKla b;sß ù we;' .oH
fldgia wjYH mßos wvq jeä jYfhka fhdod.kakd ,oS' hu-hó
ixjdoh o fujekakls' hó ldu fiajkh i|yd lrk wdhdpkh
fidfydhqßhl neúka kqiqÿiq hhs hu m%;slafIam lrhs' fun÷
ixjdo iQla; 15la muK R.afõofhys we;=<;a fõ'
16 udkjYdia;% mSG Ydia;%Sh ix.%yh" 20 l,dmh" 2012$13

m%ckk Yla;h
s jeä lsÍu" M,odj¾Okh jeks mrud¾: bgqlr
.ekSu i|yd ffjosl mqo mQcd ilia ù mej;s nj fmfka' hu-
hó ixjdoh M,odj¾Ok kdgH iajrEmhla orhs' uydj%; mQcdj
o M,odj¾Ok .Khg we;=<;a jkakls' ffjYHdjl YsIHfhl=
iu. lrk ixjdoh m%ckk Yla;h s jeä lrk mQcd úfYaIhls'

uKavl a h8 úpdrlhkaf.a úuiqug ,lajj

Q iQl; Q ls' tys kdgH
,laIK m%lgj osiafõ' fuys ueçhka fuka ieriqKq mQclfhda
fus iQla;h .dhkd lr;s' fuh jeis ,nd.ekSfï mQcd l¾uhla
f,i ie,fla' iQÿldrhdf.a .S;h9 o tjeks u kdgH iajrEmS
ks¾udKhls'

R.afõofhys kdgH hk jpkh i|yka fkdjk nj fuys

oS i|yka l< hq;= h' ta fjkqjg Ndú; jkqfha “kD;=" hk
jpkhhs' WIia .Shl fuu jpkh olakg ,efí'10 fuys kgkakS
hk woyiska WIia foõÿjg fï jpkh Ndú; fõ' kdgH hk
jpkh fkdue;s jqj;a R.afõo iudcfhys kegqï .ehqïj,ska
ys`.hla fkdjQ nj by; i|yka lreKqj,ska ikd: fõ'

kdgHYdia;%h
idïm%odhsl Ndr;Sh úYajdih kdgHh foaj ks¾udKhla
njhs' ta ms<sn| ú.%yhla Nr;uqksf.a kdgH Ydia;%fhys olakg
,efí' kdgH Ydia;%h Wiia úpdr .%ka:hla f,i ie,fla'
fuu lD;sh ;=kafjks ishjig wh;a fõ' fuh kdgH l,dj
ms<sn| merKs u ks¾udKh f,i ie,fla' kdgHh fõo i;rg
iïnkaO lr ;sîu fuys úfYaI;ajhls'

foúfhda n%yauka fj; f.dia weyeg iy lKg i;=g

f.kfok hula b,a,d isáhy' ta wkqj n%yauka úiska miafjks
fõoh ksmojk ,oS' th ish¨ Ydia;%d¾:hkaf.ka hqla; jQ ish¿
Ys,am bosßhg mj;ajkakd jQ miafjks fõohhs'11 fõo i;frka
u kdgHh i|yd lreKq Wmq g df.k ;s î u jeo.;a h' 12
R.afõofhka mdGHh o idu fõofhka .Sh o hcq¾fõofhka
wNskh o w:¾j fõofhka rih o Wmqgd .eksK'
ixialD; oDYH ldjHfha m%Njh iy úldYh 17

m%Odk j¾K ;=k i|yd muKla fkdj Y=øhka i|yd o

kdgHh Wmfhda.s lr.; hq;= hhs i|yka ùu ie,lsh hq;=
lreKls' fõoh Y=øhkag ;ykï nj ukqiauD;sfha oelafõ'
kdgHh wdrïNfha § u l=,fNaofhka ksoyia lr ;eîu m%YxikSh
lreKls'

kdgH Ydia;%fha i|yka mßos úYajl¾u úiska m%:u fõÈldj

ksujk ,oS' m<uq kdgHh rÕoelaùu Nr;g mejßK' uDÿ pß;
i|yd ;ukag ldka;djka fkdue;s nj Nr; oekajQ úg n%yau
wmairdjkag ukqf,dj bmoSug kshu lf<a h' Ysj ;dKavj
kegqfuka o" md¾j;S ,diH kegqfuka o ix.%y l<y' úIaKq
foúhka úiska isjq wdldr kdgH Í;s imhk ,oS' foõf,dj
ksmo jQ kdgHh ukqf,djg y÷kajdoSfï ld¾hh mejrefKa
Nr;g h'

by; l:d mqj; ñ:Hd iajrEmhla ork nj meyeos,s h'

ft;sydislj tys jákdlula fkd fmfka' kdgHh fõohla
f,i kï lsÍfuka tys Wiia ms<s.ekSu jgyd .; yels h' iEu
fohlg u foaj iïnkaOhla oelaùu Ndr;Shhkaf.a isß;ls'
tu m%jK;dj ksid fuu woyia mekk.skakg we;ehs is;sh
yels h'

kdgH Ydia;%fha §¾> iy flá jYfhka msgm;a folla

fõ' oi fjks ishjfiys úiQ oYrEm l¾;D Okxch flá
ms g mf;ka lreKq Wmq g df.k ;s f í' fNda c ;uka f .a
iriaj;SlKaGdNrKh i|yd oS¾> msgm; Ndú; lr we;' kdgH
Ydia;%h i|yd NdIHh iemhQ wNskj.=ma; Ndú; lr we;af;a
flá msgm;hs' fuu f;dr;=re wkqj fmkS hkqfha 8fjks ishji
jkúg kdgH Ydia;%h iïmQ¾K ù mej;s njhs' yrm%idoa Ydia;%S
kdgH Ydia;%h we;=<;a lrkqfha l%s'mQ 2 fjks ishjighs' th
ms<s.ekSu wmyiq nj fmfka'13

Nr; Tyqf.a uq,a u kdgHh foúhka úiska wiqrhka meroùu

f;aud lr ksmoù h' Tyqf.a fofjks kdgHh kï lr we;af;a
18 udkjYdia;% mSG Ydia;%Sh ix.%yh" 20 l,dmh" 2012$13

wuD;ukau:k hkqfjks' foúhka lsß ihqr le<öfï jD;dka;h

fuhg we;=<;a nj kñka u meyeos,s fõ' kdgH Ydia;%fhys
;%smqrody kï kdgHh .ek o i|yka fõ' th äu .Khg wh;a
kdgHhls'

Nr; hkq ljfrla oehs y÷kd.ekSu ÿIalr h' R.afõo

hq.fhys Nr;jre b;d Yla;su;a f.da;%hla f,i fmkS isáhy14
kdgH ks¾udKh ms<sn|j Tjqkaf.a iïnkaOhla fkd fmfka'
ùr ldjH hq.fhys Nr;jreka fofofkl= .ek i|yka fõ'
Tjqyq laI;%sh jxYhg wh;a fj;s' thska tla wfhl= ÿIHka;f.a
mq;Kqjka h' uydNdr;fha;a" moaumqrdKfha;a" ld,sodihkaf.a
Ydl=k; a ,fha;a Tyq .ek i|yka fõ' rduf.a nd, fidfydhqfrla
o Nr; kñka m%ios êa hg m;a úh' fï lsifs jl= kdgH yd iïnkaO
fkd fõ' kdgH Ydia;%h rpkd lf<a hhs ms<s.kq ,nk Nr;
fõosld l<ukdlrefjl= f,i o i|yka fõ' mS'ù'ldfka jDoaO
Ndr;" wdos Ndr;" nDyoa Ndr;" uQ, Ndr; hk kï bosßm;a
lrhs'5 tfy;a kdgH Ydia;f % ha l;=jrhd ljfrl= oehs y÷kdf.k
ke;' c.Sod¾f.a u;h Nr; kñka fmkS iá ffjosl f.da;%hla
úiska kdgH Ydia;%h ksmojk ,o njhs16 ldfkaf.a woyi Nr;
kdgH Ydia;%fha ldßld iQ;% muKla ks¾udKh lrk ,o nj;a
Tyqf.a wkq.dñlhka úiska th rpkhla njg m;alrk ,o
nj;a h'17 fYaL¾ W;aidy ord we;af;a Nr; wd¾h fkdjk
f.da;%hlg wh;a flfkl= nj oelaùughs' tfy;a tu u;h
ikd: lsÍu i|yd Tyq m%udKj;a idlaIH bosßm;a fkd lrhs'
kdgH Ydia;%fha l¾;D ms<sn| m%Yakh ;ju;a fkdúi£ mj;S'

ùrldjH
ùrldjH hq.fhys mßmQ¾K jQ oDYHldjH l,djla mej;sKs
oehs meyeos , s j mejiS u W.yg h' rdudhKfhys fyda
uydNdr;fhys iïmQ¾K kdgHhla ms<sn|j i|yka fkdjk
nj fydmalskaia mjihs'18 tfy;a kdgH iy k¿jka ms<sn|j
lsysm ;ekl i|yka ù we;' uydNdr;fhys kdgl" ldjH"
l:d" wdLHdhsld ms<sn|j i|yka fõ' k¿jka iy keÜgqjka
ms<sn|j o ±lafõ'20 tfia u keàï iy .ehSï l< nj o i|yka
ixialD; oDYH ldjHfha m%Njh iy úldYh 19

fõ'21 rdudhKfhys o kdgl hk jpkh we;=<;a fõ'22 iudc

kï jQ W;aij úfYaIhla ms<n
s |j rdudhKfhys i|ykla we;=<;a
fõ'23 fndfyda keÜgqjka iy k¿jka fuu W;aijhkag iyNd.s
ù we;'24 rdudhKfhys kdgH" kdgl" ffY¨I" kg hk jpk
i|yka ù ;sîu fnfyúka jeo.;a h'25 fuu k¿jka rdcH
iNdj, rÕmEfuys fhÿk njg idlaIH we;'

yßjxY kï jQ uydNdr;fhys miqld,Sk lD;sfhys i|yka

jk mßos rdudhK l;dmqj; mokï lr.ksñka k¿jka
kdglhka mqqyqKq lr ;sfí'26 yßjxY ld,h wia:sr neúka fuu
kdglfhys ld,h o ks.ukh lÍu W.yg h' uydNdr; l;dj
weiSug ìijla Ysj foajd,hlg .sh m%jD;a;shla ndK i|yka
lrhs' fuh idudkH .dhkhla fkdj ;d,hlg ßoauhlg wkqj
l< úfYaI .dhkhls' fufia .dhkd l< wh l:l kdufhka
ye¢kaúK'

rdu úfhda jQ wjia:dj mejfik úg wfhdaOHdjdiSka fYdalh

m%lg l< nj;a kej; isyiqkg m;aùfï mqj; wik úg
m%S;sfhka bms< .sh nj;a úkag¾kÜia mjihs'28 fun÷ m%;spdr
kdgH ffY,shla ks¾udKh ùug ;=vqÿka nj is;sh yels h'
l:lhka msßilf.a leghula idxÑfhys olakg ,efnk nj
lS;a fmkajd fohs' ix.S;h" kegqu iy .dhkh Tjqka fhdodf.k
;sfí' kdgHfha uQ,sl wjia:djla f,i fuh ie,lsh yels h'

jHdlrK lD;s
l%s' mQ' 4fjks ishjfia úiQ iïNdjkSh jHdlrK{fhl=
jk mdKskS zkgiQ;Z% ms<n s |j i|yka lrhs' fuu jpkh úuiqug
Ndckh l< hq;= h' kg hkafkka uqød l%uhla woyia lrk nj
lS;fa .a woyihs'30 ta wkqj uqød k¿jka i|yd jQ w;afmd;a hkqfjka
kg iQ;% ye¢kaúh yels h' kdgH r`.±laùula fuhska woyia
fkd flf¾' wd.ñl iy iudc W;aijhkays § lsih s ï kD;Hhla
bÈßm;alrkakg we;ehs is;sh yels h' ld;Hdhk kg hkak
zYs,d,skaZ hkqfjka y÷kajhs'31
20 udkjYdia;% mSG Ydia;%Sh ix.%yh" 20 l,dmh" 2012$13

kdgH ms<sn| n,dfmdfrd;a;= ;eìh yels jeo.;a igykla

uydNdIHfhys olakg ,efí' l%'s mQ' 140 úiQ m;xc,Sf.a lD;shla
jk fuys kdgH o¾Ykhla hhs is;sh yels újrKhla we;=<;a
fõ' ld;Hdhkf.a iQ;h% lg ú.%yhla f,i fuu lreKq bÈßm;a
flf¾' >d;h;s" nkaOh;s hk j¾;udk ld,sl m%fhdacH l%h s drEm
fol meyeÈ,s lsÍu i|yd fuu úia;rh bÈßm;a lr we;'
fYdaNksl kue;s fudjqyq m%;HlaIj u n,sj n¢;s'32 m%;HlaI
hk jpkh fuys § jeo.;afõ' m%;HlaI hkafkys fm%alaIlhka
bÈßfhys hk woyi we;' ta wkqj lsishï kdgH o¾Ykhla
thska .uH fõ' w;S; l:dm%jD;a;shla ;ud bÈßmsg m%o¾Ykh
jk njla thska weÕfõ'

fuu o¾Ykh Ñ;%j,g kÕk úg lxig myrfok wdldrh

iy Tyqj weof.k hk ieá fmkaúh hq;= h'33 .%kaÓlhka
úiska th ksrEmKh lrk ,oafoa Yío WÉpdrKh lsÍug iSud
jQ l%uhlsks' Tjqyq o ckaufha isg urKh olajd wNsjDoaêh
újrKh lrñka nqoaêhg úIh jQ lreKq m<lr;a'

Tjqyq fofldgilg fnfo;a' fldgila lxig ys;j;a fj;s'

wfkla fldgi lDIaKg ys;j;a fj;s' Tjqyq úúO j¾Kj,ska
ieriS isá;s' iuyre l¿ meye;s uqúka o iuyre r;=meye;s
uqúka o hq;= fj;s'

merKs l;d mqj;la kdgHhg kÕd bosßm;a lsÍula by;

fldgiska oelafõ hehs is;sh yels h' tfy;a tu woyi taldka;
fkd fõ' úúO úpdrlhska úiska fkdfhla l%uj,g th ú.%ylr
we;s neúks' fYdaNkslhkag wh;a ld¾hh jQfha wNskh u.ska
wod< l:dj rÕ oelaùuhs' is;a;re Ñ;%j,ska th ksrEmKh
lr;s' .%ka:slfhda jdÑl l%shdud¾.fhka iy pß; ksrEmK
u.ska th bosßm;a l<y'

fYdaNksl hk jpkh Tiafia lreKq msßlaiñka Æv¾iaf.a

u;h jQfha fuhska Pdhd kdgH weÕfjk njhs' tfy;a lS;a tu
u;hg tlÕ fkd fjhs'35 Pdhd kdgHhkays § fm%alaIlhkag
ixialD; oDYH ldjHfha m%Njh iy úldYh 21

úia;r iemhQ fYdaNksl kï k¿ msßila isá nj Tyq mjihs'

tu jpkh mokï lr.ksñka fuh Pdhd kdgH l%uhla f,i
y÷kdf.k we;ehs lS;a jeä ÿrg;a fmkajd fohs'

.%kaÓlhka mdúÑÑ lr we;af;a Yíoh hs' m;xc,Sf.a

uydNdIHfhys zYío .vq ud;%xZ hkqfjka th i|yka lr we;'
fuys woyi meyeÈ,s ke;' Tjqka l:kh fuka u rx.khla o
l< nj is;h s yels h' z.%k:
a Z hk jpkfhka z.%kÓ
a lZ y~ k.d
lshjd m%pdrh l< zlÓlZkï msßi yd fï whf.a iïnkaOhla
fmkS hhs' .%kÓ
a lhka kdgHhlg w;HjYH msßila f,i ie,fla'

m;xc,S wm bosßfhys iïmQ¾K kdgHhla f.kyer olaj;ehs

is;Su wmyiq h' iuld,Sk kdgH wx. lsysmhla Tyq meyeos,s
lrk nj fmfka' iïmQ¾Kfhka úldYh jQ kdgH l%uhla
mej;sKs kï Tyq ta .ek i|yka lsÍug bv ;sìK' tf;la
oshqKq fjñka mej;s jeo.;a kdgH wx. lsysmhla i|yka lr
;sîu m%Yxid lghq;= h' Ndr;Shhkaf.a w;sud;% Nla;shg md;% jQ
foajl;d kdgHhg kexùfï m%jK;djla fuys osif a õ' miqld,Sk
kdgH rplhkag th mQ¾jdo¾Yhla jQ njg iel ke;'

fn!oaO wdNdih
fn!oaO idys;Hfhys olakg ,efnk z.sr.a. iuÊcZ jeks
fhÿïj,ska kdgHh ms<sn| woyila we;slr.; yels h' ziuÊcZ
hkq ñksiqka tl;= ù i;=gq ùuls' fuh meje;afjkqfha l÷
uq ÿ kl h' tneúka .s r .a . iuÊc hhs nejyr flßK'
rdudhKfhys iudc hkqfjka i|yka jkqfha fuu iuÊc hhs
is;h s yels h' udrixhq;;
a " NslL
a K
q S ixhq;;
a jeks md,s uQ,dY%hhkays
kdgHuh wjia:d olakg ,efí' nkaOkfudlaL" uydckl"
pkaolskakr jeks cd;l l:d kdgHuh iajrEmhla m%lg lrhs'
n%yaucd, iQ;%fhys i|yka jk zúiQloiaikZ hkakg we;=<;a
zkÉpx" .S;x" jdos;x" fmlaLx" wlaLdkx" mdksiairx" fj;d,x"
l=ïN:Qkx" fidn k.rlxZ36 hk jpkj,ska kdgH o¾Ykhla
ms<n s | woyila we`.fjhs' zúiQloiaikZ hk jpkh Íia fâúâis
mßj¾;kh lrkqfha ‘visiting shows’ hkqfjks'
22 udkjYdia;% mSG Ydia;%Sh ix.%yh" 20 l,dmh" 2012$13

“fidNk.rlx" hk jpkh flfrys wjOdkh fhduq lsÍu

jà' by; i|yka l< uydNdIHfhys i|yka “fYdaNksl" hk
jpkh iu`. fuys in|lula we;ehs úfÊfialr fmkjd fohs'
fuh wNskh kdgH l%uhla (Pantomime) hk woyig úfÊfialr
tl`. fkd fjhs' kdgH lKavdhula (a troup of shobhanikas)
thska woyia jk nj Tyq mjihs' zkgdkx wífNdlsrKZ hkqfjka
md,s wgqjdfjys fuh ú.%y lr we;' úfÊfialrf.a ks.ukh
hg;amsßfihska l%s'mQ' 3 fyda 4 ishjiaj,g fmr kdgHfha m%Njh
isÿ jQ njhs'38

ld, ks¾Kh ms<sn| iel uqiq nj ksid kdgHhl m%:u

ks¾udKh ms<sn| m%Yakfha § fn!oaO iq;a; flfrys úYajdih
;eîu wmyiq nj lS;a mjihs' fn!oaOhkaf.a m<uq kdgHh
f,i lS;a ms<s.kqfha len,s jYfhka yuqù we;s wYajf>daI
ysñhkaf.a Ydßmq;% m%lrKhhs' ,,s; úia;rfhys iy wjodk
Y;lfhys o kdgHuh wjia:d olakg ,efnk nj Tyq mjihs'
wjodk Y;lh kdgHh b;d wE; iuhlg f.k hhs'39

f,!lsl m%Njh
kdgHfha wd.ñl m%Njh ms<sn| u;hg ysf,an%dkaäÜ"
fldfkdõ jeks úpdrlfhda tlÕ fkd fj;s' Tjqkaf.a woyi
ixialD; kdgHhg imqrd f,!lsl iïNjhla we;s njhs' wd.ñl
u;h bosßm;a lrk ,oafoa lS;a úisks' mQcd W;aij kdgHfha
ixj¾Okhg lsih s ï odhl;ajhla ,nd oS we;s nj Tyqf.a woyihs'
ckm%sh m%yik (mime) kdgH l,djla mej;sh;a ùrldjH yd
ii|k úg wudfhka wvq njla oeÍ h' m%yik kdgHhkays
we;=<;a ù hhs ie,flk .S;" ix.S; kegqï wdos wx. ffjosl
mQcd W;aijj, o olakg ,eîK'

ysf,ank
% ä
a Üf.a ;¾lh kdgHh ñksidf.a m%d:ñl Ôú;fha
i;=g m%ldY lsÍfï m%;S c
s kl iajdNdúl udOHhla njhs' lS;a
fmkajd fokqfha m%yik ,laIKh ñksidg iajdNdúl i;=g iy
úkaokh f.kfok nj ienjla jqj;a jeo.;a jkqfha ixialD;
kdgHh tys ,laIK wkqj wd.ñl fyda f,!lsl m%Njhl iajrEmh
ixialD; oDYH ldjHfha m%Njh iy úldYh 23

orkafka o hkakhs' fï iïnkaOfhka ysf,and% kaäÜ bosßm;a lrk

iïNdjH kdgHj,ska Wmqgd.;a idOl t;rï wod< njla fkd
fmfka' .oH moHñY% nj" .S;" ix.S;" k¾;k wdosh f,!lsl
fuka u wd.ñl kdgH iïnkaOfhka o iudk h'

ú¥Il pß;h fuys,d fnfyúka jeo.;a fõ' tys wd.ñl

fuka u f,!lsl ,laIK o ms<sìUq fõ' iD.afõofhys jDIdlms
hk jpkh ú¥Il hka f kys uQ , rEmh f,i ie,fla '
ú+ÿIa>ú¥Il f,i fï jpkh ú.%y l< úg wkqkag neKjosk
fodia lshk jeks w¾:hla .uH fõ' wka whj isky .ekaùu o
fï pß;fha ,laIKhls' lmálu iy jxpdj o Tyqf.a pß;fhka
u;=fjhs' wdydrmdkj,g .scqlu o lemS fmfkhs' y¾g,af.a
woyi ú¥Ilg wd.ñl m%Njhla we;s njhs'

rElv kegqï wkqidrfhka ixialD; kdgHh m%Nj úKehs

msI,a u;hla bosßm;a lr we;' uydNdr;fhys rElv .ek i|yka
fõ' l;diß;aid.rh iy nDy;al:dj rElv ms<sn| f;dr;=re
imhhs' mq;%sld" ¥ys;Dld" mq;a;,sld wdos kïj,ska rElv
ye¢kafjhs' zl=vd oshKshZ hk wre;ska fï kï nejyr lr
;s f í' wdorh jeãu i|yd rElv kegq ï krUk f,i
lduYdia;%fha Wmfoia oS ;sfí' rElv l%shd lrùu iQ;%Odr úiska
lrk ,oS' rElv ksis f,i ;eîu ia:dmlf.a ld¾hhhs' rElv
ye|skafjkqfha “md[apd,S" hk kñks' thska rElvj, kscìu
m%lg fjhs' tkï m[apd,hhs' ßÊfõ" msI,af.a u;fhys
wvqmdvqlï fmkajd foñka th ms<s.; fkdyels hhs mjihs'42
Pdhd kdgl úfYaIh msI,af.a ;j;a bosßm;a lsÍuls' fuh o
rElv úfYaIhla f,i ie,fla' w¾OkdgHhla fyda kdgHhl
fiahdjla f,i th ye¢kafõ' msI,af.a fï u;h o iïNdjkdjg
md;% fkd ù h' flfia fj;;a ixialD; kdgHh ms<sn| msI,af.a
m¾fhaIK m%Yxidjg ,la ù we;'

.%Sl n,mEu
ixialD; kdgH flfrys .%Sl n,mEula olakg ,efí hhs
m<uqfjka u u;hla bosßm;a lrk ,oafoa fõn¾ iy úkaâIa
24 udkjYdia;% mSG Ydia;%Sh ix.%yh" 20 l,dmh" 2012$13

hk úoaj;=ka úisks' tfy;a fuu u;hg msI,a ;oska u úreoaO

úh' úskaâIaf.a m¾fhaIK f,fyisfhka bj;,sh fkd yels h'
Yío k.d ùrldjH ls h ùu" kg kue;s k¿jka f .a
wkqlrKd;aul kdgH l,dj (mimetic arts) .oH moH ñY%j
fhoSu" ixialD; NdId m%fhda." .%l
S a w;aje,a .dhkh yd l:kuh
NdId Ndú;h" ùr pß; yd foaj pß; we;=¿ lsÍu kdgHfha
wkqms<sfj< wxlj,g fnoSu" iïm%odhdkql+, m%Odk pß; wvx.=
ùu jeks ,laIK .%Sl m%Njhg idlaIH f,i úskaâIa bosßm;a
lrhs' fuys i|yka fndfyda lreKq ixialD; kdgHfha foaYSh
m%Njhg idOl f,i o i|yka l< yels h'43 ixialD; kdgHh
.%i
S f
s hka Khg f.k we;ehs úkaâIa mjihs' tfy;a tu woyig
úoaj;=kaf.a wkque;sh fkd ,eìK'

hjksld ke;fyd;a cjksld ^m%dlD;& hk jpkh Tiafia

.%Sl iïnkaOh fmkaùfï ;j;a wid¾:l W;aidyhla úkaâIa
úiska ork ,oS' fuh rx.mSGh yd rx. YS¾Ih w;r jQQ ;srhhs'
fuh .%Slhka ye¢kaùu i|yd Ndú; jQ zhjkZ hk jpkfhka
ilia úKehs l,amkd lrk ,oS' ksrela;s Ydia;%hg wkqj tys
w¾:h fõ.fhka .uka lsÍu (moving swiftly) hkakhs' .%Sl
fõosldfjys ;srhla fkdue;s nj miqj fidhd.kakd ,oS44

iïNdjH ixialD; kdgHhkays olakg ,efnk

kdfgHdaml%u .%Sla kdgHfhka ,ndf.k we;ehs ;j;a u;hla
boßm;a úh' tfy;a fï u;h ms<s.ekSu W.yg h' Yl=ka;,d"
uDÉPlál" r;akdj,S" uqødrdlaIi" ud,;SudOj jeks kdgHhkays
wka;¾.; jk kdfgHdaml%u bka§h idys;Hfhys úfYaIfhka
ùr ldjHhkays olakg ,efí' iS;d ;udj fidhd.; yels jk
mßos wdNrKhla ìu fyÆ nj rdudhKfhys i|yka fõ' iS;d
ykquka w; ysfia me,¢ ueKslla hejQ m%jD;a;h
s la o rdudhKfhys
olakg ,efí' fun÷ isoaê wjYH muKg kdgHlrejkag ,nd
.; yels úh' tneúka .%Sl kdgHfhka tn÷ o;a; Wlyd.ekSfï
wjYH;djla fkd ùh' Wla; úúO øjH y÷kd.ekSfï Wml%u
kdgHfha § úfYa I fhka fhdod.ekS u iq ÿ iq hhs pdklH
w¾:Ydia;%fha § i|yka lrhs'45
ixialD; oDYH ldjHfha m%Njh iy úldYh 25

fma%u jD;dka;uh iajrEmh wkqj i,ldn,kúg ixialD;

kdgHh wdika k jkq f ha .% S l kdgHhg jvd t,s i n;ka
(Elisabethan) kdgH l,dj foighs' ixialD; kdgHlrejd
ld,fha iy wjldYfha .e<mSu .ek t;rï fkd is;hs' Tyq
b;d myiqfjka kdgH o¾Ykh ñksia f,dj isg foõ f,dj
fj; f.k hhs' lsisu mels,Sulska f;drj oS¾> ld, mrdihl
fjkila we;s lrhs' mQ¾j rx.fha ,laIK iy l%shdldß;ajh
.%Sl fYdaldka; kdgHfhka imqrd fjkia h' mQ¾jrx. ixialD;
kdgHfha u fldgils' ixialD; kdgHfha uQ,sl l%shdldß;ajh
wjia:dkqlrKhhs'46 .%Sla kdgHh wkq.ukh lrkqfha l%shdjhs'
.%Sl kdgHh w;aje,a .dhkhg uq,a ;ek fohs' ixialD; kdgHh
moH .dhkhkaf.ka iEySug m;afjhs'47

is,j
a ka f,aúf.a u;h jQfha Yl n,mEfuka ixialD; kdgHh
mekke.s njhs' l%s'j'150 oS reøoduka úiska msysgqjk ,o iqm%isoaO
.s¾kd¾ fi,a,smsh fï iïnkaOfhka fnfyúka jeo.;a fjhs'
Yljrekaf.a md,k iufhys iY%Sl;ajh tu fi,a,smsfhka
m%lgfjhs' Yldr kï k¿jd ixialD; kdgHhg msúiSu o jeo.;a
lreKls' tfy;a uDÉPlál kdgHfhys Yldr ms<sìUq jkqfha
my;a pß;hla f,i h' m%;dmj;a YlrdcjxYh ksfhdackh
lsÍug ;rï th m%n, fkd fõ' flfia fj;;a is,ajka f,aõf.a
m%h;akh id¾:l fkd ù h'

by; idlÉPdfjka ixialD; kdgHfha m%Njh iy úldYh

iïnkaOfhka jeo.;a lreKq u;=úh' ;ju;a úoaj;=kaf.a wei
fkd.eiqKq fndfyda lreKq mej;Sug bv ;sfí' R.afõofha
ixjdo iQla; fuka u uydNdIHfha i|yka kdgH rÕoelaùï o
kdgHhlg wjYH uQ,dY%h imhhs' fn!oaO uQ,dY%hhka o jeo.;a
idlaIH imhhs' flfia fj;;a wYajf>daIhkaf.a Ydßmq;%
m%lrKh mßmQ¾K kdgHhla ms<sn| woyi ;yjqre lrhs'

iïNdjH kdgHlD;s
m<uqfjks iïNdjH kdgH lD;sh ksmojk ,oafoa l%s' j' 1
fjks ishjfia úiQ wYajf>daI ysñhka úisks' Ydßmq;% m%lrK
26 udkjYdia;% mSG Ydia;%Sh ix.%yh" 20 l,dmh" 2012$13

fyj;a Ydroaj;Smq;% m%lrK kñka th ye¢kafõ' Æv¾ia úiska

fidhd.kakd ,o len,s lsysmhlg th iSud úh' Ydßmq;%
fu!oa.,Hdhk foku nqÿrcdKka jykafia irKhdu fuys
úia;r fõ' Ydßmq;%hkaf.a ñ;%fhl= f,i ú¥Il fmkS isà' Tyq
Ndú; lrkqfha m%dlD; NdIdjhs' fuh m%lrK .Khg wh;a
kdgHhls' wxl kuhlska mßñ; h' nqoaOpß;" iQ;%d,xldr jeks
lD;sj,ska lreKq Wmqgdf.k ;sfí' ixialD; kdgH b;sydifhys
jeo.;a ia:dkhla fuu lD;sh iksgqyka lrhs' nqoaê" lS¾;s" OD;s
wdos .=Kdx. md;%hka f,i fhdod .ekSu kjH w;ayodne,Suls'
kdgH md;%hka f,i l%shd lrk .=K O¾u iu. u ñksia pß;
iïnkaO lsÍu ks¾udKd;aul w;ayod ne,Suls'

Ndi
ixialD; oDYH ldjHfha úldYh iïnkaOfhka jeo.;a
fufyjrla bgq l< ks¾udKlrefjl= f,i Ndi ye¢kaúh
yels h' Ndi" fi!ñ,a," lúmq;% hk kdgHlrejka ;ukaf.a
mQ¾jchka f,i ld,sodi y÷kajhs'48 ndK b;d Wiia wdldrfhka
Ndi .ek i|yka lrhs' Ndif.a kdgH iQ;%Orf.a wdrïNfhka
hqla; hhs Tyq i|yka lrhs' tfuka u wxlj,g fn¥ m;dldos
isoaëkaf.ka iuqfma; h' Ndi lS¾;sfhka w.m;aj isá nj;a
ndK i|yka lrhs'49 zNdi kdgl pl%Z hk m%isoaO m%ldYh wkqj
Ndi kdgH rdYshla rpkd l< nj ms<s.efka' Tyqf.a ks¾udK
13la y÷kdf.k we;' iajmakjdijo;a;d" m%;{ s dfh!.kaOrdhK"
wúudrl" pdreo;a;" m%;sudkdgl" wNsfIlkdgl" m[aprd;%"
¥;jdlH" uOHujHdfhd." ¥;>fgd;alp" l¾KNdr" W!reNx."
nd,pß; tu lD;sh' fï ish¨ lD;s Ndif.a oehs újdodmkak
h' fuu lD;S k a y s wdrïNfhys fyda wjidkfhys l¾;D
ixo¾Ykhla fkdue;' kdka§ moHh neyer lsÍu o lemS fmfkk
,laIKhls' fuys uq,ska u iQ;%Odr msúfik nj mejfia' fiiq
kdgHj, m%ia;djkd hkqfjka oelafjk i|yk fïjdfhys
ia:dmkd hkqfjka kï lr we;' Nr;f.a kshuh wkqj kdgHhl
hqo" urK wdosh ksrEmKh fkdl< hq;= h' Ndi th W,a,x>kh
lrhs' fYdaldka; ks¾udK kqiÿq iq nj Nr;f.a b.ekaùuhs' tfy;a
fYdaldka;hg <xjk ks¾udK Ndi bosßm;a lrhs' iïm%odh
ixialD; oDYH ldjHfha m%Njh iy úldYh 27

blaujd hdfuys lsishï reÑhla Ndi ;=< mej;s nj fmfka'

iuyr úg kj w;ayod ne,Sï f,i ye¢kaùug o yels h'
wdma;jdlH iy WmfoaYd;aul woyia moHhkag we;=<;a lsÍu
Ndif.a ldjH ffY,sfha lemSfmfkk ,laIKhka h'

Y=øl
Y=ølg fmr iy miqj;a ld,sodig l,skq;a kdgH rplhka
lsysmfofkl= úiQ njg f;dr;=re wkdjrKh ù we;' rdñ,
iy fidañ, fuysoS i|yka l< yels h' “Y=øl l:d" hk kdgHh
Tjqkfa .a ks¾udKhla f,i ms<.
s efka' rdcfYaLr fuu ks¾udKh
.ek i|yka lr we;;a wo kIagm%dhhs' fuys fidañ, hk kduh
ud,úld.aksñ;%fha fi!ñ,H hkak yd iei¢h yels h'

Ndif.a pdreo;a; kdgHh yd Y=ølf.a uDÉPlál kdgHh

iu. ióm in|;djla fmkakqï lrk nj úpdrlhkaf.a
u;hhs'50 uDÉPlálfhys Y=ølf.a l¾;D;ajh ms<sn|j o úúO
woyia m<ù we;' Y=øl úúO Ydia;%hkays yi< flfkls' Tyq
ishla jila iy osk oyhla cSj;a ù hhs i|yka fõ' j¾Oudk
fyda fYdaNdj;sh Tyq úiQ m%foaYhhs' oKaäka oYl=udr pß;fhys
Tyq ms<sn| j i|yka lrhs' Y=øl hkq ñ:Hd kduhla njg o
u;hla mj;S' rcflfkl=f.a kula úh yels nj ;j;a u;hls'
fldfkdúf.a woyi kï Tyq ft;sydisl mqoa.,fl= njhs'
uDÉPlálh úYsIag kdgH ks¾udKhla f,i ie,fla' th
wxl oyhlska iuQfm; ks¾udKhls' Y=ølf.a nqoaêm%Ndj fuys
uekúka úYo fõ' pdreo;a; iy jika;fiakd w;r fm%au
jD;a;dka;h fuu kdgHfhys újrKh fõ'

pß; ksrEmKh iïnkaOfhka Yølg úYsIag yelshdjla

úh' iEu pß;hla u m%dKj;aj ;nd.ekSug Tyq iu;a ù we;'
iudcfha we;=¿ me;a; Tyq t<sorõ lrhs' iïm;ska wdVH jQ
rdcud,s.d fjkqjg me,am;a flfrys wjOdkh fhduq lrhs'
jeo.;a hhs ujdmdñka iudcfha jecfUk mqoa.,hskaf.a ienE
uqyqKqjr Tyq myohs' wêl jeKqïj,ska f;drj wjYH foa
fláfhka mjihs' fm%alaIlhd ;=< Ñ;a;crEm cks; lrjhs'
th w;sYhska w.h l< hq;= ks¾udKhla hhs foa mjihs51
28 udkjYdia;% mSG Ydia;%Sh ix.%yh" 20 l,dmh" 2012$13

Yldr jeks pß;hla fhdod.kñka kj uqyK q j

q rla kdgHhg
f.koS u g Tyq h;a k ord we;' kdgHhlg w;HjYH
yd;afiHda;m
a dokh ks;e;ska u mekk.S' Yøl ixialD; kdgHhg
kjux fy<slr ÿka idys;HOrfhls'
ld,sodi
ld,sodi ixialD; idys;Hfha wf.%ir oDYHldjH rplhdhs'
ud,úld.akñ s ;%" úl%fud¾jYS" Ydl=k; a , Tyqf.a úYsIga kdgH
ks¾udKhka h' fm%u a jD;dka;hla mdol fldg ud,úld.akñ s ;%
kdgHh rpkd ù we;' ud,úld iy w.akñ s ;% w;r jefvk
wdorh kdgHfha os.yefrhs' foõf,dj iy ñksia f,dj tlg
nef|k jD;a;dka;hla úl%fuda¾jYS kdgHhg f;aud fjhs' mqrErjia
rc iy W¾jYs wmairdj w;r in|;dj fuys újrKh fõ'
ld,sodihkaf.a fY%I a G
a ;u kdgH lD;sh Ydl=k; a ,hhs' th iEu
w;skua mßmQ¾K jQ ks¾udKhls' ÿIHka; rc iy Ydl=k; a ,d
w;r fm%ua jD;a;dka;h thg jia;î = c ù we;' th wxl y;lska
mßñ; h' ld,sodihkaf.a m%;N s dmQ¾K lú;ajh tys uekúka
ksrEmKh fõ'
ld,s o dihka f .a ffY,s h ldjHhg keUq r e jQ j ls '
fi!kao¾hd;aul j¾Kkd iy Ndjuh w;aoelSï moHfhka bosßm;a
lsruS g Tyq reÑ lrhs' kdgHfha l:djia;j
= bosßhg f.k hkqfha
moHhg iïnkaO lrñks' ixfla;d;aul oekùï fï moHhkays
we;=<;a fjhs' iajNdj O¾uh udkùlrKhg ,la lsÍu Tyq
fnfyúka m%sh l< ldfjHdaml%uhls' kdgHh hkq yqfol,d
isoaê iuqodhhla fkd fõ' wdorh" lreKdj" fm%auh" wdYdj"
oafõYh jeks ñksia yeÕSï iuqÉphhla l%udkql, + j l=¿.ekaùuls'
tu udkqIl s yeÕSï l=¿.ekafjk mßos kdgH o¾Yk fm<.iajhs'
l:djl yd kdgHhl we;s fjki o thhs' ëfrdaod;a; pß;u
l:d kdhlhka f,i fhdod.ekSug Tyq j.n,d .kS'
ixialD; kdgH keröfuka muKla fkdj lshùfuka o
ri ú¢h yels h' thg WÑ; mßos ld,sodihkaf.a kdgH ilia
ù we;' moH Ndú;h thg tla idOlhls' rickkh u.ska
wdiajdoh Wmßu f,i ,ndoSug Tyq W;aidy orhs' YDx.dr rihg
Tyq m%sh lrhs' úm%,ïN YDx.drh jvd;a Tyqg m%sh jQjls'
ixialD; oDYH ldjHfha m%Njh iy úldYh 29

ixialD; kdgH úldYfha WÉp;u wjia:dj ld,sodi

iks g q y ka lrhs ' ld,s o dig fmr fyda miq úiQ lúfhla
ld,sodif.a mßK;núka hq;=j kdgH ksIamdokh lr ke;'
yels ;dla ÿrg Nr;f.a kS;s ms<smeoSug ld,sodi fm<ö we;'
ldjHd,xldr rplhka úúsO w,xldrhkag WodyrK f,i
ld,sodihkaf.a lD;sj,ka lreKq Wmqgd olajd ;sfí'

Y%S y¾I
Y%S y¾I l%:s j: 606-648 jdih lf<a h' Y%S y¾Ij¾Ok Ys,dos;H
rc;=ud idys;Hhg m%sh l< flfkls' r;akdj,S" m%sho¾Ysld"
kd.dkkao hhs t;=udf.a kdgH ;=kls' m%ia;djkdfõ uq,a moHh
kdgH ;=kg u fmdÿ h' ta moHfhka y¾I .ek m%Yxid flf¾'
Wohk l:d mqj; r;akdj,shg jia;= îc ù we;' r;akdj,S
l=ußh iy Wohk rcq w;r újdyh fuhg úIh fõ' m%sho¾Ysld
kdgHh o Wohk l:d mqj;g iïnkaO jQjls' kd.dkkao kdgH
wdlD;sfhys úfYaI;ajhla fmfka' fYdaldka; kdgHhla fia
úldYkh jk th wjidkfha § iqLdka;hla njg m;afjhs'
nqÿoyfuys b.ekafjk lreKdOHdih flfrys lemùula osif a õ'
wdrïNfhys fm%au l:djla jqj;a wk;=rej wd.ñl keUqrejla
ksrEmKh lrhs' ÔuQ;jdykf.a wd;au yrK m%jD;a;sh tys
újrKh fjhs' Tyq úoHdOrhkaf.a m%Odksfhl= f,i ie,fla'
ld,sodihkaf.a kdgHhkays odYHudk jk .ïNSr;ajh iy
pu;aldrh y¾Ihkaf.a kdgHhkays ms<sìUq fkdjk nj lS;af.a
u;hhs'52 tfy;a y¾I fY%I a G
a kdgHlrefjl= nj wu;l fkdl<
hq ; = h ' ld,s o di wkq . ukh ls Í ug hdu ks i d Tyq f .a
iaj;ka;%Ndjh tla;rd m%udKhlg wvq ù we;' Tyq fhdodf.k
we;s moH kdgHfha .,dhdug ndOdjla ù we;s nj fmfka'
ir, rpkd ffY,sh Tyqf.a kdgH ckm%sh ùug fya;= ù we;'
l:dj meyeos , s j bos ß m;a ls Í u Tyq f .a rpkd ffY,s f ha
úfYaI;ajhls' ydiHckl o¾Yk bosrsm;a lsÍu Tyqf.a rpkd
ffY,sfha úfYaI;ajhls' ydiHckl o¾Yk bosßm;a lsÍu
y¾If.a wmQ¾j;ajhls' fn!oaO uqyK q j
q rla .;a kd.dkkao kdgHh
kj w;a y odne,S u la f,i ie,ls h yels h' ÔuQ ; jdyk
fndai;ajrfhl= f,i ye¢kaùu jeo.;a lreKls'
30 udkjYdia;% mSG Ydia;%Sh ix.%yh" 20 l,dmh" 2012$13

NjN+;s
merKs l:djia;= f;aud lr.;a;;a kj wdrlska bÈßm;a
lsÍu NjN+;sf.a kdgH l,dfõ lemS fmfkk ,laIKhls'
úúO o¾Yk udOHfhka Nskak jQ rihka u;=lr oelaùug Tyq
iu;a fjhs' pß; ksrEmKfhys ,d Tyq úfYaI oialula m%o¾Ykh
lrhs' ud,;SudOjh iq,N fm%au l:djla jqj;a thska kj Ôjk
o¾Ykhla f.k taug Tyq iu;a fjhs' ;SlaIK f,i Tyq
kdfgHdaÑ; wjia:d f;dard.kS' W;a;r rdupß;h Tyqf.a kdgH
ks¾udKfhys m%ùK;ajh fmkakqï lrk levm;ls' kdgH
ikao¾Nh ;=< flákdgH o¾Yk m%o¾Ykh lsÍu iqúfYaI w;ayod
ne,Sula f,i ie,lsh yels h' th “.¾Ndxl" kñka ye¢kafõ'
“Ñ;% o¾Yk" kï Wml%uh o Tyqf.a kj w;ayod ne,Suls' kdhl
kdhs l djka ießierE ;eka Ñ;% h g k.d fmka j d Tjq k a g
w;S;dj¾ckhg u. fy<slr oSu fï l%uhhs' Tyqf.a kdgH
lD;sj, l%udNsj¾Okhla ms<sìUq fõ' W;a;r rdupß;fha
oelafjk zúIalïNlZ hk w;=re kdgH cjksld l%uh mßK;
rpkhl ,laIK orhs' NjN+;s Wiia n%dyauK mjq,lska mej;
tk flfkls' Tyq ta .ek .¾jfhka i|yka lrhs' Tyq l%s' j'
610ys muK úiS h'

NjN+;s ud,;SudOj" uydùr pß;" W;a;r rdupß; hhs kdgH

lD;s ;=kla rpkd lr we;' ud,;S iy udOjf.a fm%u
a jd;dka;h
ud,;SudOj lD;shg úIh ù we;' fuh wxl oyhlska iuqfma;
oS¾> kdgHhls' uydùr pß;h rdudhK l:dj wkqj ks¾udKh
lr we;' ùr pß;hla ksrEmKh lsÍu fuys uqLH mrud¾:hhs'
fuh wxl i;lska iukaú; h' W;a;r rdupß;hg o uq,a jkqfha
rdudhK l:djhs' uydùr pß;fhys we;=<;a fkdjQ fldgia
W;a;r rdupß;fhys o¾Ykj,g we;=<;a fõ' tys wdlD;sh"
ikao¾Nh" kdfgHdaÑ; wjia:d ksrEmK wdoS kdgHuh wjia:d
b;d Wiia ;;a j hl mj;S ' ldjHuh j¾Kkd w;s k a o
ld,sodihkag hï muKlska fyda ióm úh yels iajrEmhla
orhs'
ixialD; oDYH ldjHfha m%Njh iy úldYh 31

úYdLo;a;
úYdLo;a; úiska uqødrdlaIi kdgHh rpkd lrk ,oS'
rdlaIi hkq weu;sjrfhl=f.a kuls' Tyqf.a ke;s jQ uqødjla
kej; Tyqg Ndrfok ,oS' tu isoê
a h uq,l
a r .ksñka uqødrdlaIi
kñka fï kdgHh y÷kajk ,oS' uqødrdlaIi kdgHh foaYmd,k
miqìulska hqla; h' rdlaIi kkaojrekaf.a weu;sfhls' kkao
jxYh jekiQ pkaø.=ma; yd Tyqf.a mqfrdays; pdklH iu.
rdlaIi we;slr.;a úúO .egqï fuys újrKh fõ'

úYdLo;a;f.a Ôjk ;;= úr,h' Tyq Ndialro;a;f.a mqf;l=

f,i i|yka fõ' kdgHfhys i|yka pkaø.=ma; hk ku Tiafia
úoaj;ayq úúO ks.ukj,g t<fU;s' .=m; a jxYhg wh;a fofjks
pkaø.=m;a h hkq iuyrekaf.a woyihs' ldYaórfha rc l< wjka;s
j¾uka rcq l, ùiQ nj ;j;a u;hls' flfia fj;;a th
wúksYaÑ; m%Yakhls' l%s' j' 09 fjks ishjfia úiqfõ hhs ;j;a
woyils'53

úYdLo;a;f.a mdKaä;Hh Tyqf.a kdgHfhka m%lg fõ'

w¾:Ydia;%h oKav kS;s wdosh uekúka yod< flfkls' Tyq tu
oekq u kdgHfhys uekúka fhdod.kS ' kdgH f;a u dj o
foaYmd,khg iïnkaO fyhska rdc;dka;%sl lreKq ksoyfia
idlÉPd lsÍug Tyqg m%ia;dj ie,fihs' kdgH Í;shg wkql+,j
ish rpkdj lsÍu ksid th Wiia ks¾udKhla f,i ms<s.eksK'
wjia:d ksrEmKfhys ,d Tyq olajk yelshdj úYsIg
a h' pdKlH
yd pkaø.=ma; w;r jHdc úfrdaOhla fmkakï lsÍu lemS
fmfkk wjia:djls' pdKlHf.a prmqreIhkaf.a yeisÍï kdgH
jia;f= õ úldYhg Wmldß ù we;' pß; úúO;ajh lemS fmfkhs'
pß; w;r >Ügkhla we;s lsÍug Tyq úfYaI iu;alula orhs'
fuh pß;hka m%dKj;aj ;nd .ekSfï Wml%uhls' pdKlHf.a
lmálï iy úplaIK;dj wjYH m%udKhg;a jvd yqjd olajhs'
wfkla w;ska rdlaIif.a ohd odlaIsKH;dj biau;=lr olajhs'
Tyqf.a moH fuka u .oH o m%dKj;a h' wjia:djg WÑ; mßos
NdIdj yiqrejhs'
32 udkjYdia;% mSG Ydia;%Sh ix.%yh" 20 l,dmh" 2012$13

NÜgkdrdhK
NÜgkdrdhK 7fjks ishjfia miq Nd.fhys fyda 8fjks
ishjfia uq,a Nd.fhys fyda úiS hhs ie,fla' 8fjks ishjfiys
úiQ jduk ldjHd,xldrfhys54 fõKSixydrh .ek i|yka lrhs'
wdkkao j¾Ok o fõKSixydrfhka lreKq Wmqgd.kS' uïug
fNdac jeks úpdrlfhda o ta .ek i|yka lr;s' fõKSixydrh
ùr l:djia;=jla uq,afldg we;' fõKs hkq fldKavhhs' ixydr
hkq weof.k hduhs' ÿ¾fhdaOk úiska fø!moshf.a flia l<ôka
weof.k hdfï mqj; wdY%hfhka kdgHh kï lr we;' NSu
we;=¿ mdKavjhka úiska fl!rjhkaf.ka m,s.ekSu i|yd
hqoaOhg t<öu kdgHfhka újrKh fõ'

kdgHhl w;HjYH wx.hla jk l= ; + y ,h oekùug

NÜgkdrdhK iu;a fkd fõ' oS¾> igka úia;r kdgHhg
kSri njla f.k fohs' kdhl m%;k s dhl úfrdaO;djla weú<ùug
Tyq iu;a fkd fjhs' pß; ksrEmKfhys imqrd wiu;a hhs lSug
o fkd yels h' NSuf.a pß; ,laIK uekúka ksrEmKh ù we;'
tla tla pß;h l%shdldÍ fia f.k yer mEug Tyq iu;a ù ke;'
kdgH rplfhl=g jvd lúfhl= f,i Tyq lemS fmfkhs' moH
u.s k a pß;hka f .a ufkda N djhka újrKh ls Í ug Tyq
m%ùK;ajhla orhs' Tyqf.a NdId m%fhda.hka Wiia uÜgul mj;S'
ñksia wdfõ.j,g .e<fmk mßos Tyq NdIdj fhdod .kS' hqo
jekquloS Y+r ùr .=Kdx.j,g .e<fmk NdIdjla fhdod.kS'
fm%aujD;dka;hl oS ugis¿gq NdId m%fhda.hla Wmfhda.s lr.kS'

uqrdß
uqrdßf.a wk¾> rd>jh wxl y;lska hq;a kdgHhls' rd>j
hkq rduhs' wk¾> hkafkka jákd hk woyi fohs' rduf.a
jákd l:dj fuys we;=<;a fõ' rij;a kdgHhla bosßm;a lrk
nj Tyq m%i;
a djkdfõ i|yka lrhs' iïnkaOh wvq o¾Yk rdYshla
kdgHh mqrd os.yefrhs' tys ldjHuh fyda kdgHuh wmQ¾j;ajhla
wåls; fkd fõ' mßydks ,laIK ÿgqj yels h' iïNdjH kdgH
wkq.ukh lr we;s nj fmkS h;;a tajdfhys .=Kd;aul nj
Wlyd .ekSug uqrdß iu;a ù ke;' kdgHhl Ôjh jk ixjdo
ixialD; oDYH ldjHfha m%Njh iy úldYh 33

flfrys Tyq ie,ls,a,la fkd olajhs' os.gu l:dj bosßm;a

lsÍug Tyq W;aidy orhs'

uqrdßf.a Ôjk iuh ms<sn| iaÓrj hula mejiSu wmyiqh'

j¾Oudkl iy ;ka;=u;S Tyqf.a ujqmshka h' Tyq NjN+;sg
miqj úiQ nj kdgHfha wNHka;r idlaIHj,ska fy<s fõ'
wk¾>rd>jfha moHhla oYrEmlfhys56 Wmqgd oelafõ' fï wkqj
Tyq kjfjks ishjfiys jdih lrkakg we;ehs wkqudk flf¾'
W;a;r rdupß;" r>qjxi jeks lD;s Tyq mßYS,kh lr we;'
tfy;a Tyqf.a lD;sh kSri njg m;aù we;'

rdcfYaLr
rdcfYaLrf.a j.;=. Tyqf.a lD;sj,ska fy<s fõ' Tyq
uydrdIagh % g iïnkaO flfkls' ÿ¾ÿl yd YS,j;S ujqmfs hda jQy'
ufya k a ø md, iy uyS m d, rcq k a iómj weiq r e lf<a h'
nd,rdudhK" nd,Ndr;S" úoaOYd, l[aðld" l¾mQruxcÍ hk
kdgH Tyq úiska rpkd lrk ,oS' Tyq kjfjks ishji wjidkfys
úiS hhs wkqudk flf¾' wdkkao j¾Ok jeks ldYaór úpdrlhka
.ek Tyq i|yka lrhs' ish laI;%hs ìß| wjka;s iqkoa ßhf.a mS;% s
m%fudaoh i|yd l¾mQruxcÍ kdgHh rpkd lr we;' tu kdgHfha
oS Tyq ;udj zlúrdcZ f,i y÷kajd .kS' nd,rdudhKfhys i|yka
mßos Tyq .%ka: ihl l;=jrfhls' ldjHóudxid kï jQ
ldjHd,xldr lD;shla o Tyq úiska rÑ; h'

ld,s o di" NjN+ ; s jeks iïudkkS h kdgH rplhka

wkqlrKh lr we;;a Wiia ks¾udK ìys lsÍug Tyq iu;a ù
ke;' iS;df.a úfkdaoh i|yd .srjqkaf.a lgy~ we;=<;a rElv
u.ska bosßm;a lr we;s kegqu nd,rdudhKfhys úfYaI;ajhls'57
wxl follska hq;a nd,Nr; kdgHh wjika fkdlrk ,o
iajrEmhla .kS' l¾mQruxcÍ kdgHh iÜgl kñka jHjydr
fõ' m%fõYl iy úIalïNl fkdue;s kdáld .%ka:hla
iÜgl kñka jHjydr jk nj rdcfYaLr i|yka lrhs'58
kdhsldjf.a kñka ye¢kafjk lD;shla iÜgl ku ork nj
;j;a u;hls'
34 udkjYdia;% mSG Ydia;%Sh ix.%yh" 20 l,dmh" 2012$13

mßydks ,laIK
uqrdß iy rcfYaLr hq.h jk úg ixialD; kdgHfha mßydks
,laIK oDYHudk úh' 11fjks ishjfia isg 15fjks ishji
olajd rÑ; kdgH m%udKfhka úYd, jqj;a .=Kd;aul núka
wE;a fjhs' m%ikak r>j lD;sh wk¾>rd>jh kñka mjd
wkqlrKh l< rpkhls' 12fjks ishjig wh;a fï lD;sfhys
l¾;D chfoaj h' Tyq ;¾l Ydia;%fhys;a kdgH Ydia;%fhys;a
w;solaIfhlehs mejfia'59 fuh kSri lD;shls' 13fjks ishjfia
úiQ rúj¾uka úiska rÑ; m%oHqïkdNHqoh lD;sh o iïNdjH
kdgH yd iei£ug wmyiq rpkhls' ,,s;r;akud,d" wkÕj;S"
jkud,d hk lD;s kdáld .Khg we;=<;a fõ' wkqlrKh yer
fïjdfhys úfYaI;ajhla fkdue;' OQ¾; iud.u m%yik
kdgHhls' lõfYaLr úiska th rÑ; h' c.oSYj
a rf.a ydiHd¾Kjh
m%isoaO m%yikhls'
lDIaKñ;%f.a m%fndaO pkafødoh 11fjks ishjfia rÑ; jeo.;a
lD;shls' th oDIagdka; kdgHhls' wxl yhlska hq;a fï kdgHfhys
fõodka; o¾Ykh újrKh fõ' u;s" OD;s" lreKd ffu;%"S Ydka;s
jeks .=KO¾u yd fuday" r;s" fl%dO a jeks ÿ¾.=K kdgH md;%hka
fia fhdod.ekSu fuys úfYaI;ajhhs' ffck" fn!oaO" n%dyauK
wd.ï Y%oOa d kï ìß|la yd iïnkaO flf¾' fuu wd.ï ñ:HdoDIaá
f,i neyer lr fõodka; o¾Ykh i;H jQ wd.u f,i ;yjqre
lsÍu fuys mrud¾:hhs' lDIaKñ;% uy;a mßY%ufhka kdgHh
f.dvk.d we;s nj meyeos,s h' ñksia isf;a iod;ksl wdOHd;añl
.eg¨ ksrdlrKh lsÍug Tyq W;aidy orhs' lDIaKñ;% wkq.ukh
lrñka ta .Kfha kdgH ìyslÍ s ug rplhka fndfyda fofkla
W;aidy ord ;sfí' tfy;a tajd yqÿ wkqlrKhka muKs' hYmd,f.a
fuday mrdch tn÷ lD;shls' Tyq 12fjks ishjfia úiS h'
l¾KmQrf.a ffp;kHpkafødoh o tjekakls'
mßydks hq.fhys ie,lsh hq;= kdgHhla f,i ¥;dx.oh
ye¢kaúh yels h' fuh Pdhd kdglhls' fuu lD;sh kï lr
we;af;a úfYaI isoê
a hla uq,a lr f.k h' tkï iS;d kej;
rdjK fj; ¥;fhl= f,i wx. o heùfï m%jD;a;h s hs' fuh
13fjks ishjig wh;a h' fuh rElv kdgH úfYaIhla hhs o
ixialD; oDYH ldjHfha m%Njh iy úldYh 35

iuyr úfõplfhda l,amkd lr;s' bkaoh s dfõ Pdhd kdgH ljrod

ìys ù ±hs mejish fkdyels nj lS;a mjihs'60 fï>m%Ndpd¾hf.a
O¾udNHqoh lD;sh fï .Kfha m<uq kdgHh f,i Tyq y÷kajhs'
¥;dx.oh kdgHfha úúO i|ykaj,ska th rElv kdgH yd
iïnkaOh fmkakï q lrhs'

uydkdgl kï jQ w;súYd, kdgH j¾.hla .ek o i|yka

fõ' fïjdfhys úYd,;ajh yer kjkdgH rihla oekùula
m%lg fkd fõ' fïjd kdgHhlg jvd ldjH m%nkaOhl iajrEmh
orhs' wxl 14lska iuqfma; odfudaorñY%f.a ykquka kdglh
uydkdglhls' uOqiQokf.a uydkdglh ;j;a lD;shls' th
idys;H lD;shla f,i jákdlula orhs'

kdgHfha Ôjh jk m%dKj;a fonia Ndú;h fjkqjg os.k s a

os.gu moH j¾Kkd fhdod.ekSu mßydks ,laIKhls' iuyr
kdgHj, tl os.g moH ish.Kka olakg we;' m%;N s dmQ¾K
lùka moH fhdod.kqfha wjYH wjia:dj,oS muKs' ÿIHka;
wimqjg msúfik úg ìh ù m,dhk uqjdf.a o¾Ykh m%lg
lrk Ydl=k; a ,fha j¾Kkh Ñ;% ks¾udKhla jeks rpkhls'
fun÷ ufkdaNdjuh ks¾udK mYapd;a;k lùka w;r úr, h'
ld,sodi lú;ajfha WÉpia:dkhg m;a jQ neúka fiiq lùkaf.a
wdf,dalh ySk ù .sh nj úpdrlhkaf.a u;hhs'

c.s¾od¾f.a u;h NjN+;sf.ka miqj ixialD; kdgHh

mßydkshg m;a jQ njhs'61 y¾If.a ld,fhaoS mßydks ,laIK
u;=jkakg úh' uqrdßf.a iufha § th iïmQ¾K úh' mYapd;a
ld,sodi hq.fhys ie,lsh hq;= kdgH rplhka jkqfha úYdLo;a;
iy NjN+;s h' Wiia kdgH ,laIK Tjqkf a .a ks¾udKj, osif a õ'
ëfrdaod;a; pß;hka fhdod.ekSu" kdgH jia;=j f.dvke.Su"
wjia:dkqlD;sh" isoê a ksrEmKh jeks kdgHdx. b;d úYsIg a f,i
Tjqkfa .a lD;sj, ksrEmKh ù ;sfí' y¾If.a kdgHj, o kdgH
l,dfjys oshKq jq la osif
a õ' NÜgkdrdhK" uqrdß" rdcfYaLr jeks
kdgH rplhkaf.ka miq kdgHfha wdf,dalh flfuka ksù
hkakg úh'
36 udkjYdia;% mSG Ydia;%Sh ix.%yh" 20 l,dmh" 2012$13

m%i;
a djkdj osla lr .ekSu mYapd;a ld,sodi hq.fha lùkaf.a
isß;la njg m;aúh' tys lsishï m%fhdackhla ke;af;a o fkd
fõ' tfy;a fuu f;dr;=re w;sYfhdala;sj,ska .yk h' lùka
ms<ns | hï muKl úia;r fuu j¾Kkd imhhs' NjN+;s ;ukaj
y÷kajd we;af;a mojdlH m%udKhka uekúka okafkl= f,i
h'63 uqrdß ;ud nd,jd,añlS f,i y÷kajhs'64 Tyq wd;aul:kh
i|yd moH 13la jeh lrhs' rdcfYaLr zlúrdcZ hk Wmdêh
,nd.kS ' fuu lreKq j ,s k a meyeos , s jkq f ha fï lùka
ldjHd;auhg jvd mdKä;Hh .re l< njhs' ld,sodi fl;rï
ksy;udkS lúfhla ù oehs r>qjxYfhka meyeos,s fõ' tfy;a
m%;sNdmQ¾K iajdNdúl lú;ajh ksid Tyq lùkaf.a wf.%aYajr
njg m;aúh'

ùrldjH" nDy;al:d jeks uQ,dY%hhkaf.ka iq,Nj ,nd.;

yels l:djia;k + g
a .e;s ùu o ixialD; kdgHfha mßydKshg
fya;j= la ù we;' mYapd;a iuh jkúg kdgHhla hkq l:djla
mejiSu hk woyig m;aúh' l=;+y,h okjk wmQ¾j woaoelSï
iys; ks¾udK úr, úh' iïNdjH kdgH rplhka Wmfhda.s
lr.;a l;djia;= miqld,Sk iuyr rplhka kej; fhdod.ekSu
o mrs y dks h g fya ; = j la úh' fï ks i d ixia l D; kdgHh
.;dkq.;slnfõ ÿ¾úmdlhg yiqúh'

NdIdj o ixialD; kdgHfha mßydkshg fya;= jQ nj iuyr

úpdrlhkaf.a u;hhs' th újdodmkakh' Wiia md;%hka ixialD;
o wjfYaI md;%hka m%dlD; o Ndú;h idudkH l%uhhs' Wiia
l=,j,g iSud jQ ixialD;h idudkH ckhdf.a jHjydrfhka
fjkia úh' ld,sodi" y¾I" NjN+;s jeks l;=jrekaf.a hq.j, oS
ixialD; NdIdjg úfYaI ;ekla ysñ úh' m%dlD;fhka rÑ;
kdgH lD;s fkdue;s ùu o úuish hq;= lreKls' ixialD;fha
´cd .=Kh iy m%dKj;a nj mYapd;ald,Sk ks¾udKj,ska .s,y
s K
s '

fndfyda ngysr kdgH lD;s fuka fkdj ixialD; kdgHh

iqLdka;hla ùu lemS fmfkk ,laIKhls' .%Sl fYdaldka;
kdgHh yd ii|k úg fï fjki meyeos,s fõ' ñksidg úfkdaoh
ixialD; oDYH ldjHfha m%Njh iy úldYh 37

f.koSu ixialD; kdgHfha mrud¾:h hhs mejiSu jeo.;a

m%ldYhls' iyDohd fm%alaIld.drfhka bj;aj hd hq;af;a yomsß
m%S;sfhks' yqÿ m%S;sh muKla fkdj Ôú;h ms<sn| .eUqre
w;aoelSula ,ndoSu o ixialD; kdgHfha mrud¾:h úh'65 wd.ñl
woyia yqjd oelaùu o kdgH u.ska isÿúh' jika; W;aij mQcd
iqLdka; kdgHhg n,mE nj lS;a mjihs' kdgHO¾ó" f,dalO¾ó
hhs Í;s folls' k¿jd l%shd l< hq;af;a kdgHO¾ó wkqj h'
kdgHhl fi!kao¾hh iy rih u;= jkqfha k¿jd kdgHO¾uh
wkq.ukh lrk úYsIag l%uh wkqjhs' kdgHh ish¨ rihka
tla;eka l< udOHhls' thska ,efnk wdkkaoh úkaokh iy
wdiajdoh wmuK h' th wfma i[acdkkfha ksïj<¨ mq¿,a
lrhs'

mdol igyka(
1' Nâtyaúâstra,I,119, “úfkdolrKx f,dfl kdgHfu;oa NúIH;s"
2. pusalkar,A.D., The Vedic Age,P.172.
3. wheele,M. The Indus CiviliZation,P.83.
4. Pusalkar,A.D., The vedic Age,P.183.
5. Shekhar,I.,Sanskrit Drama: It's origin & Decline, P.xiv.
6. Ibid, p.4.
7. Athervan Veda,xiii,I,41
8. Rgveda, vii,103
9. Ibid,x,34.
10. Ibid,1,92,4. “wêfmYdxis jmf; kD;=ßjd"
11. Nâtyaúâstra, 1,15
i¾jYdia;%d¾: iïmkakx i¾jYs,am m%j¾;lï
kdgHdLHx m[apux fjox fi;sydix lfrduHyï'
12. Ibid,1,17.
c.%dy mdGHuD.afjod;a idufNHd .S;fuj p
hcq¾fjodo Nskhdka ridkd:¾jKdoms'
13. Journal of the Asiatic society of bengol,vol.11,p.30.
14. Dowson, J.,Acclssiacal Dictionary oF Hindo Mythollllogy, p.4
15. kane, P.V.,history of Sanskrit Poetics, p.25.
16. Jagirdar,R.V., Drama in Sanskrit Literature, p.28.
17. kane, P.V.,History of Sanskrit Poetics, p.26.
18. Hopkins,E.W.,The great Epic of India,p.57.
19. Mahabharata,ii,ii,36. zkdgld úúOd# ldjHd#
l:dLHdhsld ldßld#Z
38 udkjYdia;% mSG Ydia;%Sh ix.%yh" 20 l,dmh" 2012$13

20. Ibid, ii,33,49. zmYHkaf;d kg k¾;ld#Z

21. Ibid, I,219,4. zkkD;=¾ k¾;ldYaffpj c.=¾ f.hdks .dhld#Z
22. Ramayana,ii,69,4. zkdgldks pl%e#Z
23. Hopkins,E.W., The great Epic of India,p.55.
24. Guruge,A.,The society of Ramayana,p.170.
25. Ibid,p.174.
26. Keith, A.B.The Sanskrit Drama,p.28.
27. Ibid, p.29.
28. Winternitz,M.,Hiatory of Indian Literature,vol.iii,part 1,p.11.
29. Keith,A.B.,The Sanskrit Drama,p.30.
30. Keith,A.B.,The Sanskrit Drama, p.31.
31. Agraval,V.S.,India as known to Panini,p.320.
32. Mahabhaºya, iii,1,26.
“fh ;djoa tf; fYdNksld kdffuf; m%;HlaIx lxix >d;hka;s
m%;HlaIx n,sx nkaOhka;S;s”
33' Ibid,iii,1,26. zÑf;%ij
a ms Woa.¾
+ Kd ksmd;s;dYapm%ydrd oDYHkaf;
lxild¾IKHYapZ
34. Mahâbhâºya, 1,p.26.
35. Keith,A.B., The Sanskrit Drama, p.33.
36. Dighanikâya,1, p.613.
37. Rhys Davids, Dialogues of the Buddha,1,p.7.
38. Wijesekara,O.H.De.A.,Buddhist Vedic Studies,p.19.
39. Keith,A.B.,The Sanskrit Drama, p.43.
40. Ibid,p.49.
41. Rgveda,x,86.
42. Ridgeway,Dramas & Dramatic Dances of Non-European
Races,p.157.
43. Shekhar,I,Sanskrit Drama It's origin and decline,p.54.
44. Gupta,C.B., The Indian Theatre,p.63.
45. Arthaúâstra, ii,21-39.
46. Daœarupa,I,7,"wjia:dkqlD;s¾ kdgHï"
47. Shekhar,I,Sanskrit Drama It's Origin & Decline,p.59.
48. Mâlavikâgnimitra, 1.
49. Harshapharita,I,16.
ziQ;%OdrlD;drïffN¾ kdgffl¾ nyqN+ñffl:
im;dffl¾ hfYd f,fN Ndfid fojl=ff,ßjZ
50. Keith,A.B., The Sunskrit Drama, p.128.
51. De,S.K., History of Sanskrit Literature,p.24.
52. Keith,A.B.,The Sanskrit Drama,p.175.
53' ;s,lisß"fÊ'" ixialD; kdgH idys;Hh" 131msg'
54. Kâvyâlankâra,iv,3,28.
ixialD; oDYH ldjHfha m%Njh iy úldYh 39

55. Dhvanyâloka,ii,10.
56. Daœarupaka,ii,1.
57. ;s,lisß"fÊ'" ixialD; kdgH idys;Hh" 141msg'
58. Karpuramañjari,I,6.
59. Prasannarâghava,I,8.
60. Keith,A.B.,The Sanskrit Drama,p,269.
61. Jagirdar,R.V.,Drama in Sanskrit Literature,p.157.
62. Shekhar,I., Sanskrit Drama,p.219.
63. Uttararâmacarita,p.9. zmojdlH m%udK{#Z
64. Anargharâghava,p.11.
65. Journal of Royal Asiatic society,1912,p.423.