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7 - 8 - Filter Networks and Operational Amplifier
7 - 8 - Filter Networks and Operational Amplifier
Filters
• A filter circuit can be constructed using passive components: resistors and capacitors.
• An active filter additionally uses an amplifier to provide voltage amplification
and signal isolation or buffering.
• In signal processing, a filter is a device or process that removes from a signal some
unwanted component or feature.
• Filtering is a class of signal processing, the defining feature of filters being the complete or partial
suppression of some aspect of the signal. Most often, this means removing some frequencies and not
others in order to suppress interfering signals and reduce background noise.
• It is a network which transmit freely one continuous band of frequency and attenuates all other
frequencies.
Types of Filters
1. Low-pass filter
2. High-pass filter
3. Bandpass filter
Low-Pass Filter
R 1 1
L1 = C2 = fC =
πfC πRfC π L1 C2
• A first-order, low-pass filter using a single resistor and a capacitor has a practical slope
of -20dB/decade.
where
AV --- voltage gain
fOH --- cut-off frequency
The circuit voltage gain and cutoff frequency are the same
for the second order circuit as for the first-order circuit,
except that the filter response drops at a faster rate for a
second filter circuit.
Illustrative Problem 1.
Calculate the cut-off frequency of a first-order low pass filter R1=1.2kΩ and C1=0.02µF.
Solution:
1
f OH =
2πR1C1
1
=
2π(1.2x103 )(0.02x10-6 )
=6.63kHz
High-Pass Filter
Ideal filter
• It is a filter that transmit all frequencies above response of high-
a given cut-off frequency and substantially pass
attenuates all other frequencies.
• A filter that provides or passes signals above a
cutoff frequency fOL is a high-pass filter.
1 R 1
C1 = L2 = fC =
4πRfC 4πfC 4π L2 C1
High-pass filter
(a) first order
(b) second order
(c) response plot
Illustrative Problem 2.
Solution:
1
f OL =
2πR1C1
1
=
2π(20x103 )(0.02x10-6 )
=397.89Hz
TOPIC TITLE SY / TERM OF EFFECTIVITY PREPARED BY
Bandpass filter
R f2 - f1 R (f2 - f1 ) 1
L1 = C1 = L2 = C2 =
π (f2 - f1 ) 4π R f2 f1 4π f2 f1 πR (f2 - f1 )
Bandpass filter using two stages, the first a high-pass filter and the second a low-pass filter, the
combined operation being the desired bandpass response.
Illustrative Problem 3.
Calculate the cutoff frequencies of the bandpass filter circuit in Fig.1.h with R1=R2=10kΩ,
C1=0.1µF and C2=0.002µF.
Solution:
1 1
f OL = f OH =
2πR1C1 2πR 2 C 2
1 1
= =
2π(10x103 )(0.1x10-6 ) 2π(10x103 )(0.002x10-6 )
=159.15Hz =7.96Hz
Operational Amplifier
Operational Amplifier is a high-gain amplifier with an output that corresponds to the
difference between two input signals. It has a very high input impedance typically a few
megohms) and low output impedance (less than 100Ω).
Basic Op-amp