Extended Essay

Research Question: To what extent does microplastic contamination impact the food chains
of marine life in the Indian Ocean from the last 30 years?

Subject: Biology SL

May 2022
Candidate ID: hqn516
Word Count: 3,938
 Abstract:
Microplastics are the result of the decomposition of plastic throughout the years. In
the ocean, due to waves, sunlight, and other natural causes, plastic decomposes into smaller
pieces that are rarely visible to the eye. Unfortunately, in many cases, due to the way
different marine animals, such as fish, breathe in these microplastics or digest them from
the algae that they eat, a chain reaction is caused in which plastic is stored inside animals’
bodies, since their immune system does not know how to digest microplastics. By
consequence, in biology this is known as biomagnification, when one fish eats a smaller
one, it stores its energy and its calories.
As a focus for this investigation, a marine food chain from the Indian ocean will be
observed. Through a variety of sources, an exponential equation was observed for the
biomagnification over 10, 20 and 30 years. The food chain chosen was of
Sunlight →Macrocystis pyrifera → Coenobita scaevola → Premnas biaculeatuv →
Sphyraena barracuda → Homo sapiens.
This way, creating a simulator that helped represent the collected data and
concluding by showing it to a group of young children to create awareness. Finally,
creating a mathematical representation of the biomagnification in this food chain in a more
formal manner.
Through the simulator, the biomagnification of microplastics in the chosen Indian
Ocean food chain was demonstrated (despite its inaccuracies) and that it would eventually
affect humans over a period of 30 years. As there is a larger percentage of microplastics as
we find ourselves higher in the food chain.
 Table of Contents

Introduction: ........................................................................................................................... 1

Methodology: ......................................................................................................................... 3

Collecting Data, Organizing Data & Results: ........................................................................ 6

Simulator: ............................................................................................................................. 12

Analysis & Evaluation of Data: ............................................................................................ 19

Discussion & Conclusion: .................................................................................................... 20

References: ........................................................................................................................... 21

Bibliography ......................................................................................................................... 22

Figures (references) .............................................................................................................. 25

Appendix …………………………………………………………………………………. 27
 Table Index

Table 1 .................................................................................................................................... 8

Table 2 .................................................................................................................................... 8

Table 3 .................................................................................................................................... 9

Table 4 .................................................................................................................................. 10
 1

Introduction:

Without giving it much thought, humans almost completely forget about the ocean.
Ironically, we are surrounded by it, yet not much is known about marine life and how it
works. We enjoy eating the ocean´s fish but then we throw garbage into that very same
ocean. Soon, if we do not make a change we will be living by an ocean of plastic and eating
that plastic. Microplastic contamination is becoming a worldwide issue in desperate need of
control. It is specifically affecting marine food webs and ecosystems (Setala,O, et.al.,
,2018). One of the victims of plastic pollution is the Indian Ocean, home to a wide variety
of marine animals, sea turtles, sharks, whales, seahorses, dolphins, amongst many others
(DTE. S, 2019). Scientists investigating a remote archipelago in the Indian Ocean, the
Cocos Keeling Islands, found over 414 tonnes of plastic waste items. Including roughly
373,000 toothbrushes and 997,000 shoes (what the islands would usually produce in four
thousand years). This demonstrates how plastic travels from one ocean to the next
contaminating everything it encounters (DTE. S, 2019).
The unfortunate fate for most plastics is that they start decomposing into smaller
pieces. These will eventually measure from 100nm to 5 Mm in diameter (Setala, O et.al.,
2018). (Most are not visible to the naked eye). Not only is this an issue for marine animals,
but for us humans too. For example, the problem of mercury intoxication for humans and
cats. This example is taken from cases related to biomagnification in tuna fish, the fact is
that in the coal industry, toxic waste substances such as metals and zinc are disposed of and
got into the tuna population. When intoxicated tuna was eaten by humans and cats there
was a result over time on their health. For example, cats which were intoxicated by mercury
presented “degenerations of the granular layer and some Purkinje neurons in the
cerebellum” (Chang, L,1974). Are concerns expressed by scientists that this same effect
will occur in humans (due to the toxins in plastics), as these decompose, they release
Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) and others substances, that can cause cancer, endocrine
disruptions, birth deficiencies and others (Coalition Plastic pollution, 2019).
A study by MEDLINE, EMBASE and Web of Science about microplastics in salt
and its effect on humans, portrays the concerns that lead to the development of this
 2

extended essay. “The majority of samples were found to be contaminated by MPs.

Corresponding potential human exposures are estimated to be 0–6110 MPs per year (for all
origins), confirming salt as a carrier of MPs” (Seth, C and Shrivastava, 2018). With the
previous quoted information, we can observe the manner in which independently of the
known effect on humans, there is a concern due to the amount of microplastics found in our
environment and how much humans are being exposed to them (especially since salt is one
of the foods that we ingest the most).
Due to the level of exposure of microplastics in the human body, similarly to fish,
when our body doesn´t know what to do with something it tends to store it. With
microplastics, they disintegrate and tend to have many substances like pharmaceuticals that
over time will cause toxicological damage (Datenschutzerklärung,2021).
Considering the previous information, the focus for this extended essay is on the
biomagnification of microplastics in the food chain chosen from the Indian Ocean:
Macrocystis pyrifera: Species of Kelp very commonly seen in the Indian ocean.
Coenobita scaevola: Species of Hermit crab that eats mainly kelp.
Premnas biaculeatuv: Species of Clown fish, commonly know as maroon Clown Fish.
Sphyraena barracuda: Fish similar to salmon that Indians eat.
Homo sapiens: The end of the food chain, mainly affected by microplastic contamination.
In order to do this, the following question must be answered; To what extent does
microplastic contamination impact the food chains of marine life in the Indian Ocean from
the last 30 years? Leading to the hypothesis that Microplastic contamination in the Indian
Ocean will affect marine food chains creating a chain reaction that by consequence causes
humans to ingest these plastics through marine animals.
For the development of the research question a simulator was developed that helped
represent the collected data and concluding by showing it to a group of young children to
create awareness. Finally, creating a mathematical representation of the biomagnification in
this food chain in a more formal manner.
Through the simulator, the biomagnification of microplastics in the chosen Indian
Ocean food chain was demonstrated (despite its inaccuracies) and that it would eventually
affect humans over a period of 30 years. As there is a larger percentage of microplastics as
we find ourselves higher in the food chain.
 3

Methodology:

For the experiment, it was decided to make a simulator of a food chain chosen from the
Indian Ocean. Collecting data from various sources and then interpreting it to be able to
inform children from a young age about the effect of microplastics on their lives. The
reason why the Indian Ocean was chosen is because it is one of the most contaminated
oceans in the world and it is not as large as the Pacific Ocean or the Atlantic Ocean,
meaning there is a vast percentage of biodiversity giving plenty of options to choose from.
In addition, ocean currents drag and concentrate microplastics transporting them from one
ocean to another including to the Indian ocean. To narrow down the location of the Indian
ocean, the sector chosen was the coral reef of the Indian ocean located at -29.87793,
81.49659. This is important as it is closer to the surface meaning there is more biodiversity
in this sector of the ocean, the food chain chosen lives in these coral reefs.

Taken from Google Maps Figure 19

Also, there are many sources from professional scientists that talk about the animals in
the Indian ocean, its food chain and the percentage of plastics found based on previous
studies.
 4

The methodology of this experiment consists in the development of a simulator which

shows in a visual manner the process of biomagnification, from 10, 20, to 30 years. So, the
step-by-step process to develop this is the following:
1. Investigation: Learning about the Indian Ocean and the vast variety of animals
contained in there. Eventually choosing the food chain that would be analysed and
collected data on.
Food chain chosen:
Sunlight →Macrocystis pyrifera → Coenobita scaevola → Premnas biaculeatuv →
Sphyraena barracuda → Homo sapiens.
2. Developing a research question: Once the idea of what was going to be the
objective for my investigation was clear, the focus on this extended essay is to be
able to not be too specific nor too broad on the investigation. So, the following
research question was developed: To what extent does microplastic contamination
impact the food chains of marine life in the Indian Ocean from the last 30 years?
This limiting it to when, where, what, and how.
3. Variables:
• Independent: Time. It will be organized from 10, 20 and 30 years which is
what will permit answer the research question and demonstrate that time is
independent over everything.
• Dependent: Amount of microplastics. The percentages are multiplied over
time in years. They will be measured using (Mm).This is since the amount
of microplastics stored depends on the amount of time passed and the
amount of plastic that enters the ocean.
• Control: The same food chain that was elected in the investigation process.
4. Hypothesis: In order to develop an assumption based on the previous investigation
of what was going to be obtained. Since it is known that heterotrophs (consumers)
are animals that feed on other organisms, and ingest them, taking their energy
(which is what helps them to survive), but also conserve what they ingest that has
no use, so the body does not know what to do with it (Allott, A, & Mindorff , D,
2014). Furthermore, stores it, as is happening with plastics. So, considering that if
in the first instance, one animal initially obtains microplastics from breathing them
 5

and they become lodged in their respiratory system and the animal also ingests them
from algae (for example) and then a predator that goes through the same breathing
process eats that animal, now storing the microplastics stored by the first animal in
addition to what they breathed themselves. This is what lead to the understanding of
biomagnification and the consideration of the following: Microplastic
contamination in the Indian Ocean will affect marine food chains creating a chain
reaction that by consequence causes humans to ingest these plastics through marine
animals.
5. Collecting data: Since I do not have the facilities to recollect data directly from the
Indian Ocean, I collected data on September 15th, 2021, from various trustworthy
sources. These sources are important as they are developed by professional
scientists who are from India or biologists throughout the world that are interested
in the problem of plastics and the biomagnification of microplastics. Yet, the bias
developed by the people that live in India, for example, they might want to collect
data that will not make their country look “bad”, there is always the possibility that
the data was modified with these intentions. Either way the data collected would
demonstrate in an exponential manner the problematic of plastic biomagnification.
6. Interpretation of data: After the research process to collect the data, basic math
additions were made which showed the increase of microplastics through the food
chain and then multiplied this as there was an increase year over year.
7. Organization of data: Once the data was obtained and I related it to
biomagnification, it was organized in tables and graphs.
8. Analysis of data: Being able to look at the results and pass it to the simulator which
was designed for children and to start building consciousness about microplastics.
Also, creating a discussion based on the investigation, the hypothesis and the data
collected.
9. Conclusions and Evaluations: Using the data to answer my investigation question
and evaluate my hypothesis. Also, to identify and comment on the range of error of
the experiment.
 6

Collecting Data, Organizing Data & Results:

To adequately develop the research process and the experiment, reliable sources had
to be found. The information needed to be relevant to the Indian Ocean, various species and
what they eat. For example, the fact that there is much concern on seafood safety and the
way it will begin to intoxicate humans and animals. “As plastic attracts toxins in the
environment, these poisons could be released into people’s bodies after they eat fish”
(Fuller, B,2000). This, leading the focus towards the amount of microplastics that are stored
in the human body over a certain period of time, putting humans at the top of the food
chain. To choose the food chain, it was based on the fish that are eaten most by humans,
such as tuna, salmon, trout, cod, sardines, etc. Then, for the species that were mentioned
previously were searched for and found out in the article by Animal Diversity that salmon
does not live in the Indian Ocean, nevertheless, they have barracuda which commonly they
refer to as “Indian salmon” (Safe, M, 2017). Then going down the food chain and
discovering a food chain of fish that eat other sea animals and plants.

This is the food chain chosen (scientific names):

Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6

Sunlight →Macrocystis pyrifera → Coenobita scaevola → Premnas biaculeatuv → Sphyraena barracuda → Homo sapiens.

Once this was clear, sources were found that had information about the amount of
microplastics stored in seaweed and how much these animals had accumulated these during
a year from breathing and from swimming in the ocean surrounded by microplastics.
Firstly, “From a sample of 63.76 μg kg−1 sea water from Indian ocean a total of 0,5 μm of
microplastics”. According to the source, this is usually the amount of plastic found in the
respiratory system and muscles of small fishes such as clown fish and in the shells of
hermit crabs. Also, when larger fish are exposed to these, due to their higher breathing rate
 7

and swimming velocity, they tend to have twice the amount of microplastics than smaller
marine animals (Andrew, C et al, 2020). Secondly, according to Qipei Li, et al (2020), in
the article “Microplastics in the Commercial Seaweed” there have been found in a vast
variety of samples of seaweed collected in the sea, that there are approximately 5Mm per
stem of seaweed. Third, in contaminated waters, there are studies that have found “0.5 Mm
after studies on hermit crabs” (Andrew, C et al, 2020). Then, similar studies indicate the
same percentage in clown fish and then double the quantity in great barracudas, meaning
1Mm of microplastics stored in their respiratory system and muscles (OCEANA,2021). All
of this ending up being consumed by the animal at the top of the food chain, the human,
consuming 7Mm of microplastics from this food chain a year.

Mathematical process showing biomagnification in food chain (1 year):

Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6

Sunlight →Seaweed → Hermit Crab → Clown Fish → Great Barracuda → Humans.

0,5 Mm +5Mm + 0,5 Mm + 0,5Mm+ 1 Mm = 7Mm
 8

Table 1

Biological Magnification in the Indian Ocean´s Food Chain

Time (years)

10 years 20 years 30 years

Microplastics per

Seaweed 50 Mm 100 Mm 150 Mm

species (Mm)

Hermit Crab 55 Mm 110 Mm 165 Mm

Clown fish 60 Mm 120 Mm 180 Mm

Great Baracuda 70 Mm 140 Mm 210 Mm

& humans

Mean 58,75 Mm 117,5 Mm 176,25Mm

Once the data was organized in a table, it was seen from a clearer paronamic. The
amount of microplastics that is stored in the food chain always increments over the years.
Demonstrating that every 10 years, the amount of microplastics stored in each species´
bodies increments by 58.75 Mm. So, in 30 years, the total amount of microplastics stored in
humans is of 176,25 Mm. This proves the point of concern that scientists and doctors have
about the potentially dangerous future effects on humans caused by the toxins that plastic
eventually release into human and marine animal bodies.

Table 2

Quantity of Microplastics vs Time ( at the top of the food chain):

 9

The bar graph demonstrates the total of microplastics stored in humans after eating
great barracudas. It shows that the total amount of microplastics increment over the years
independently of the range of error.

Table 3

Biological Magnification in the Indian Ocean´s Food Chain

Finally, a scatter graph was developed that permitted the understanding of the
exponential value of the amount of microplastic that are accumulated along the food chain.
As the graph shows, the amount of microplastics per species increments between each
interval of years, 10, 20 and 30. So, once this was done, an exponential equation for each
species was found.
For algae, logarithms were used to resolve the equation; 𝑌 = 𝑎𝑒 𝑏𝑡 . So, taking into
consideration the coordinates of the amount of microplastics vs time, the equation 3x2 was
followed.
 10

Table 4

Seaweed Amount of Microplastics vs Time

The process to obtain the final exponential equation was the following:
Resolving logarithm:
50 = 𝑎𝑒 𝑏(10)
𝑙𝑛 50 = ln (𝑎𝑒 𝑏10 )
ln 50 = ln 𝑎 + 𝑙𝑛 𝑒 𝑏10
𝑙𝑛50 = 𝑙𝑛𝑎 + 10𝑏
First equation for 3x2 system:
3,922 = 1𝑎 + 10𝑏
Repeat the previous process and obtained the following system:
3,922 = 1𝑎 + 10𝑏
{4,6051 = 1𝑎 + 20𝑏
2,18 = 1𝑎 + 30𝑏
When resolved in the calculator, it shows the value of “a” & “b” and of the correlation
coefficient (r).
a = 30, 28
b = 0,055
r = 0.98 → this meaning that the data collected has a strong correlation, since it is almost
100%.
Once these values were obtained, the following exponential equation for algae was
 11

obtained:
ln 50 = 30,3𝑏 + 0,05𝑏
This process was repeated for hermit crab, clown fish, barracuda & humans.
The following equations:
Seaweed:
ln 50 = 30,3𝑎 + 0,05𝑏
Hermit Crab:
ln 55 = 33,3𝑎 + 0,05𝑏
Clown Fish:
ln 60 = 36,3𝑎 + 0,05𝑏
Barracuda & Humans:
ln 70 = 42,4𝑎 + 0,05𝑏
Based on the previous equations, it is clear that the progress of this experiment is
exponential. Since it grows by 0,05 every 10 years up to 30, the amount of microplastics
multiplies and grows, as seen on the scatter graph above.
 12

Simulator:

Once the data collected was organized and understood, it was used to develop an
app in which children from 3rd and 4th grade (8–10-year-old) could interact with and start
building consciousness of the problems presented by plastics. “Marvel App” was used, it
was useful since it connects links that could lead to different slides and the children could
see the final slide that has an image of a child around their age with a stomach-ache
surrounded by plastic.

App for children: (Appendix A)

Figure 7 Figure 8 Figure 9

 13

Figure 10 Figure 11 Figure 12

Figure 13 Figure 14 Figure 15

Figure 16 Figure 17 Figure 18

 14

Children using the app: ( own elaboration – photographs)

Figure 19

Figure 20 Figure 21

Despite its simplicity, there was a conversation with the children about how they are
contributing to the microplastics problem and how they can help. The idea is for them to
learn by doing and by seeing visually how much over the years they may be affected. As
seen from figures 7 – 18, the app leads from a small initial percentage of plastics to a large
one. This meaning that it created a “wow” factor on the students, for example one of the
children said “We should say “no” to people that offer us products made from plastic like
straws or bags. We should start to use products that are recyclable, that don´t contaminate,
and that are biodegradable. We should stop contaminating so much since we are going to
end up eating all the trash that we throw away”.
This is relevant since it is important to start telling the younger generations the
 15

problems of this world to be able to culturally create the idea of recycling, reusing,
reducing, and refusing. Ironically the 4Rs have been told to us since we are children, but
something that has been noticed is that children see it as simply something that is affecting
the ocean or the trees, or the animals. Rarely has it been taught as something that affects us
as humans. The way it can affect our bodies, it is a complex effect to explain, especially the
side effect of toxins in plastic towards a body. Yet, through representation it shows a
stomach-ache, something that no one likes, even though sometimes they offer us an excuse
to miss school for a few days!
To formally represent the idea of data, in a more adult and scientific manner,
through Excel there was the creation of another simulator. In which the user can click on
the amount of plastic consumed, the time over the years, and then it automatically generates
the impact of the quantity of microplastics that will end up in the human body from
consuming the great barracuda.

Formal Simulator:
Step-by-step (screenshots Appendix B).
1. Choose the amount of microplastics (Mm)
 16

2. Choose the amount of time

3. Observe the impact, colour coded, yellow: low %, orange: medium %, light red:
large %, dark red: extreme %.

Indian Ocean Waters

 17

Seaweed (Macrocystis pyrifera )

Hermit Crab (Coenobita scaevola)

 18

Clown Fish (Premnas biaculeatuv)

Great Barracuda (Sphyraena barracuda) & Humans (Homo sapiens)

 19

Analysis & Evaluation of Data:

Considering the organization and collection of data, it was analysed that the
percentage of plastics has grown over the last 30 years, yet it should be considered that it is
exponential and not linear. The way that the amount of microplastics that grows over time,
could change in the future, the wave could start decreasing or increasing. It all depends on
the future actions of humanity, specifically, if we begin to consume less plastic and more
biodegradable products, the percentage of microplastics could start to decrease as less
plastic is entering the ocean. On the other hand, if we do not begin to make a change, the
amount of microplastics will continue to multiply and we will begin to succumb to the
effects of plastic toxicity in our bodies.
As the simulator was presented to 91 children between 8 and 10 years old, I was
able to analyse the impact of the information of biomagnification on them. All the 91
children easily understood the subject of microplastic biomagnification in the food chain
and the effect on our bodies. 74 children still had questions to understand in more depth the
subject. This meaning that the simulator worked to encourage the children to investigate
and learn more about the topic. The way in which children tend to know about plastic
contamination and the way it affects the environment but have a lack of knowledge of the
way it affects our bodies as humans. Especially since we are at the top of the food chains,
the species that will end up consuming most plastic is ourselves. The children made many
comments such as how they were interested in the effects of the toxins in plastic towards
our bodies. For example, cancer and chronic pain, which will begin to happen as more
microplastics store in our bodies in future generations.
This was an important activity since the new generations must begin to be taught
about change and refusing plastic. Especially, since when they were asked about the 4 Rs
they knew the ones that school tends to teach us, (reuse, reduce, recycle). Yet, they forgot
the most important and difficult one, which is refuse, I asked them questions such as “what
do you do if in a restaurant they offer you a plastic straw?”, they would respond with “no
thank you”. Starting to generate a culture in which we say “no” is something very important
to decrease the number of plastics consumed and leading to a reduction in the amount of
microplastics starting to accumulate in the marine food chains.
 20

Discussion & Conclusion:

In conclusion the data collected has been useful to understand biomagnification and
the way microplastics begin to accumulate throughout a food chain. The simulator was a
perfect way to represent the data in an interactive and graphic manner. This way, a sense of
emotional gain throughout the experiment was obtained, as consciousness was promoted
and increased the information younger generations had about this problem. In a formal
manner, a simulator was created which it is more about numbers, for adults to see too.
In the process of finding the exponential equation, the correlation coefficient was of
0,98, in other words, close to 100%. This meaning that the correlation of the data was
almost perfect. All of the data were collected from authentic scientific experiments that
many professionals have made the past few years. There is a range of error since each data
comes from different experiments, but they are professionally taken, meaning that they
have an important value in the moment of interpreting the data many have investigated.
There were limitations since it was not data collected by myself, but data collected by
others in a country I have never been to. Also, there was not such a broad amount of data
that I could find for the specific food chain chosen. Despite this, I did take into
consideration the range of error of the experiment was a factor and I was still able to
answer the research question.
The experiment was able to help evaluate my hypothesis, “Microplastic
contamination in the Indian Ocean will affect marine food chains creating a chain reaction
that by consequence causes humans to ingest these plastics through marine animals”.
Which is valid since it did create a chain reaction as when you go higher up the food chain
you find more microplastics as the data and simulations show.
 21

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 22

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 25

Figures (references)

Figure 1: Bexten, K. (2013). Could Sunlight Combat Metabolic Syndrome?, [JFIF]

Pinterest, https://co.pinterest.com/pin/614741417887017671/

Figure 2: Macron, M. (2022). Seaweed in the Indian Ocean, [JFIF] Telle Report,

https://www.tellerreport.com/life/2021-12-14-in-pictures--emmanuel-macron-and-viktor-

orban--presidential-campaign-2022--and-tornadoes-in-the-united-states.Byx4ux7U5Y.html

Figure 3: Ekananda, A. (2012). What is understood by carcinization?, [JFIF] Quora,

https://id.quora.com/Apa-yang-dimaksud-dengan-carcinisation

Figure 4: Dark, J. (2019). Brief Information About Fish, [JFIF] Interesting Information,

http://interesting-information.ru/2019/01/kratkaya-informaciya-o-rybax

Figure 5: Tufano, G. (2021). Barracuda, [jpg] Killer Movies,

https://killermovies.vhx.tv/vhs/videos/barracuda

Figure 6: Vexels. (2014). Human Body Systems Illustration Set [JFIF] Vexels,

https://www.vexels.com/vectors/preview/224464/human-body-systems-illustration-set

Figure 7-18:

Myroslava. (2017). Aerial view of Mauritius island [JFIF]. iStock,

https://www.istockphoto.com/photo/aerial-view-of-mauritius-island-gm864510358-

143404433

Morlock, P. (2004). Orange Gold Sunset [jpg]. Pixy#Org, https://pixy.org/204990/

Robbens, J. (2017). BioMass Algae- MicroAlgae and Seaweed [TMP]

http://marinebiotech.eu/sites/marinebiotech.eu/files/public/1-07%20Johan%20Robbens.pdf

Philly, P. (2021). Wildlife and Evil Pets [JFIF] Phicklephilly,

https://phicklephilly.com/tag/neighborhood/
 26

Anilao, B. (2014). Saddleback anemonefish (Amphiprioninae polyominos) female

barks as she guards her clutch of eggs, laid beneath her host anemone [JFIF] Alamy,

https://www.alamy.com/saddleback-anemonefish-amphiprion-polymnus-female-barks-as-

she-guards-her-clutch-of-eggs-laid-beneath-her-host-anemone-anilao-batangas-luzon-ph-

image357438282.html?pv=1&stamp=2&imageid=A406934D-1D1D-4A5F-B6F7-

2A1AB6BE7C08&p=477095&n=0&orientation=0&pn=1&searchtype=0&IsFromSearch=1

&srch=foo%3dbar%26st%3d0%26pn%3d1%26ps%3d100%26sortby%3d2%26resultview

%3dsortbyPopular%26npgs%3d0%26qt%3dclown%2520fish%2520eggs%26qt_raw%3dcl

own%2520fish%2520eggs%26lic%3d3%26mr%3d0%26pr%3d0%26ot%3d0%26creative

%3d%26ag%3d0%26hc%3d0%26pc%3d%26blackwhite%3d%26cutout%3d%26tbar%3d1

%26et%3d0x000000000000000000000%26vp%3d0%26loc%3d0%26imgt%3d0%26dtfr%

3d%26dtto%3d%26size%3d0xFF%26archive%3d1%26groupid%3d%26pseudoid%3d%26

a%3d%26cdid%3d%26cdsrt%3d%26name%3d%26qn%3d%26apalib%3d%26apalic%3d%

26lightbox%3d%26gname%3d%26gtype%3d%26xstx%3d0%26simid%3d%26saveQry%3

d%26editorial%3d1%26nu%3d%26t%3d%26edoptin%3d%26customgeoip%3d%26cap%3

d1%26cbstore%3d1%26vd%3d0%26lb%3d%26fi%3d2%26edrf%3d%26ispremium%3d1

%26flip%3d0%26pl%3d

McGrouther, M. (2019). Great Barracuda, Sphyraena barracuda [jpg] Australian

Museum, https://australian.museum/learn/animals/fishes/great-barracuda-sphyraena-

barracuda/

Time, D. (2019). Sick kid that has stomach-ache [jpg] Dreams Time,

https://de.dreamstime.com/stock-abbildung-kranker-junge-der-magenschmerzen-hat-

image66686419
 27

Vergine, G. (2020) Microplastics [JFIF] teleambiente,

https://www.teleambiente.it/plastica_nuova_piattaforma_misura_effetti_microplastiche_svi

luppo_bambini/

Figure 19: Red, E. (2020) Triangle of Corral [jpg] Ecu Red,

https://www.ecured.cu/Tri%C3%A1ngulo_de_coral

Appendix
Appendix A: Simulator: https://marvelapp.com/prototype/8e2a47g/screen/83129541

Appendix B: Excel: “Formular Simulator”.