MECHANICS OF DEFORMABLE BODIES

AXIAL DEFORMATION
Prepared by:
ENGR. RANDY G. POLICARPIO
WORKING STRESS and FACTOR OF SAFETY
SAINT-VENANTS PRINCIPLE
SAINT-VENANTS PRINCIPLE
SAINT-VENANTS PRINCIPLE
ELASTIC DEFORMATION OF AN AXIALLY LOADED MEMBER
Bar having cross-sectional area that gradually varies along its length L

The stress and strain in the elements are

where
𝛿 − 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑏𝑎𝑟 𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡
𝐿 − 𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑎𝑟
𝑃 𝑥 − 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛, 𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑎 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑥 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑒𝑛𝑑
𝐴 𝑥 − 𝑐𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 − 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑏𝑎𝑟, 𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑠 𝑎 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑥
𝐸 − 𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑙𝑢𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑙
 We assume that the stress caused by load 𝑃 is below the
Constant Load and Cross-Sectional Area proportional limit, 𝐻𝑜𝑜𝑘𝑒 ′ 𝑠 𝐿𝑎𝑤 is applicable.
𝜎 = 𝐸𝜖
Hence:
𝑃
𝜎=
𝐴
𝛿
𝜖=
𝐿
𝑃 𝛿
=𝐸
𝐴 𝐿

𝑃𝐿
𝛿=
𝐴𝐸
where:
𝛿 − 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝑃 − 𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑑 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑
𝐿 − 𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑎𝑟
𝐴 − 𝑐𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 − 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎
𝐸 − 𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑙𝑢𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦
Example Problem: : Reference: Mechanics of Materials by R C Hibbeler
A-36 steel bar shown in 𝐹𝑖𝑔. 4 − 6𝑎 is made from two segments having cross-sectional area of
𝐴𝐴𝐵 = 1 𝑖𝑛2 and 𝐴𝐵𝐷 = 2 𝑖𝑛2 . Determine the vertical displacement of end 𝐴 and the displacement
of 𝐵 relative to 𝐶.

𝐹𝑟𝑒𝑒 − 𝐵𝑜𝑑𝑦 𝐷𝑖𝑎𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚

Given:
𝐴𝐴𝐵 = 1 𝑖𝑛2
𝐴𝐵𝐷 = 2 𝑖𝑛2
𝐸 = 29,000 𝑘𝑠𝑖 (𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙)
Required:
a. 𝛿𝐴 − 𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝐴 𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝐷
b. 𝛿𝐵𝐶 − 𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝐵 𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝐶
Solution:
a. Solve for the internal forces, apply equilibrium condition
For Bar AB:
𝐹𝑦 = 𝑜 +
15 𝑘𝑖𝑝𝑠 − 𝑃𝐴𝐵 = 0
𝑃𝐴𝐵 = 15 𝑘𝑖𝑝𝑠 𝑇
For Bar BC:
𝐹𝑦 = 𝑜 +
15 𝑘𝑖𝑝𝑠 − 8 𝑘𝑖𝑝𝑠 − 𝑃𝐵𝐶 = 0
𝑃𝐵𝐶 = 7 𝑘𝑖𝑝𝑠 𝑇
 For Bar CD:
𝐹𝑦 = 𝑜 +
15 𝑘𝑖𝑝𝑠 − 8 𝑘𝑖𝑝𝑠 − 16 𝑘𝑖𝑝𝑠 + 𝑃𝐶𝐷 = 0
𝑃𝐶𝐷 = 9 𝑘𝑖𝑝𝑠 𝐶
b. Solve for the displacement at A relative to D
𝑃𝐿
𝛿𝐴 =
𝐴𝐸

𝑃𝐴𝐵 𝐿𝐴𝐵 𝑃𝐵𝐶 𝐿𝐵𝐶 𝑃𝐶𝐷 𝐿𝐶𝐷

𝛿𝐴 = + +
𝐴𝐴𝐵 𝐸 𝐴𝐵𝐶 𝐸 𝐴𝐶𝐷 𝐸

12 𝑖𝑛 12 𝑖𝑛 12 𝑖𝑛
+15 𝑘𝑖𝑝𝑠 2 𝑓𝑡 +7 𝑘𝑖𝑝𝑠 1.5 𝑓𝑡 −9 𝑘𝑖𝑝𝑠 1 𝑓𝑡
1 𝑓𝑡 1 𝑓𝑡 1 𝑓𝑡
𝛿𝐴 = 𝑘𝑖𝑝 + 𝑘𝑖𝑝 + 𝑘𝑖𝑝
1 𝑖𝑛2 29000 2 2 𝑖𝑛2 29000 2 2 𝑖𝑛2 29000 2
𝑖𝑛 𝑖𝑛 𝑖𝑛

𝛿𝐴 = +0.0127 𝑖𝑛.

Since the result is positive, the bar elongates and so the displacement at A is upward
b. Solve for the displacement at B relative to C
𝑃𝐵𝐶 𝐿𝐵𝐶
𝛿𝐵𝐶 =
𝐴𝐵𝐶 𝐸

12 𝑖𝑛
+7 𝑘𝑖𝑝𝑠 1.5 𝑓𝑡
1 𝑓𝑡
𝛿𝐵𝐶 = 𝑘𝑖𝑝
2 𝑖𝑛2 29000 2
𝑖𝑛

𝛿𝐵𝐶 = +0.00217 𝑖𝑛.

Here B moves away from C, since the segment elongates.

Problem 213: Reference Strength of Materials by Singer and Pytel
The rigid bar AB, attached to two vertical rods as shown in the figure is horizontal before the load P
is applied. Determine the vertical movement of P if its magnitude is 50 𝑘𝑁.

C B
Solution:
a. Solve for the internal forces in the aluminum rod and steel rod.

For the Aluminum Rod. Apply equilibrium condition.

+ 𝑀𝐵 = 0
𝑃𝑎𝑙 6 𝑚 − 50 𝑘𝑁 2.5 𝑚 = 0
50 𝑘𝑁 2.5 𝑚
𝑃𝑎𝑙 =
6
𝑃𝑎𝑙 = 20.83 𝑘𝑁
 For the Aluminum Rod. Apply equilibrium condition.
+ 𝑀𝐴 = 0
50 𝑘𝑁 3.5 𝑚 − 𝑃𝑠𝑡 6 𝑚 = 0
50 𝑘𝑁 3.5 𝑚
𝑃𝑠𝑡 = 6
𝑃𝑠𝑡 = 29.17 𝑘𝑁
` CHECK:
𝐹𝑦 = 0 +
𝑃𝑎𝑙 + 𝑃𝑠𝑡 = 50 𝑘𝑁
20.83 𝑘𝑁 + 29.17 𝑘𝑁 = 50 𝑘𝑁
50 𝑘𝑁 = 50 𝑘𝑁 𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑶𝑲
b. Solve for the vertical movement of the aluminum rod 𝛿𝑎𝑙 and steel rod 𝛿𝑠𝑡
𝑃𝑎𝑙 𝐿𝑎𝑙 20.83 1000 𝑁 3 1000 𝑚𝑚
𝛿𝑎𝑙 = = 𝑁
𝐴𝑎𝑙 𝐸𝑎𝑙 500𝑚𝑚2 70000
𝑚𝑚2
𝛿𝑎𝑙 = 1.78 𝑚𝑚
 𝑃𝑠𝑡 𝐿𝑠𝑡 29.17 1000 𝑁 4 1000 𝑚𝑚
𝛿𝑠𝑡 = = 𝑁
𝐴𝑠𝑡 𝐸𝑠𝑡 300𝑚𝑚2 200000
𝑚𝑚2
𝛿𝑠𝑡 = 1.94 𝑚𝑚
c. For the vertical movement of P, (𝛿)

C B
C B
𝛿 = 1.78 + 𝑦 {
By ratio and proportion:
𝑦 1.94−1.78
=
3.5 6
3.5
𝑦= 0.16 𝑚𝑚 = 0.093 𝑚𝑚
6
𝛿 = 1.78 𝑚𝑚 + 0.093 𝑚𝑚
𝛿 = 1.873 𝑚𝑚
Example Problem: : Reference: Mechanics of Materials by R C Hibbeler
A member is made from a material that has a specific weight 𝛾 and modulus of elasticity 𝐸. If it is in
the form of a cone having the dimensions shown in 𝐹𝑖𝑔. 4 − 9𝑎., determine how far its end is
displaced due to gravity when it is suspended in the vertical position.

Solution:

𝑥 𝑟𝑜
=
𝑦 𝐿
𝑟𝑜
𝑥= 𝑦
𝐿

𝐹𝑖𝑔. 4 − 9
𝐹𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝐹𝑖𝑔. 4 − 9𝑏

𝑃 𝑦 − 𝑊(𝑦) = 0
𝑃(𝑦) − 𝛾𝑉 = 0