General

Chemistry 2 11
General Chemistry 1 – Grade 11
Quarter 3 – Module 2: Properties of Liquids and Solids
First Edition, 2020

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General
Chemistry 2 11
Quarter 3
Self-Learning Module 2
Properties of
Liquids and Solids
Introductory Message
For the facilitator:

Welcome to the General Chemistry 1 Quarter 3 Module 2 on the Properties of

liquids and solids!

This Self-Learning Module was collaboratively designed, developed and

reviewed by educators from the Schools Division Office of Pasig City headed by its
Officer-in-Charge Schools Division Superintendent, Ma. Evalou Concepcion A.
Agustin, in partnership with the City Government of Pasig through its mayor,
Honorable Victor Ma. Regis N. Sotto. The writers utilized the standards set by the K
to 12 Curriculum using the Most Essential Learning Competencies (MELC) in
developing this instructional resource.

This learning material hopes to engage the learners in guided and independent
learning activities at their own pace and time. Further, this also aims to help learners
acquire the needed 21st century skills especially the 5 Cs, namely: Communication,
Collaboration, Creativity, Critical Thinking, and Character while taking into
consideration their needs and circumstances.

In addition to the material in the main text, you will also see this box in the
body of the module:

Notes to the Teacher

This contains helpful tips or strategies that
will help you in guiding the learners.

As a facilitator you are expected to orient the learners on how to use this
module. You also need to keep track of the learners' progress while allowing them to
manage their own learning. Moreover, you are expected to encourage and assist the
learners as they do the tasks included in the module.
 For the Learner:

Welcome to the General Chemistry 1 Quarter 3 Module 2 on Properties of

Liquids and Solids!

This module was designed to provide you with fun and meaningful
opportunities for guided and independent learning at your own pace and time. You
will be enabled to process the contents of the learning material while being an active
learner.

This module has the following parts and corresponding icons:

Expectations - This points to the set of knowledge and skills

that you will learn after completing the module.

Pretest - This measures your prior knowledge about the lesson

at hand.

Recap - This part of the module provides a review of concepts

and skills that you already know about a previous lesson.

Lesson - This section discusses the topic in the module.

Activities - This is a set of activities that you need to perform.

Wrap-Up - This section summarizes the concepts and

application of the lesson.

Valuing - This part integrates a desirable moral value in the

lesson.

Posttest – This measures how much you have learned from the
entire module.
 EXPECTATIONS
This module is developed and designed for Senior High School STEM
students. This lesson is about the use of kinetic molecular theory to explain the
properties of liquid and solid. Specifically, you are expected to:

1. use the kinetic molecular theory to explain the properties of liquid and solid;
and,
2. explain the effect of intermolecular forces on these properties: surface tension,
capillary action, viscosity, vapor pressure, and molar heat of vaporization.

PRE–TEST
Direction: Choose the letter of the best answer.

1. Which of the following choices is used to explain the behavior of states of matter
from a microscopic point of view?
A. Atomic Theory
B. Coulomb`s Law
C. Kinetic Molecular Theor
D. Intramolecular forces
2. Which of the following physical property of a liquid allows a spider to float
on water?
A. Capillary action C. Vapor pressure
B. Surface tension D. Molar heat of vaporization

3. When water is poured into a test tube, a concave surface is usually observed. Why
do you think this happens?
A. Because water molecules touching the glass adhere less to the test tube.
B. Because water molecules touching the glass adhere more to the test tube.
C. Because water molecules touching the glass adhere more to other water
molecules.
D. Because water molecules touching the glass did not get attracted to the
wall of the test tube.

4. What do you think is the effect of weak intermolecular forces to the vapor
pressure of acetone?
A. low vapor pressure C. does not affect at all
B. high vapor pressure D. unstable vapor pressure

5. Which of the following compounds has a strong intermolecular force and high
viscosity?
A. acetone C. glycerol
C. ethanol D. water
 RECAP
In your previous self learning module, you had learned the types of
intermolecular forces. This time, you will consider the effect of the intermolecular
forces on some properties of matter and use the kinetic molecular theory to explain
the properties of liquids and solids. But before that, let us have a recap!

Direction: Arrange the molecules according to increasing boiling points by

numbering them 1-4.

Answer: ______ ______ ______ ______

So, how about the effect of intermolecular forces on the other properties of
matter such as surface tension, viscosity, vapor pressure, and molar heat of
vaporization? Ok, let us have a walkthrough on these topics.

L E S S ON

“Does high temperature affect the survival of the coronavirus ?”

The answer to this question has a significant impact on us. Articles from the
news would say that areas with low temperature could increase the rate of spread of
related diseases caused by coronavirus. Data were presented such as countries with
lower air temperatures,(average temperature of 0 to 18 degrees Celsius) have shown
a more steep increase in new COVID-19 cases per day compared to countries with
higher average temperatures.

It can be inferred that the activity of the virus is affected by temperatre.

Likewise, solids and liquids are affected by temperature. The physical properties of
liquids and solids such as temperature is greatly due to the intermolecular forces
present between molecules. Other properties that are also affected by it are surface
tension, viscosity, vapor pressure, and molar heat of vaporization. Ok, let us have a
walkthrough on these properties of liquids and solids.

Properties of Liquids and Solids

Kinetic Molecular Theory (KMT) is a model that is used to explain the behavior
of states of matter from a microscopic point of view. Also, this theory helps us explain
why matter exists in different phases (solid, liquid, and gas) and how matter can
change from one phase to the next.

KMT and Properties of Liquid

What do you think is the obvious property of liquids both

in microscopic and macroscopic point of view?

Well, liquids are fluids that can flow and assumes the shape of the container.
From a microscopic point of view, liquid molecules are so close together with very
little space that allows them to move past to one another freely. Because of this very
little space, it made them more difficult to compress than gases. Moreover, liquids
are much denser than gases under normal conditions. Liquids also have definite
volume. Why? It is because of the attractive forces that do not break the molecules
away. The molecules of liquids are held together by attractive forces that influence
some of its physical properties.

So this time let us also study the properties of solid.

KMT and Properties of Solid

What characteristic of solid is evident in the pictures below?

Solids are rigid and are resistant to change. The arrangement of the particles
is tightly arranged and organized, this is why they are highly dense and
incompressible. These particles would just vibrate back and forth. In addition, solids
have a definite shape, volume, and melting point. They have a low rate of diffusion
meaning they don’t get mixed easily with other substances.

Crystalline solids and amorphous solids are the types of solids. Crystalline
solids are particles that are arranged in a crystal lattice, meaning there is a repeating
unit of crystalline solids and will change sharply once heated. Crystalline solid are
classified as metallic where the crystals are held by electrostatic interactions between
cations and delocalized electron; ionic crystals are compounds that are made of
metals and nonmetals, and are good conductor of heat once they are in a solid state
like NaCl); covalent network crystals usually have an extremely high melting point
like quartz and diamond. Which from quartz or glass will show a well-define
arrangement of atoms?
 Moreover, the covalent molecular crystals are those which contain two or
more nonmetals like CH4, NH3, and H2O. For the amorphous type of solid, these are
solid that lack the well-defined arrangement of basic units found in crystals that
soften gradually when heated.

Let us then discuss the effect of intermolecular forces to some properties of

liquid and solid.

Effect of Intermolecular forces to some Physical Properties

1. Surface Tension
Study the pictures below. What makes the basilisk lizard walk on water?

The force of the surface tension of the water balances the basilisk lizard`s
weight helpsing it to walk on water.

What is surface tension? It is the amount of energy required to stretch the

surface of the liquid by a unit area. A liquid molecule with high intermolecular forces
will have a high surface tension. Meaning the molecules at the surface of a liquid are
pulled in all directions. Directions like downward and sideways not upward or away
from the surface, however if the hydrogen bonds are disrupted, the surface tension
will decrease.

2. Capillary Action
What can you say about the picture below?

Figure 1a Figure 1b

Figure 1a shows that the H2O molecules adhere to the wall of the beaker
while in figure 1b shows that Hg molecules are less attracted to the walls of the
beaker. The attraction between liquid and solid materials is called “capillary action”
or “capillarity”. There are two types of capillary action it is either cohesion or
adhesion. Cohesion is the intermolecular attraction between the same molecules
while adhesion is the intermolecular attraction between unlike molecules. Figure 1a
shows the water molecules are attracted to other molecules which is the molecules
of the beaker while figure 1b is more on adhesion wherein the Hg molecules did not
get attracted to the walls of the beaker.
3. Viscosity

Let us study the given structure of water, glycerol, and ethanol. Which of these
compounds has the highest intermolecular forces?

Water Glycerol Ethanol

Yes, it is the Glycerol because of the more build-up hydrogen bond. And if the
molecule has a high IMF the more viscous it is. Meaning that it is more resistant to
flow. Our answer is supported by the table 1 with the given viscosity values.

Table 1
Liquids Viscosity (in Ns/m2)
Acetone (C3H6O) 3.16 x 10-4
Ethanol (C2H5OH) 1.20 x 10 -3
Water (H2O) 1.01 x 10 -3
Glycerol (C3H8O3) 1.49

Another point to consider is the size of the molecule, a liquid that has a long chain
of hydrocarbon has the greater intermolecular attraction. Table 2 shows the
structural formula of hexane and decane. Is decane more viscous than hexane? Yes.

Table 2
Substance Formula
Hexane CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3
Decane CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3

4. Vapor Pressure

Which figure below do you think will have more

molecules to turn into gaseous state at STP condition?

Yes, it is the acetone because its molecules easily escape from liquid to gases
and if this happens this would mean that the interaction between molecules of
acetone is weak. In other words, it only requires a low amount of energy to break
the attraction between the molecules. Since it is a closed jar, the amount of escaped
gas molecules will now create a particular amount of pressure. The pressure that is
created by these bouncing molecules of acetone is called vapor pressure. On the other
hand, the vapor pressure created by the water is lesser because the attraction
between the molecules is stronger that needs a higher amount of energy to break it
to escape into a gas molecule. Therefore, a molecule that has strong intermolecular
forces would give low vapor pressure.
5. Molar Heat of Vaporization ( Hvap)

When we say boiling point, it is the temperature at which the liquid converts
into gas. Meaning it is the temperature where the vapor pressure of a liquid equals
the external pressure (at equilibrium point). This explains why water boils or why
liquid boils. Now, for the water molecule to vaporize 1 mole of a liquid at 100 degrees
Celsius, this requires an energy which is called molar heat of vaporization. Let's have
an analyses on the given table below so as to see the relationship between the boiling
point and the molar heat of vaporization.

Substances Hvap (kJ / mol) Boiling point (°C)

Acetone (CH3COCH3) 30.3 56.6
Ethanol (C2H5OH) 39.3 78.3
Water (H2O) 40.79 100

We said that if a molecule has a high boiling point it means that the interaction
between the molecules is strong. From table 3, it shows that as the boiling point
increases the amount of energy required to vaporize also increases.

Remember that as matter escapes into different phases their properties also
change and these properties are influenced by the way they get attracted to one
another.

ACTIVITIES

Activity 1. Direction: Analyze each of the following statements. Write TRUE if the
statement is correct but if it’s false, change the underlined word or group of words
to make the whole statement true.

1. Liquids are fluids that can flow and assumes the shape of the container.
2. If the attraction between the molecules is strong, this needs a low amount of
energy to break it to escape into a gas molecule.
3. The stronger the intermolecular force in a liquid molecule the more it is viscous.
4. Kinetic molecular theory explains the macroscopic behavior of the states of
matter.
5. As the intermolecular forces in a solid increase the molar heat of vaporization
decreases.

Now, use these facts on types of intermolecular forces in answering Activity 2.

Activity 2. Direction: Complete the table by comparing their properties. Write the
name of the molecule that has a higher viscosity, surface tension, vapor pressure
or molar heat of vaporization.

Molecules to compare Viscosity Surface Vapor Molar Heat

Tension Pressure of
Vaporization
A. Glycerol or

Water

B. Ethanol or

Acetone

C. Pentane or

Butanol

WRAP–UP
Direction: Evaluate the effect of intermolecular forces of molecules to the following
physical properties. Complete the table by writing the word High or Low.

have Low or High

Molecules with Viscosity Vapor Surface Molar Heat of
pressure Tension Vaporization
Strong
Intermolecular
Forces
Weak
Intermolecular
Forces
 VALUING

Solids and liquids could be consists of the same materials and yet have
different properties. Just like siblings, they have the same parents but each of
them is different from one another. Based on your observations, how do siblings
adjust to their differences?

Finally, you made it! Take your last step and good luck!

POST TEST
Direction: Choose the letter of the best answer.

For items 1 to 3, refer to the following given choices:

A. Ethanol
B. Methanol
C. Glycerol
D. Water

Which among the above compounds would have the following property?
1. High in surface tension
2. High in viscosity

3. Low in vapor pressure

4. Which among the following solid lacks a well-defined arrangement of basic units
found in crystals that soften gradually when heated.
A. Amorphous
B. Crystalline solid
C. Ionic crystals
D. Metallic crystals

5. Which of the following shows the increasing viscosity?

A. CH4 < C6H14 < H2O < C3H8O3
B. C6H14 < CH4 < H2O < C3H8O3
C. C3H8O3< H2O < C6H14 <CH4
D. C3H8O3< C6H14< H2O <CH4
 KEY TO CORRECTION Activities
5. A 5. Increases
3. C 4. A 2. Weak 3. TRUE
1. C 2. C C. Pentane 4.Microscopic
Posttest B. Acetone 1.TRUE
A. Water Activity 1
pressure vapor pressure are: Activities
have high vapor Molecules with high
a weak IMF will 4. Diethyl ether - 1
2. Molecules having C. Butanol 3. Ethanol – 2
vaporization B. Ethanol 2. Methanol - 3
- molar heat of A. Glycerol 1. Water - 4
- surface tension are: Recap
- viscosity heat of vaporization
have high in: tension and molar 5. C
a strong IMF will viscosity, surface 4. B 3. B
1. Molecules having Molecules with high 2. B 1. C
Wrap Up Activity 2 Pretest

REFERENCES
Academy, Khan. 2020. Intermolecular forces and vapor pressure | AP Chemistry | Khan Academy.
February 7. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eubN8DwUh48.

Brown, Theodore. 2005. Chemistry: The central Science. Pearson/Prentice-Hall.

Chang, Raymond. 2004. Chemistry 8th edition. McGraw-Hill College.

Chemistry, Lumen Boundless. 2019. kinetic-molecular-theory-of-matter. 11 19.

https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-chemistry/chapter/kinetic-molecular-theory-
of-matter/.

Ellis, Katie. 2013. KMT and Liquid & Solid Properties. March 9.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AtG7WdSAvh4.

Long, Ms. 2016. Vapor Pressure, IMFs, and Boiling Point. October 16.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iZqsQhZ1CAs.

Montenegro, UNICEF. 2020. igher-temperatures-affect-survival-new-coronavirus. April 28.

https://www.unicef.org/montenegro/en/stories/https://www.unicef.org/montenegro/en/st
ories/higher-temperatures-affect-survival-new-coronavirus.

Pauller, Noel. 2015. /how-do-intermolecular-forces-affect-surface-tension-2. April 23.

https://socratic.org/questions/how-do-intermolecular-forces-affect-surface-tension-2.

—. 2015. Surface Tension of Water Experiment. April 9.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=20&v=hzYkzR7YDqs&feature=emb_logo.

2003. the-kinetic-molecular-theory-properties-of-solids-and-liquids.html.
https://study.com/academy/lesson/the-kinetic-molecular-theory-properties-of-solids-and-
liquids.html#:~:text=Solid%20particles%20do%20move%2C%20but,a%20tightly%20packed%
20crystalline%20structure.