MODULE 3: HEAT AND TEMPERATURE
The amount of heat transferred is proportional
Heat - a transfer of energy between objects or places
because of difference in temperature.
- It exists as ‘energy in transit’ and it is not
contained in an object.
Joule – SI of heat
Heat transfer – refers to heat flow within an object and
from one object to another due to differences in
temperature
 Heat transfers from an object of higher
temperature to an object of lower temperature.
Heat can flow in one of two directions:
Exothermic - to give off heat; energy is lost from the
system: (-q)
Endothermic - to absorb heat; energy is added to the
system:(+q)
2 Methods to increase the temperature of the substance
1. By transferring heat or energy to it
2. By doing work on it
Temperature - a measure of the average kinetic energy
of the particles &it does not depend on the mass
of the object. Measured in Fahrenheit, Celsius
and Kelvin
Temperature Scales
1. Fahrenheit Scale – named after German
physicist Gabriel Daniel Fahrenheit)
2. Celsius Scale – named after Swedish astronomer
Anders C. Celsius
3. Kelvin scale – named after British physicist
William T. Kelvin
Kelvi Celsi Fahrenh
eit
Boiling 373 100 212
Freezi 273 0 32
n ∆Q = change in heat expressed in terms of J
g m= mass of the substance in kg
Absolu 0 -273 -459.67
t
e Heat of Fusion - amount of energy required to change
Zero
Thermometer – mechanical or electrical device for
measuring temperature. Early thermometer was
invented by Galileo.
Thermal energy - the energy contained in an object due
to the motion of its particles.
Thermal Equilibrium – the energy transfers back and
forth between two objects are equal or net zero
energy transfer
Thermodynamics – the study of processes in which
energy is transferred as heat and work
Effects of Heat Transfer
1. Temperature change - a process whereby the degree
of hotness of a body (or medium) changes
 The effect of heat transferred to the temperature
of water:
to the change in temperature. The greater the
amount of heat transferred to an object, the
greater the increase in its temperature.
 The effect of heat transferred to the particles of
water:
The greater the amount of heat transferred to an
object, the greater the increase in the kinetic
energy of the particles and the greater the
increase in the temperature of the object.
2. Thermal expansion – increase in the size of a
substance when the temperature is increased
 Almost all materials when heated expand
(increased in size) and contract (decreased in
size).
 When solids are heated – they expand; when
solids are cooled – they contract
 When liquids are heated – they expand; when
liquids are cooled – they contract
 Water exception – expands as it freezes
 When heated, gases – expand; when
cooled, gases – contract
3. Phase change - change in the states of matter.
Ex. Melting – a change from solid to liquid
4. Mass of the object
 Objects with greater mass have more thermal
energy and can transfer more heat.
Heat capacity (C )- the amount of heat needed by a
material to increase its temperature by a degree
- the product of its mass, specific heat & change in
temperature
Q = mc∆T
Wherein:
c=specific heat in J/kg.K
∆T= change in heat in K
solid to a liquid, and a liquid to a solid
Heat of Vaporization -amount of energy required to
change a liquid to a gas and a gas to a liquid.
Specific heat capacity (c) - refers to the amount of heat
required to increase the temperature of one unit
mass of a given material by one Celsius degree.
 It is expressed in terms of Joules per kilogram:
Kelvin (J/kg.K) or Joules per kilogram degree
Celsius (J.kg.⁰C) or calorie per gram degree
Celsius (cal/.⁰C) in which 1 cal = 4.186 J
 Materials with low specific heat capacities such
as metals will heat up and cool down easily.
 Materials with high specific heat capacity will
take a long time to heat and a long time to cool.
Ex. Water has a specific heat capacity of 1
cal/g°C. So it takes 1 calorie of heat to raise the
temperature of 1 gram of water by 1°C.