CHAPTER I

THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

This chapter includes the introduction, statement of the problem, the

significance of the study, scope, and delimitation, and the definition of terms used.

The contents of this chapter establish the problem being investigated by this

research.

INTRODUCTION

Before the pandemic existed, students received an allowance from their

parents and spent it by buying things they wanted. Now that there is a pandemic,

most parents do not give allowance to their children since classes are done online

and at home. This resulted in the students having limited sources of money to spend

and using their savings instead. Although having limited sources of money, students

still enjoy spending their allowance on online shopping since there are a wide variety

of products available in different shops. Purchasing items and products online is a

very easy task to do because, with just a simple click, the order may already be

under the process of packaging and shipping. It now plays a vital role in everybody's

life, specifically for people with a busy life schedule like students.

Online shopping has been rampant even way back in the normal days without

the pandemic. It is a form of electronic commerce where buying and selling of goods

and services are done through an electronic network. Many people, especially

students, are buying on famous online shopping applications because it saves time

and effort without going to physical stores. Students who are in their adolescent age

have the skill to spend their money by themselves, wherein some are well disciplined

while others spend all the money without thinking. Most students nowadays are

1
surfing the internet especially these times where all of the people are asked to stay

inside their houses. With that, many are influenced by it and tend to buy products

online regarding fashion, lifestyle, hobbies, and many more.

Money Management is the process of budgeting, managing, and being

mindful of the money. It is one of the essential resources for someone to survive in

their daily lives. Money Management refers to the balancing of someone’s desires,

leisure, needs, wants, and necessities. Having jobs or work is one of the factors that

make someone earn their money.

Parents and guardians often say and advise that saving money is important

for the future. With that, it also contributes to the way of thinking of the students

regarding shopping online. Not only are parents the contributors in it, but also the

peers of the students who greatly influence them with how to spend their money

especially when there are many popular products that their friends show to them just

to fit in their group. It creates a huge impact on the students because it will be harder

for them to save and budget their money.

The main goal of the study is to find out how much the expenses of the

students before and during the pandemic are, as well as how much their expenses

changed. Even though the students have the skill to be able to spend their money on

their own, students should be guided correctly to spend wisely their money and at

the same time have savings.

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

With the expanding entrance of the web, online shopping has become present

everywhere especially because of the Coronavirus and the restricted circumstances.

This study investigates the online shopping expenses of the students before and

2
during the pandemic and would help to raise awareness of their expenses. By

analyzing how much the students spend, the study could answer the general

question: Is there a significant change in the online shopping expenses of the

students?

Specifically, it aims to answer the questions:

1. How much do the students spend on online shopping before the

pandemic?

2. How much do the students spend on online shopping during the

pandemic?

3. How much did the expenses of the students change since the

pandemic?

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

This study will be beneficial for the following:

Students - This will help the students to have knowledge about their

expenses and how they spend their money. By knowing how much they spend, it

can help them to manage or budget their money.

Parents - This can also help the parents to discipline and teach their children

budgeting money.

Future Researchers - The data within the study could be used by future

researchers for other studies that could help develop better analyses towards the

online shopping expenses of the students before and during the pandemic.

3
SCOPE AND DELIMITATION

This study centers around the internet shopping expenses of the students and

how significant it changed since the pandemic. It will incorporate the student's

expense for internet shopping, likewise its progressions before and during the

pandemic. The study will be delimited to the High School students of Child Jesus of

Prague School during the academic year 2021 - 2022.

DEFINITION OF TERMS

Cognitive Reaction - it refers to a person’s reaction to an experience, thought, or

message. As used in the study, it pertains to the reaction a person deals with when

they impulse buy such as guilt.

E-commerce - It refers to a wide range of online business activities for products and

services. It also pertains to “any form of business transaction in which the parties

interact electronically rather than by physical exchanges or direct physical contact.”

Economy - the wealth and resources of a country or region, especially in terms of

the production and consumption of goods and services.

E-Payment- It is defined as paying for goods or services on the internet. It includes

all financial operations using electronic devices, such as computers, smartphones, or

tablets.

Expenditures - the action of spending funds.

Innovating - make positive changes in anything established.

Unemployment - the situation of not having a job that provides money. As used in

the study, it pertains to how the loss of jobs affected the income of several families

during the pandemic.

4
 CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

This chapter includes the ideas, finished thesis, generalization or conclusions,

methodologies, and others. Those that were included in this chapter helps in

familiarizing information that is relevant and similar to the present study.

Saving and Spending

According to Aspitman et al (2021), existing and recent studies suggest an

increase in online purchases when there is a crisis. This is mainly due to restrictions,

the pandemic, and the consumer’s perception of the online sellers’ adaptation to it.

But in contrast, Generation Z students are more inclined to save their money and

make strategic choices when purchasing online. This is because they consider the

risks that the pandemic has caused which forced not only students, but most people

to be more strict and concerned when it comes to purchasing products.

A certain study found that youths have the most pocket money but spend it

mostly on entertainment, clothes, and accessories. Even though they are already

given allowances, they still borrow from friends or take up part-time work to have

more money to spend. This suggests that the spending habits of the youth are not

controlled as most youths spend all of their money (MSE, 2004).

According to Karthikeyarayan et al (2020), the apps and websites that can

perform online transactions played an important role to the people during the

pandemic for them to spend their money online. People have adapted to the new

standards by continuing to use online means of payment to fulfill their demands,

despite the multiple problems provided by COVID-19 Lockdown. Even though the

need for earnings has increased due to the lockdown, people continue to spend their

5
money and adapt to the new norms of spending habits.

Consumer Behavior

One study by Nguyen et al (2021) states that the shopping habits of

consumers constantly changes, which is why business owners need to quickly adapt

to the trends and changes. During the COVID-19 pandemic, one attribute that

business owners’ needed to adapt to was delivery guidance. Basic safety delivery

guidance for deliverymen is proven to influence buyers. Besides, sterilizing products

and informing consumers about how to safely receive packages are also proven

necessary to boost sales. So if businesses can’t make changes fast enough to keep

up, they can run out of business.

Impulsive purchase is an immediate nature of behavior in which people

purchase without considering searching for information, alternative evaluation, and

consequences of making a purchase. People purchase goods as the result of

sudden and powerful urge or desire that forces them to purchase immediately. It also

causes people to experience emotional or cognitive reactions such as guilt.

However, some studies have reported that impulsive purchase could be a lack of

reflection as well (Lim et al, 2015).

According to Hashem (2020), the results of the study indicated the COVID-19

pandemic managed to change customer behavior towards depending more on online

shopping and e-payment methods during the COVID19 pandemic. The people are

depending on the advanced world like never before. Organizations are compelled to

adjust their procedures and shift toward computerized change with considerably

more direness than previously.

The COVID-19 pandemic is thought to have had an impact on consumer

6
behavior around the world, affecting both local and global economies. Consumer

behavior has changed as a result of the pandemic, according to studies. As a result,

many businesses are innovating to adapt to new circumstances. Technology has

grown increasingly important in consumers' and businesses' daily lives. With the

improvement of technology, more people can now have the ability to access

anything online during this pandemic (Ali, 2020).

Compulsive buying is chronic and repetitive purchasing behavior

characterized by an inability to resist buying urges, loss of control over buying

behaviors, and an inability to cease the behavior despite negative consequences.

Students who are particularly vulnerable to experiencing anxiety and stress due to

academic workloads, financial difficulties, and isolation tend to experience this

problem. They think of spending money on products and services as a form of

coping mechanism for their stress and anxiety (Pidgeon et al, 2015).

Covid-19 and Online Shopping

According to Celik et al (2020), there was a significant decrease in family

incomes and a significant increase in family expenditures during the COVID-19

pandemic. Since people can’t go outside, many companies are closed and many

people lose their jobs. Due to the rise of unemployment, family income decreases.

Family members being unemployed or working from home may cause more

expenses. These expenses like higher electricity bills, paying for internet connection,

and anything can lead to an increase in family expenditures.

The latest study by Matz (2021), states that Covid-19 influences the

consumer's decision whether to buy online or offline. Influence can take part in the

decision-making of the consumer. Covid-19 created an environmental influence

7
wherein peers, family members, and media play a big role in the consumer’s

decision in buying products offline or online.

One study by Pham et al (2020), states that Covid-19 plays a supporting role

in consumers’ awareness of online shopping. As more people needed to purchase

without going outside, the outbreak has turned out to be an opportunity for a recent

noticeable increase in purchases online. This suggests that consumers are more

cautious about purchasing products.

The pandemic has accelerated the transition to a more digital society and

generated changes in internet shopping habits that are likely to last. As the economy

continues to recover, the changes experienced will have long-term consequences.

Consumers in emerging markets have shifted the most to online shopping. During

the pandemic, online spending habits have changed significantly, with a greater

proportion of internet users buying essential products, such as food and beverages,

cosmetics, and clothes (Unctad, 2020).

Online shopping has become increasingly popular in recent years, owing to its

convenience, ease of use, and utility, as well as the ability to save money, time, and

effort. As a result of its accessibility in everyday life, online shopping is growing

increasingly popular. In comparison to traditional buying, online shopping has

several advantages for consumers, including the ability to save money, time, and

effort. These advantages have a substantial impact on customer behavior when it

comes to online shopping (Chelvarayan et al, 2021).

8
 CHAPTER III

CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

This chapter presents the conceptual framework of the study. This offers the

rationale and fundamental basis of the entire research. It also presents the

interrelationships of theories, principles, and/or beliefs that are essential to the

investigation of the problem.

Narrative Discussion of the Conceptual Framework

The focus of the study was undertaken by the following conceptual framework

shown in Figure 1, which has a three-part process: the input, process, and output.

Input - These are the monthly online shopping expenses of students before

and during the pandemic.

Process - In the research process, includes the changes and differences in

the monthly online shopping expenses of students before and during the pandemic.

The data gathered through a survey questionnaire are analyzed and interpreted to

create an output.

Output - This study identifies whether there is a significant change in the

monthly online shopping expenses of students, which could be used to raise

awareness of their expenses.

9
Figure 1: Conceptual Framework

10
 CHAPTER IV

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This chapter presents the research methodologies used in the study. This

includes the research design, setting of the study, sampling and sample, research

instrument, statistical treatment, and procedure of the study. This chapter outlines

how the study will be conducted.

RESEARCH DESIGN

The study will have a comparative research design. Comparative research

design looks into the difference or similarity between or among people, things,

objects, etc. The study will compare the online shopping expenses of students

before and during the pandemic.

SETTING OF THE STUDY

The study will be conducted in Child Jesus of Prague School. It is one of the

premier learning institutions in Rizal which started as a modest one-classroom

school catering to the youth of Binangonan. Founded by Mrs. Antonia A. Aprecio and

her husband Mr. Bonifacio C. Aprecio in 1982, it was then known as the Aprecio-

Arcilla Children’s House. It offered pre-school, Montessori-style education and was

located in the garage of Mr. and Mrs. Aprecio’s home near the Sta. Ursula Parish

Church. The pupils were taught by Mrs. Aprecio and her late sister Mrs. Adoracion

A. Cruz. In March of 2000, the CJPS High School Department was established in

Barangay Batingan, Binangonan. This was a response to the desire of the

community for CJPS to provide secondary education to its Elementary graduates

who were going elsewhere. With only 38 students for the school year 2000 - 2001,

11
the High School Department quickly gained recognition for the premium quality

education it rendered. By its second year of operation, the CJPS High School

Department doubled more than its student population. As of the school year 2013 -

2014, the student population of the High School Department was more than 500

students. During the conduct of the study, CJPS is under online learning modality

with a total population of about 1,182 students, with the High School Department

population at around 379 students.

SAMPLING AND SAMPLE

The study will conduct a survey and the participants will be the high school

students of Child Jesus of Prague School. The study requires that the respondents

have experienced online shopping before and during the pandemic.

Purposive or Judgment sampling is ideal for the study. This sampling method

chooses the respondents based on the judgment of the researchers on who is

capable of providing necessary data for the study. This method will be used in this

study because the answer will be more reliable if the information will be from those

who shop online.

RESEARCH INSTRUMENT

A survey questionnaire will be used to gather the necessary data for the

study. The survey questions aim to determine how much the respondents spent

before the pandemic and how much they are spending on online shopping during the

pandemic.

12
STATISTICAL TREATMENT

The researchers will use the method of T-test to compute and interpret the

data gathered. This method is used to know if there is a significant change between

the two groups being compared. The two groups being compared are the expenses

of the students before and during the pandemic.

Where:

D is the difference score

D bar is the mean difference

μD is the mean of the population of difference scores

SSD is the sum of squares of sample difference scores

N is the sample size and t is the t-statistic

PROCEDURE OF THE STUDY

The first thing to do is to determine the topic of research that should be

discussed, then find a review of related literature for the study. Then create a

framework that links the key concepts of the study. Next, prepare the survey

questionnaire that contains the questions that the respondents must answer to

support this study. The next thing to do is to study the result of the survey that the

researchers conducted to supply the information needed in the study. The last thing

to do is to give the gathered information to the beneficiaries for them to know

whether their expenses increase or decrease.

13
 CHAPTER V

PRESENTATION OF ANALYSIS AND FINDINGS

This chapter presents the data gathered from the respondents, its analysis,

relation to related literature, and interpretation.

Average Expenses Minimum Expense Maximum Expense

Before ₱ 807.29 ₱ 100 ₱ 5,000

During ₱ 2,389.58 ₱ 300 ₱ 25,000

Difference (d-b) ₱ 1,582.29 ₱ 200 ₱ 20,000

Table 1: Online Shopping Expenses of The Students

The table shows the minimum and maximum expenses of the students before

and during the pandemic as well as their average expenses. The minimum expense

of the students before the pandemic was ₱100 while the maximum expense was

₱5,000 and makes an average expense of ₱807.29. During the pandemic, the least

expensive of the students was ₱300 while the highest expense was ₱ 25,000 and

the average expense of ₱2,389.58.

By subtracting the expenses of each student before the pandemic to their

expenses during the pandemic, the difference in the minimum expenses is ₱200,

₱20,000 for maximum expenses, and a difference of ₱1,582.29 for the average

expenses.

14
 Figure 2: T- Statistics

The critical value is equivalent to 1.661, while the t-test value is equal to 2.52.

Since the t-test value is greater than the critical value, there is a significant change.

In line with it, the p-value is equivalent to only 0.0152, meaning there is a low

probability that there is no significant change. Having a small p-value means that it is

more in favor of having a significant change.

DISCUSSION OF FINDINGS

The result of the survey only proves that the study made by Unctad, 2020 is

relatively connected to this research because due to the pandemic, many consumers

shifted online in terms of buying their necessities, commodities, and wants. Just like

what this research concluded, many students buy online and increase their

expenses unlike before the pandemic.

Another research that was proven from the survey is the study by Aspitman et

al (2021), which states that consumers’ behavior mainly depends on their

environment, specifically when there is a certain crisis that can limit their actions to

buy in the stores. This only supports the research because many students are not

allowed to go outside and go shopping because of the protocols that need to be

15
followed. They are left with the choice to go shopping online instead whether they

like it or not.

In the result of the survey, almost all the expenses of the students have

increased during the pandemic. Considering the generation of the students, they are

already accustomed to different technologies. One study by Ali (2020) stated that

technology has grown increasingly important in consumers’ and businesses’ daily

lives. This was supported by the study of Karthikeyarayan et al (2020) where it

stated that the apps and websites that can perform online transactions played an

important role to the people. Now that there is a pandemic, students that are capable

of acquiring different technologies such as smartphones, tablets, computers, laptops,

etc. can also now have access to the different shopping apps and websites, leading

them to purchase online during the pandemic.

In addition to this, according to Hashem (2020), most consumers’ attitude has

shifted towards depending more on online shopping and e-payment methods during

the COVID - 19 pandemic. Due to this, students can be encouraged to buy more

because they have access to various ranges of products, prices, and brands on their

gadgets.

One study by Pham et al (2020), states that Covid-19 plays a supporting role

in consumers’ awareness of online shopping. Because the consumers are not

allowed to go out in their houses, and they can’t buy their basic needs, they need to

find an alternative way to shop without going outside which is online shopping.

Before there was no pandemic, people shop online because of its convenience, and

according to Chelvarayan et al (2021), online shopping has several advantages for

consumers, including the ability to save money, time, and effort. In the past,

16
consumers only bought what they needed such as accessories, clothes, etc, and at

present, during this pandemic, consumers are also buying their basic needs such as

groceries, toiletries, tools and equipment, furniture, etc leading it to the increase of

their expenses.

The online shopping expenses of the students have significantly increased

during the pandemic as compared to before. This finding was supported by the study

of MSE in 2004, as the spending habits of the youth are not controlled because they

spend most of their money. Although it is contrasting to the study of Aspitman et al

(2021) where Generation Z students are more inclined to save their money and

make strategic choices when there is a crisis. This study still connects because even

though the students spend their money online, some still make strategic choices in a

way to save money by using free shipping vouchers and cashback vouchers.

According to the outcome of the computation, there is a significant change

between the expenses of the students before and during the pandemic. This resulted

in the fact that many students prefer to buy products online because of the

pandemic. The students spent less shopping online before the pandemic since there

are many stores open, no restrictions, and other community protocols implemented

so they are free to go shopping. When the pandemic started, the students spent

more shopping online because many businesses were closed and the government

protocols needed to be followed. Not only that, but because of the sudden popularity

of live online selling and online shopping applications, this catches the attention of

many students.

17
 CHAPTER VI

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

This chapter presents the conclusions drawn from the study and the

recommendations offered by the researchers.

CONCLUSION

This study concludes that the students spent less on online shopping before

the pandemic existed but due to the fact that it happened, many of them spent more

and increased their online shopping expenses. This also shows that the expenses of

the students are based on the environment they live in. Since there is a pandemic,

they adjusted and adapted accordingly. Many of them buy their desired products

online since there are many regulations that they need to follow and restrictions that

should be avoided. Additionally, live online shopping and the sudden popularity of

online shopping sites or applications contributed a lot to why they chose to shop

online. With that, the study concludes that there is a significant change in the online

shopping expenses of many students before and during the pandemic.

RECOMMENDATION

Based on the findings and conclusions presented, the researchers

recommend the students to set a budget because it serves as a guide to how much

they can spend. This would also enable the students to know their priorities and

balance their savings and spendings. It is also recommended that they have an

expense tracker so that they can track how much they have already spent and adjust

accordingly to their set budget.

For parents, it is recommended that they also set a budget on the allowances

18
that they will give their children, and if possible, educate them on how to spend their

money wisely. Supervision of parents can help students become more responsible

and understand the importance of money management especially since it's coming

from an adult.

Lastly, the researchers recommend that future researchers conduct a study

that looks into the factors that influence the students to buy more online during the

pandemic.

19
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APPENDICES
Survey Questionnaire:

1. What are your exact/estimated monthly expenses before the pandemic?

2. What are your exact/estimated monthly expenses during the pandemic?

Gantt Chart