A PROJECT REPORT ON

Solar Photovoltaic Fed TransZSI-DVR for Power Quality

Improvement of Grid-Connected PV Systems

Submitted to JNTUA in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of the degree of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY IN
ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

Submitted by

B. PRAMOD KUMAR (162H1A0202)

Under the guidance of

Mr. M.SREENIVASULU
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR,

Dept of EEE, ASIT, GUDUR.

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

AUDISANKARA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
(Accredited By: NAAC with “A” GRADE | Approved By: AICTE | Affiliated to JNTUA)
NH-5, BYPASS ROAD, GUDUR-524101, SPSR NELLORE (Dt). ANDHRA PRADESH.

2016-2021

1
 AUDISANKARA INSTITUITE OF TECHNOLOGY
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the project report entitled “Solar Photovoltaic Fed TransZSI-DVR for Power
Quality Improvement of Grid-Connected PV Systems” is submitted by B.PRAMOD KUMAR
(162H1A0202) in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of the Degree of Bachelor of
Technology in ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING to “AUDISANKARA
INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY”, GUDUR is a record of bonafide work carried out by them under my
guidance and supervision.

The results presented in this report have been verified and are found to be
satisfactory. The results embodied in this report have not been submitted to any other
university for the award of any degree.

Project Guide Head of the Department

P.SUDHAKIRAN, M.SREENIVASULU,
ASSOC. PROF, ASSOC. PROF & HOD,
Dept. of EEE, Dept. of
EEE,
ASIT, GUDUR. ASIT, GUDUR.

Submitted for the viva-voce examination held on……………………………..

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First and foremost, we would like to thank our beloved parents for their blessings and grace in making
this project success. We avail this opportunity to express our profound sense of sincere and deep gratitude
to those who constantly guided, supported and encouraged during the course of our project.

We wish to express our heartfelt thanks and deep sense of gratitude to the honorable chairman
Dr.VANKI PENCHALAIAH, M.L, for his encouragement and inspiration throughout the process.

We would like to thank our college management for having allowed us to do the project work. Lastly we
would like to pay our regards and thank our principal Dr. T.VENU MADHAV whose ideas are proved
to be really worth full in our work.

We wish to express our deep sense of gratitude to our beloved and esteemed Head of the Department of
EEE, M.SREENIVASULU, for his support, encouragement and valuable suggestions, this went a long
way in the successful completion of this project

Finally we would like to thank and express our gratitude to our project guide ASSISTANT
PROFESSOR P.SUDHAKIRAN and we regard for his valuable suggestions and support throughout our
project work.

B.PRAMOD KUMAR 162H1A0202

 ABSTRACT

In this article, a new solar PV fed Dynamic Voltage Restorer (DVR) based on Trans-Z-source Inverter
(TransZSI) is proposed to improve the power quality of on-grid Photovoltaic (PV) systems. DVR is a
power electronic compensator using for injecting the desired voltage to the Point of Common Coupling
(PCC) as per the voltage disturbance. In the proposed DVR, in place of traditional VSI, TransZSI with
outstanding merits of buck/boost, a broader range of voltage boost gain, fewer passive components, and
lower voltage stress, is put forth.

For efficient detection, accurate voltage disturbances mitigation, and also lessening the injected voltage
harmonics, a hybrid Unit Vector Template with Maximum Constant Boost Control (UVT-MCBC) method
is proposed for TransZSI-DVR. The performance of the proposed TransZSI-DVR with UVT-MCBC has
been analyzed under severe sag, slight sag with harmonics, swell, and interruption. The comparative
studies and simulation results have shown the effectiveness of the proposed TransZSI-DVR, as opposed to
traditional ZSI-DVR and VSI-DVR. The TransZSI-DVR in the PV system has mitigated voltage
sag/swell/interruption. It has also improved the power quality of both the injected voltage to the PCC and
PV system’s output voltage.
 INDEX
PG NO

1.INTRODUCTION 8-9

2.BLOCK DIAGRAM 10

2.1.TOPOLOGY 11-12

2.2.DVR 13-14

3.CONTROL STRATEGY 17

3.1.PRE-SAG COMPENSATION 17

3.2.IN-PHASE COMPENSATION 17

3.3.MINIMUM ENERGY COMPENSATION 17

4.CONTROL AND PROTECTION 19

4.1.VOLTAGE SAG 19

4.2.CHARECTERISTICS OF VOLTAGE SAG 20

4.3.VOLTAGE SAG METHODOLOGY 22

4.4.LOAD FLOW 22

4.5.VOLTAGE SAG OCCURRENCE CALCULATION 22

4.6.STUDY OF RESULTS OF SAG ANALYSIS 22

4.7.SOLUTION TO VOLTAGE SAG PROBLEM 24

4.8.VOLTAGES SWELL 26

5.MONITORING AND TESTING SOLUTION 28

5.1.FERRORESONANT TRANSFORMERS 30

5.2.MAGNETICALLY CONTROLLED VOLTAGE REGULATION 31

5.3.TAP SWITCHING TRANSFORMERS 31

5.4.STATIC UPS 31

5.5.ROTARY UPS/MOTOR GENERATION 31

5.6.NEWER SOLUTION 32

6.MATLAB 33

6.1.INTRODUCTION OF MATLAB 33

6.2.HISTORY OF MATLAB 33

6.3.STRENGTH OF MATLAB 33
 6.4.OTHER FEATURES OF MATLAB 33

6.5.COMPONENTS OF MATLAB 34

6.6.MATLAB AND ENGINEER 34

6.7.TOOL BOXES IN MATLAB 34

6.8.APPLICATIONS OF MATLAB 42

7.PROPOSED TRANSZSI- DVR CONFIGURATIONS 43

A. TransZSI 43

B. TransZSI-DVR CONTROL STRATEGY 44

1) UNIT VECTOR TEMPLATE (UVT) METHOD 44

2)MCBC METHOD 45

8.SIMULATIONS AND RESULTS 44

8.1. VOLTAGE COMPENSATION BY VSI-DVR 44

8.2. VOLTAGE COMPENSATION BY ZSI-DVR 48

8.3. VOLTAGE COMPENSATION BY TRANSZSI-DVR 50

9.CONCLUSION 52

10. REFERENCES 53
 CHAPTER - 1
1. INTRODUCTION

For environmental concerns and development towards a sustainable society, the future power systems
will have a high penetration of solar PV and wind power systems. The trend is towards ramping up
renewable energies and phasing out fossil fuels and coal. Out of renewable energy sources, PV systems have
been significantly tilted towards because the sunlight is one of the most abundant and freely available energy
resources on our planet. However, the performance of the PV systems can be handed down affected by
factors like solar irradiation, temperature, soiling, clouds, etc. resulting in a reduction in the PV output
voltage and therefore, voltage sag, as the most commonplace yet vital power quality issues, happens. With
an increase in the number of sensitive and critical loads in the modern power system, power quality issues
like sags, swells or interruptions have enlarged. Such power quality issues result in considerable losses such
as losses related to producer’s competitive opportunities, reduced efficiency, increased production and
maintenance costs, reduced product quality, decreased equipment lifespan, and production interruptions and
energy losses. Having high-quality power Thus, accessing high-quality power has a tremendous impact on
saving capital and has an economic advantage for a manufacturing company.
High power quality produces an impeccable power supply that has no noise, sinusoidal waveform, is
always available, and within voltage and frequency tolerances. Voltage sags/swells/interruptions are the
most important power quality issues which are classified as short-duration voltage variations . As per the
standard IEEE 1159, voltage sag is a fall in the Root Mean Square (RMS) voltage (0.1–0.9pu of nominal
voltage) the duration of which is 0.5cycles-1min. The root causes of sags are usually the faults and starting
of large loads like motors. In grid-connected PV systems, partial shading condition is the leading cause of
voltage sags. Also, a voltage swell is a rise in the RMS voltage (1.1–1.8pu of nominal voltage) at the same
duration as voltage sag. The start/stop of large capacitors and turning off the large loads are the leading
causes of swells.
There are many methods to avoid the impact of such voltage disturbances on sensitive and critical loads.
The most efficient and reasonable one is to apply devices that are built based on power converters, aka
custom power devices. Among them, Dynamic Voltage Restorer (DVR) is the most efficient device of
choice for the mitigation of voltage sags, swells, and interruptions. DVR is connected in series to the PCC
between the load and source sides, and in healthy conditions, the DVR is in standby mode. Once the supply
voltage goes upper or lower than its nominal value, the DVR controller detects the magnitude and duration
of the supply voltage and then injects the desired voltage to the PCC accordingly.
A DVR is composed of a DC storage unit, a voltage source inverter (VSI), an LC filter, and three single-
phase injection/coupling transformers. The VSI has been traditionally employed in the DVR configuration.
In the performance of the DVR system based on the VSI is investigated, and simulation is performed for
voltage sag and voltage swell situations. The DVR system can easily handle and keep the voltage balanced
and constant, which is required by the load. Although the VSI is widely used in DVR configuration, it has
some limitations. Being a buck converter, it needs a DC/DC boost converter. Also, in each leg, the
semiconductors are not turned ON at the same time; otherwise, shoot-through (ST) happens and damage the
inverter bridge. Note that the ST is brought about by simultaneously turning on both switches in the 1ϕ leg,
Dϕ legs, or all Eϕ legs, thus short-circuiting the supply. Like VSI, Current Source Inverter (CSI) needs a buck
converter and leastways one upper or lower semiconductor has to be turned on.
To address the limitations mentioned above, Impedance Source Inverter (ZSI) has been proposed. The
ZSI employs an X shape impedance circuit, including two capacitors and two inductors to not only join the
primary circuit to the load side but to bring significant benefits CSI and VSI lack. In the ZSI, the value of the
AC output voltage has nothing to do with the DC input voltage and can be anything between [0, ∞]. Thus,
the ZSI is a buck and boost converter simultaneously and has a wider voltage gain range. So, in place of
VSI, the great idea is to use ZSI in the DVR configuration. ZSI-DVR configuration has been studied. In ZSI-
DVR was presented in which a multi-loop controller was used, and the results showed that the proposed
DVR used the buck/boost advantages of ZSI to employ the energy storage while compensating for sag
ultimately. However, the only studied voltage disturbance in this article was sag. Also, the traditional Pulse-
width Modulation (PWM) was implemented. Similar work was done in which efficient and straightforward
open-loop sag/swell and closed swell controllers were studied. In, the analysis of ZSI-DVR with a fuzzy
controller was conducted, and the simulation results showed a better performance of the proposed ZSI-DVR
optimized by the fuzzy controller. To improve the ride-through capability of ZSI-DVR, wind turbine as
renewable energy sources is offered in. However, the wind turbine has a wind generation and a rectifier
which could increase the DVR complexity and cost.
 CHAPTER - 2
2. BLOCK DIAGRAM

Proposed PV fed TransZSI-DVR configuration

Super capacitor-based ZSI-DVR as its energy storage was presented to create DC voltage of ZSI. Super
capacitors can charge fast and discharge very slow. To increase the voltage-gain and decrease the voltage
stress of ZSIs, some modified configurations were proposed. Recently, some studies have been carried out to
enhance DVR’s performance based on such modified ZSI arrangements. Cascaded multilevel ZSI for DVR
was proposed to decrease the voltage THD. In embedded EZSI based DVR was presented to mitigate
balanced/unbalanced voltage sags caused by different faults. The results proved that the proposed DVR is
simple to implement, and its cost is low. New LCCT-ZSI based DVR was introduced, which can provide
higher voltage gain. However, THD analysis and performance evaluation for swell and interruption were
neglected. YSI based DVR with Fuel Cell was studied, and with the help of the fuzzy controller, the THD
was reduced, as opposed to ZSI-DVR.
Among the modified ZSI configurations presented, TransZSI that uses a capacitor and a transformer as
its impedance network has delivered a standout performance. Compared to ZSI, by the transformer’s turns
ratio, a higher voltage gain is obtained in the TransZSI. Plus, the number of passive elements is reduced,
thus reducing the costs and increasing the inverter’s lifetime and reliability. As a result, this article tries to
propose a new PV fed DVR configuration based on TransZSI in which an integration of PV panel and
batteries is presented. This will help the issue related to the capture of energy in PV panels and issue related
to the energy reserves of batteries. To boost the efficacy of the DVR controller and provide an accurate
detection method and efficient compensation for voltage sags/swells/interruptions, a hybrid unit vector
template (UVT) with an MCBC method (UVT-MCBC) is presented. The UVT can determine the exact start/
stop points of every voltage disturbance and then creating voltage load references for the modulation unit. In
this article, the modulation unit is based on the MCBC method as a modified version of the conventional
Simple and Maximum Boost Control methods (SBC and MBC). However, the SBC and MBC methods have
both limitations.

2.1. TOPOLOGY

The ZSI basic circuit topology

The SBC method has the limit of boosting the output voltage. The modulation index decreases as the ST
increases, increasing voltage stress. In the MBC method, all the zero states are used as ST states thus
increasing the output voltage level. Although this method minimizes the voltage stress and maximizes the
voltage gain, it creates low-frequency ripples in the current. This means the lower the output frequency, the
higher the passive elements. The MCBC method can overcome such limitations. In the MCBC method, the
ST duty ratio remains unchanged to bring outstanding benefits of a wider voltage gain range and no low-
frequency ripples. Therefore, the UVT-MCBC can accurately detect the voltage disturbances, inject the
desired voltage accordingly with lower harmonics, and compensate for them efficiently. Below, the
significant contributions of this work are provided:
• A solar PV fed TransZSI-DVR is proposed in which TransZSI offers outstanding features of (1) a more
comprehensive range of voltage gain, (D) lower voltage stress across the switches, and (E) fewer reactive
elements.
• A UVT-MCBC is presented to improve the control performance of the TransZSI-DVR. It gives the best
performance among the other two conventional DVR systems by (1) detection of start/stop points of voltage
disturbances, (D) reduction in transients, (E) mitigation of voltage disturbances, and (4) reduction in injected
voltage THD. So, the output PV voltage’s power quality is enhanced.
• Integration of the PV panel and battery is put forward for the proposed TransZSI-DVR to address the
issue related to the capture of energy in PV panels and the issue related to the energy reserves of batteries.
Because (1) sunlight as a freely available kind of energy lowers batteries’ energy restrictions, (D) recharging
batteries with solar power offers a convenient option for DVR, and (E) batteries help ease the problem
related to the intermittent nature of PV panels.
 The transZSI: (a) basic circuit, (b) with the trans, (c) in ST zero states, and (d) in non-ST state

The proposed solar PV fed TransZSI-DVR is described in Section D including the conception of TransZSI,
hybrid UVT with MCBC method (UVT-MCBC), voltage stress analysis, PV array modeling, MPPT
technique, boost converter, DC/AC VSI, and VSC controller. Section E presents the simulation outcomes
and analyses, together with comparisons. And the article is concluded in Section 4.
VOLTAGE disturbances are the most common power quality (PQ) problem in industrial distribution
systems. The voltage disturbances mainly encompass the voltage sags, swells, harmonics, unbalances, and
flickers [1]. These disturbances can cause the malfunction of voltage-sensitive loads in factories, buildings,
and hospitals [D] and sever process disruptions resulting in substantial economic and/or data losses [E].
Voltage sag is a momentary decrease in the rms ac voltage (10%–90% of the nominal voltage) at the power
frequency of duration from 0.5 cycles to a few seconds [4]. Voltage sag is normally caused by short-circuit
faults, such as a single-line-to-ground fault in a power system and by the startup of induction motors of large
ratings [4]–[6]. Voltage swell is defined as a short duration increase in rms supply with an increase in
voltage ranging from 1.1 p.u. to 1.8 p.u. of nominal supply [7]. The main reasons for voltage swells are
switching large capacitors or the removal of large loads [8].
DVR is a power-electronic device [9]. The basic operation of DVR is to inject a voltage of required
magnitude, phase angle, and frequency in series with a distribution feeder to maintain the desired amplitude
and waveform for load voltage even when the voltage is unbalanced or distorted [9], [10].
Many topologies and control methods have been presented for DVRs. The presented topologies are
categorized into two main groups. The first group of the presented topologies uses ac/dc/ac conversion. In
these topologies, the required dc voltage is provided through a transformer from the grid (source side or load
side) via a rectifier. In the second group of the presented topologies for DVRs, the required energy for
compensation of voltage is taken from the dc capacitor or another energy storage element such as a double-
layer capacitor, superconducting magnet or lead-acid battery via an inverter [11]. These types of topologies
cannot compensate voltage sags and swells for a long time due to the limitation of the stored energy. In both
groups of topologies, it is necessary to embed a large capacitor in the dc link. The cost of this dc-link
capacitor is high and it results in high cost and limited applications of DVRs [1D]. Therefore, some studies
have been performed to reduce the size of the energy storage elements [D], [9], [1E]. Also, a high-voltage
DVR using multilevel topology has been presented in [5], [14]–[17].
There has been less attention to topologies of DVR that do not require any energy storage element. In
[18], a zero energy sag corrector topology has been presented which is able to compensate balanced and
unbalanced voltage sags without using a capacitor. This given topology is not able to compensate voltage
swells, and its ability of harmonics mitigation has not been investigated. In [19], a topology for a single-
phase DVR based on a direct ac/ac converter has been presented. In the presented topology, the
compensation ranges for voltage sags and swells are restricted to D5% and 50%, respectively. In [D0], a DVR
based on an indirect matrix converter has been presented for balanced voltage sags compensation. This
topology needs flywheel energy storage element and the capability of the topology in voltage swell
compensation and harmonics and flicker elimination has not been investigated. Also, like the other
topologies based on the energy-storage elements, it cannot compensate the voltage sags for a long time.
Moreover, regulation and control of the flywheel speed is complicated. In [D1], another matrix converter-
based DVR has been presented. Two main problems of this topology are the high number of switches and
very limited compensation range.
In this paper, two new topologies for three-phase DVRs are proposed. The proposed topologies are based
on direct ac/ac converters. As a result, there is no need for bulky and costly dc-link and energy storage
elements. A new control method is also proposed for the used converters in the proposed topologies. Then,
the complete compensation ranges of voltage sags and swells are calculated. The simulation and
experimental results are presented to clarify the capabilities of the proposed topologies in voltage restoration.

2.2. DVR
The major objectives are to increase the capacity utilization of distribution feeders (by minimizing
the rms values of the line currents for a specified power demand), reduce the losses and improve power
quality at the load bus. The major assumption was to neglect the variations
In the source voltages. This essentially implies that the dynamics of the source voltage is much slower than
the load dynamics.
When the fast variations in the source voltage cannot be ignored, these can a®ect the performance of
critical loads such as (a) semiconductor fabrication plants (b) paper mills (c) food processing plants and (d)
automotive assembly plants. The most common disturbances in the source voltages are the voltage sags or
swells that can be due to (i) disturbances arising in the transmission system, (ii) adjacent feeder faults and
(iii) fuse or breaker operation. Voltage sags of even 10% lasting for 5-10 cycles can result in costly damage
in critical loads. The voltage sags can arise due to symmetrical or unsymmetrical faults. In the latter case,
negative and zero sequence components are also present. Uncompensated nonlinear loads in the distribution
system can cause harmonic components in the supply voltages. To mitigate the problems caused by poor
quality of power supply, series connected compensators are used.
These are called as Dynamic Voltage Restorer (DVR) in the literature as their primary application is
to compensate for voltage sags and swells. Their configuration is similar to that of SSSC, discussed in
chapter 7. However, the control techniques are deferent. Also, a DVR is expected to respond fast (less than
1/4 cycle) and thus employs PWM converters using IGBT or IGCT devices. The first DVR entered
commercial service on the Duke Power System in U.S.A. in August 1996. It has a rating of D MVA with 660
kJ of energy storage and is capable of compensating 50% voltage sag for a period of 0.5 second (E0 cycles).
It was installed to protect a highly automated yarn manufacturing and rug weaving facility.
Since then, several DVRs have been installed to protect microprocessor fabrication plants, paper
mills etc. Typically, DVRs are made of modular design with a module rating of D MVA or 5 MVA. They
have been installed in substations of voltage rating from 11 kV to 69 kV. A DVR has to supply energy to the
load during the voltage sags. If a DVR has to supply active power over longer periods, it is convenient to
provide a shunt converter that is connected to the DVR on the DC side. As a matter of fact one could
envisage a combination of DSTATCOM and DVR connected on the DC side to compensate for both load
and supply voltage variations. In this section, we discuss the application of DVR for fundamental frequency
voltage...
 The voltage source converter is typically one or more converters connected in series to provide the
required voltage rating. The DVR can inject a (fundamental frequency) voltage in each phase of required
magnitude and phase. The DVR has two operating modes

1. Standby (also termed as short circuit operation (SCO) mode) where the voltage injected has zero
magnitude.

D. Boost (when the DVR injects a required voltage of appropriate magnitude and phase to restore the prefault
load bus voltage).

The power circuit of DVR shown in Fig. 14.1 has four components listed below.

1. Voltage Source Converter (VSC)

This could be a E phase - E wire VSC or E phase - 4 wire VSC. The latter permits the injection of zero-
sequence voltages. Either a conventional two level converter (Graetz bridge) or a three level converter is
used

Fig 14.1 DYNAMIC VOLTAGE RESTORER

2. Boost or Injection Transformers

Three single phase transformers are connected in series with the distribution feeder to couple the
VSC (at the lower voltage level) to the higher distribution voltage level. The three single transformers can be
connected with star/open star winding or delta/open star winding. The latter does not permit the injection of
the zero sequence voltage. The choice of the injection transformer winding depends on the connections of
the step down trans- former that feeds the load. If a ¢ ¡ Y connected transformer (as shown in Fig. 14.1) is
used, there is no need to compensate the zero sequence volt- ages.
 However if Y ¡ Y connection with neutral grounding is used, the zero sequence voltage may have to
be compensated. It is essential to avoid the saturation in the injection transformers.
3. Passive Filters
The passive filters can be placed either on the high voltage side or the converter side of the boost
transformers. The advantages of the converter side filters are (a) the components are rated at lower voltage
and (b) higher order harmonic currents (due to the VSC) do not °own through the transformer windings. The
disadvantages are that the filter inductor causes voltage drop and phase (angle) shift in the (fundamental
component of) voltage injected. This can a®ect the control scheme of DVR. The location of the filter o the
high voltage side overcomes the drawbacks (the leakage reactance of the transformer can be used as a filter
inductor), but results in higher ratings of the transformers as high frequency currents can °ow through the
windings.

4. Energy Storage
This is required to provide active power to the load during deep voltage sags. Lead-acid batteries, °y
wheel or SMES can be used for energy storage. It is also possible to provide the required power on the DC
side of the VSC by an auxiliary bridge converter that is fed from an auxiliary AC supply
 CHAPTER – 3
3. CONTROL STRATEGY
There are three basic control strategies as follows.

3.1. Pre-Sag Compensation:

The supply voltage is continuously tracked and the load voltage is compensated to the pre-sag
condition. This method results in (nearly) undisturbed load voltage, but generally requires higher rating of
the DVR. Before a sag occur, VS = VL = Vo. The voltage sag results in drop in the magnitude of the supply
voltage to VS1. The phase angle of the supply also may shift see Fig. 14.D). The DVR injects a voltage VC1
such that the load voltage (VL = VS1 + VC1) remains at Vo (both in magnitude and phase). It is claimed
that some loads are sensitive to phase jumps and it is necessary to compensate for both the phase jumps and
the voltage sags.

3.2. In-phase Compensation

The voltage injected by the DVR is always in phase with the supply voltage regardless of the load
current and the pre-sag voltage (Vo). This control strategy results in the minimum value of the injected
voltage (magnitude). However, the phase of the load voltage is disturbed. For loads which are not sensitive
to the phase jumps, this control strategy results in optimum utilization of the voltage rating of the DVR. The
power requirements for the DVR are not zero for these strategies

3.3. Minimum Energy Compensation

Neglecting losses, the power requirements of the DVR are zero if the injected voltage (VC) is in
quadrature with the load current. To raise the voltage at the load bus, the voltage injected by the DVR is
capacitive and VL leads VS1 (see Fig. 14.E). Fig. 14.E also shows the in-phase compensation for
comparison. It is to be noted that the current phasor is determined by the load bus voltage phasor and the
power factor of the load.
 Implementation of the minimum energy compensation requires the measurement of the load current
phasor in addition to the supply voltage. When VC is in quadrature with the load current, DVR supplies only
reactive power. However, full load voltage compensation is not possible Unless the supply voltage is above
a minimum value that depends on the load power factor.

When the magnitude of VC is not constrained, the minimum value of VS that still allows full
compensation is where Á is the power factor angle and Vo is the required magnitude of the
Load bus voltage. If the magnitude of the injected voltage is limited (V max C ), the mini- mum supply
voltage that allows full compensation is given by The expressions (14.1) and (14.D) follow from the phasor
diagrams shown in Fig. 14.4. Note that at the minimum source voltage, the current is in phase with VS for
the case (a).
 CHAPTER - 4
4. CONTROL AND PROTECTION
The control and protection of a DVR designed to compensate voltage sags must consider the
following functional requirements.
1. When the supply voltage is normal, the DVR operates in a standby mode with zero voltage injection.
However if the energy storage device (say batteries) is to be charged, then the DVR can operate in a self-
charging control mode.
D. When a voltage sag/swell occurs, the DVR needs to inject three single phase voltages in synchronism with
the supply in a very short time. Each phase of the injected voltage can be controlled independently in
magnitude and phase. However, zero sequence voltage can be eliminated in situations where it has no e®ect.
The DVR draws active power from the energy source and supplies this along with the reactive power
(required) to the load.
E. If there is a fault on the downstream of the DVR, the converter is by- passed temporarily using thyristor
switches to protect the DVR against over currents. The threshold is determined by the current ratings of the
DVR.

The overall design of DVR must consider the following parameters:

1. Ratings of the load and power factor
D. Voltage rating of the distribution line
E. Maximum single phase sag (in percentage)
4. Maximum three phase sag (in percentage)
5. Duration of the voltage sag (in milliseconds)
6. The voltage time area (this is an indication of the energy requirements)
7. Recovery time for the DC link voltage to 100%
8. Over current capability without going into bypass mode.
Typically, a DVR may be designed to protect a sensitive load against E5% of three phase voltage sags or
50% of the single phase sag. The duration of the sag could be D00ms. The DVR can compensate higher
voltage sags lasting for shorter durations or allow longer durations (up to 500 ms) for smaller voltage sags.
The response time could be as small as 1ms.
4.1. VOLTAGE SAG

Voltage sags and momentary power interruptions are probably the most important PQ
problem affecting industrial and large commercial customers. These events are usually associated with a
fault at some location in the supplying power system. Interruptions occur when the fault is on the circuit
supplying the customer. But voltage sags occur even if the faults happen to be far away from the customer's
site. Voltage sags lasting only 4-5 cycles can cause a wide range of sensitive customer equipment to drop
out. To industrial customers, voltage sag and a momentary interruption are equivalent if both shut their
process down. A typical example of voltage sag is shown in fig 1. The susceptibility of utilization
equipment to voltage sag is dependent upon duration and magnitude of voltage sags and can be define

Typical voltage sag The susceptibility curve

Sec4.2. Characteristics of Voltage Sags:

Voltage sags which can cause equipment impacts are caused by faults on the power system.
Motor starting also results in voltage sags but the magnitudes are usually not severe enough to cause
equipment misoperation
Consider a customer on the feeder controlled by breaker 1. In the case of a fault on this feeder, the
customer will experience voltage sag during the fault and an interruption when the breaker opens to clear
the fault. For temporary fault, enclosure may be successful.
Anyway, sensitive equipment will almost surely trip during this interruption. Another kind of likely
event would be a fault on one of the feeders from the substation or a fault somewhere on the
transmission system, In either of these cases, the customer will experience a voltage sag during the actual
period of fault. As soon as breakers open to clear the fault, normal voltage will be restarted at the customer's
end.
This waveform is typical of the customer voltage during a fault on a parallel feeder circuit that is
cleared quickly by the substation breaker. The total duration of fault is 150m sec. The voltage during a fault
on a parallel feeder will depend on the distance from the substation to fault point. A fault close to substation
will result in much more significant sag than a fault near the end of feeder. Fig 5 shows the voltage sag
magnitude at
The plant bus as a function of fault location for an example system.
 A single line to ground fault condition results in a much less severe voltage sag than E-phase fault
Condition due to a delta--star transformer connection at the plant. Transmission related voltage sags are
normally much more consistent than those related to distribution. Because of large amounts of energy
associated with transmission faults, they are cleared as soon as possible.

This normally corresponds to E-6 cycles, which is the total time for fault detection and breaker
operation Normally customers do not experience an interruption for transmission fault. Transmission
systems are looped or networked, as distinct from radial distribution systems. If a fault occurs as
shown on the 115KV system, the protective relaying will sense the fault and breakers A and B will open to
clear the fault. While the fault is on the transmission system, the entire power system, including the
distribution system will experience Voltage sag. The magnitude of measured voltage sags at an industrial
plant supplied from a 115 kV system. Most of the voltages were 10-E0% below nominal voltage, and no
momentary interrupts were measured at the plant during the monitoring period (about a year). Fig7 given a
three-dimensional plot illustrating the number of sags experienced as a function of both the voltage sag
magnitude and the duration.

Industrial plant sag magnitude data voltage sag events at a function of magnitude and duration

This is a convenient way to completely characterize the actual or expected voltage sag conditions at a
site. Evaluating the impact of voltage sags at a customer plant involves estimating the member of voltage
sags that can be expected as a function of the voltage sag magnitude and then comparing this with
equipment sensitivity.
 The estimate of voltage sag performance are developed by performing short-circuit simulations to
determine the plant voltage as a function of fault location throughout the power system. Total circuit miles
of line exposure that can affect the plant (area of vulnerability) are determined for a particular sag level.

Historical fault performance (fault per year per 100 miles) can, then be used to estimate the number
of sags per year that can be expected below the magnitude. A chart such as the one in fig 8. Can be drawn in
splitting the expected number of voltage sags by magnitude. This information can be used directly by
the customers to determine the need for power conditioning equipment at sensitive loads in the plant.

4.3. Voltage-Sag Analysis- Methodology

The methodology is outlined in chapter9 (proposed) of IEEE Gold book (IEEE standard 49E,
Recommended practice for the design of reliable industrial and commercial power system) The methodology
basically consists of the following four steps:

4.4. Load Flow:

A load flow representing the existing or modified system is required with an accurate zero-
sequence representation. The machine reactance Xd" or Xd ' is also required. The reactance used is
dependent upon the post fault time frame of interest. The machine and zero-sequence reactance are not
required to calculate the voltage sag magnitude.

4.5. Voltage Sag Occurrence Calculation:

Based upon the utilities reliability data (the number of times each line section will experience a
fault) and the results of load flow and voltage sag calculations, the number of voltage sags at the customer
site due to remote faults can be calculated. Depending upon the equipment connection, the voltage sag
occurrence rate may be calculated in terms of either phase or line voltages dependent upon the load
connection. For some facilities, both line and phase voltages may be required. The data thus obtained
from load flow, Voltage sag calculation, and voltage sag occurrence calculation can be sorted and
tabulated by sag magnitude, fault type, location of fault and nominal system voltage at the fault location

4.6. Study of Results of Sag- Analysis:

The results can be tabulated and displayed in many different ways to recognize difficult aspects.
Area of vulnerability can be plotted on a geographical map or one - line diagram (fig 9). These plots can be
used to target transmission and distribution lines for enhancements in reliability. Further bar charts, and
pie-charts showing the total number of voltage sags with reference to voltage level at fault point, area/zone
of fault, or the fault type can be developed to help utilities focus on their system improvements (figs.
10 and 11) To examining the existing system, system modifications aimed at mitigating or reducing voltage
sags can also be identified, thus enabling cost benefits analysis. Possible such system structural changes that
can be identified include.

Reconnection of a customer from one voltage level to another, Installation of Ferro-resonant

transformers or time delayed under voltage, drop out relay to facilitate easy ride - through the sag.
Application of static transfer switch and energy storage system., Application of fast acting
synchronous condensers, Neighborhood generation capacity addition , Increase service voltage addition
through transformer tap changing, By enhancement of system reliability

Equipment Sensitivity Studies:

Process controllers can be very sensitive to voltage sags. An electronic component manufacturer was
experiencing problems with large chiller motors tripping off-line during voltage sag conditions. A 15VA
process controller which regulates water temperature was thought to be causing individual chillers to trip.
This controller was tested using a voltage sag simulator for voltage sags from 0.5-1000 cycles in
duration. The controller was found to be very sensitive to voltage sags tripping at around 80% of voltage
regardless of duration.

B Chip Testers:
Electronic chip testers are very sensitive to voltage variations, and because of the complexity
involved, often require E0 minutes or more to restart. In addition, the chips involved in the testing process
can be damaged and several days' later internal electronic circuit boards in the testers may fail. A chip tester
consists of a collection of electronic loads, printers, computers, monitors etc. If any one component of the
total package goes down, the entire testing process is disrupted. The chip testers can be 50KVA or larger in
size.

C.DC Drives:
DC drives are used in many industrial proc esses, including printing presses and plastics
manufacturing. The plastic extrusion process is one of the common applications where voltage sag can be
particularly important. The extruders melt and grind plastic pellets into liquid plastic. The liquid plastic may
then be blowup into a bag or processed in some other way before winder winds the plastic into spools.
During voltage sag, the controls to the D.C. drives and winders may trip. These operations are typically
completely automated and an interruption can cause very expensive cleanup and restarting requirements.
Losses may be of the order of Rs. 15 lakhs / event and a plant fed from a distribution system is likely to
experience at least one event per month. Extra ders begin to have problems when the voltage sags to only
88% of normal, which indicates a very high level of sensitivity. Faults May miles away from the plant will
cause voltage sags down to 88% level. Even protecting only the winders and controls does not serve the
purpose always. When they are protected and voltage sag occurs, the controls and winders continue to work
properly. However, the dc drives slow down. For severe voltage dips, the slowing down is so much that the
process is interrupted. Therefore D.C. drives also need to be helped to ride through all voltage sags.

D .Programmable Logic Controllers.

Their overall sensitivity to voltage sags varies greatly by portions of an overall PLC system have
been found to be very sensitive The remote I/O units have been found to trip for voltages as high as 90%
for a few cycles.

E. Machine Tools:
Robots or complicated machines used in cutting, drilling and metal processing can be very sensitive
to voltage variation. Any variation in voltage can affect the quality of the part that is being machined.
Robots generally need very constant voltage to operate properly and safely. Any voltage fluctuations
especially sags. May cause unsafe operation of robot. Therefore these types of machines re often set to trip at
voltage levels of only 90%

4.7. Solutions to Voltage Sag Problems:

Efforts by utilities and customers can reduce the number and severity of sags.

A. Utility solutions: Utilities can take two main steps to reduce the detrimental effects of sags –
(1) Prevent fault
(D) Improve fault clearing methods

Fault prevention methods include activities like tree trimming, adding line arrests, washing insulators
and installing animal guards. Improved fault clearing practices include activities like adding line recloses,
eliminating fast tripping, adding loop schemes and modifying feeder design. These may reduce the number
and /or duration of momentary interruptions and voltage sags but faults cannot be eliminated completely.

B. Customer solutions: Power conditioning is the general concept behind these methods. This is a
schematic f the general approach used.

Power conditioning helps to

1. Isolate equipment from high frequency noise and transients.
D. Provide voltage sag ride through capability
 The following are some of the solutions available to provide ride - through capability to critical
loads.

Motor generator sets (M-G sets)

Uninterruptible Power supply (UPS's)
Ferro resonant, constant voltage transformers (CVT's)
Magnetic synthesizers
Super conducting storage devices (SSD's)

Fig-12 General approach for power conditioning equipment

MG sets usually utilize flying wheels for energy storage. They completely decouple the loads
from electric power system Relational energy in the flywheel provides voltage regulation and voltage
support during under voltage conditions. MG sets have relatively high efficiency and low initial cost. UPS's
(Fig.1E): utilize batteries to store energy which is converted to usable form during an outage or voltage sag
UPS technology is well established and there are many UPS configurations to choose
From.

UPI configuration

CTS can be used to enhance voltage sag ride through capability. CVT's are basically 1; transformers which
are excited high on their saturation curves, thereby supplying output voltage which is fairly independent of
input voltage variations. Magnetic synthesizers are generally used for larger loads. A load of at least several
KVA is needed to make these units cost effective. They are often used to protect large computers and
other sensitive electronic equipment, This is an electromagnetic device which generates a clean three phase
ac output way form regardless of input power quality (Fig . 14) SSD's utilize a super conducting magnet
(Fig.15) store energy in the same way a UPS uses batteries to store energy. SSD's occupy less space and
use fewer electrical connections as compared to UPS's thus promising better reliability. They are also
expected to become economically competitive.

Block diagram of magnetic synthesizer fig SSD One-line Diagrams

Economic Evaluation
If the less-expensive solutions mentioned in this brief are not effective, the next step is to evaluate
the life-cycle costs and effectiveness of voltage sag mitigation technologies. This task can be very
challenging and tends to be beyond the expertise of most industrial facility managers. This type of evaluation
requires an analysis of the costs of your voltage sag problems in terms of downtime and lost production, the
costs of the devices, and an Understanding of how the mitigation devices work, including partial solutions. A
good place to start in performing this type of analysis is to ask your utility or a power quality consultant for
assistance. Many utilities offer power quality mitigation services or can refer you to outside specialists
4.8. VOLTAGE SWELL

Swell

A swell is the reverse form of a Sag, having an increase in AC Voltage for a duration of 0.5 cycles to
1 minute's time. For swells, high-impedance neutral connections, sudden large load reductions, and a single-
phase fault on a three phase system are common sources. Swells can cause data errors, light flickering,
electrical contact degradation, and semiconductor damage in electronics causing hard server failures. Our
power conditioners and UPS Solutions are common solutions for swells.

It is important to note that, much like sags, swells may not be apparent until results are seen. Having
your power quality devices monitoring and logging your incoming power will help measure these events.

Over-voltage

Over-voltages can be the result of long-term problems that create swells. Think of an overvoltage as
an extended swell. Over-voltages are also common in areas where supply transformer tap settings are set
incorrectly and loads have been reduced. Over-voltage conditions can create high current draw and cause
unnecessary tripping of downstream circuit breakers, as well as overheating and putting stress on
equipment. Since an overvoltage is a constant swell, the same UPS and Power Conditioners will work for
these. Please note however that if the incoming power is constantly in an overvoltage condition, the utility
power to your facility may need correction as well. The same symptoms apply to the over-voltages and
swells however since the overvoltage is more constant you should expect some excess heat. This excess
heat, especially in data center environments, must be monitored.

If you are experiencing any of these power quality problems we have solutions ranging from Power
Conditioners / Voltage Regulators to traditional UPS Systems and Flywheel UPS Solutions. Do not hesitate
to call on us.

SWELL CAUSES
As discussed previously, swells are less common than voltage sags, but also usually associated with
system fault conditions. A swell can occur due to a single line-toground fault on the system, which can also
result in a temporary voltage rise on the unfaulted phases. This is especially true in ungrounded or floating
ground delta systems, where the sudden change in ground reference result in a voltage rise on the
ungrounded phases. On an ungrounded system, the line-to ground voltages on the ungrounded phases will be
1.7Epu during a fault condition. Close to the substation on a grounded system, there will be no voltage rise
on unfaulted phases because the substation transformer is usually connected delta-wye, providing a low
impedance path for the fault current. Swells can also be generated by sudden load decreases. The abrupt
interruption of current can generate a large voltage, per the formula: v = L di/dt, where L is the inductance of
the line, and di/dt is the change in current flow. Switching on a large capacitor bank can also cause a swell,
though it more often causes an oscillatory transient.
 CHAPTER - 5
5. MONITORING & TESTING SOLUTIONS

As with other technology-driven products, the power quality monitoring products have rapidly evolved in the last
fifteen years. Increased complexity and performance of VLSI components, particularly microprocessor, digital signal
processors, programmable logic, and analog/digital converters, have allowed the manufacturer's of power quality
monitoring instruments to include more performance in the same size package for the same or reduced price.
Different types of monitoring equipment is available, depending on the user's knowledge base and requirements. The
four basic categories of power quality monitors (also known as power line disturbance monitors) are: event
indicators, text monitors, solid state recording volt/ammeters, and graphical monitors. While all of these devices can
be used to measure/monitor sags and swells, the effectiveness of each depends on what information the user wants to
gain. Since sags and swells are relatively slow events (as opposed to microsecond duration transients), the wide
variety of instruments are generally capable of capturing a sag or swell with reasonable reliability. Event indicators
are usually on the lower price end of the market. They indicate to the user that a sag or swell has occurred through
visual means, such as indicator lights or illuminated bar graphs. Some products will store the worst case amplitudes
of such and/or the number of occurrences of the type of event. Most such device do not provide an indication of the
time of occurrence or the duration. The voltage limit detectors may be preset or programmable, with the accuracy
being in the D-5% range. Textual-based monitors were actually the first dedicated power quality monitors,
produced back in 1976. The function of these instruments is similar to the event indicators, except
the output is in alphanumeric format Additional information, such as duration and time-of-occupance is
often included. Some of these products allow for the correlation of other information (such as environmental
parameters and system status levels) to assist the user in determining the cause of the event. Solid state
recording volt/ammeters have replaced the older pen-and-ink chart recorders as a means of providing a
graphical history of an event. These devices typically lack the resolution necessary for monitoring fault-
clearing sags. Sampling techniques range from average of several cycles to samples over D-E0 cycles. The
averaging over several cycles may mask the sag or swell, as well as result in misleading amplitudes.
Sampling over multiple cycles will not properly represent the event either. Graphical monitors provide the
most information about a sag or swell. Most graphical monitors provide a cycle-by-cycle picture of the
disturbance, as well as recording minimum/maximum values, duration, and time-of-occurrence. The three-
phase voltage graphs, coupled with graphs of neutral to ground voltage, phase currents, neutral current (in
wye), and ground currents, will usually provide the user with enough information to determine if the fault
occurred upstream or downstream. The timing and magnitude information can often identify the source of
the fault. For example, if the phase current levels of the load did not change prior to the voltage sag, the fault
is more likely upstream.
 If the magnitude of the sag is down to D0% of nominal, it is likely that the fault was close by. If the
sag duration was less than four cycles, it was most likely a transmission system fault. If the swell waveform
is preceded by a oscillatory transient, it may be the result of a power factor correction capacitor being
switched on. A line-to-neutral voltage sag is often accompanied by a neutral-to-ground voltage swell. The
location of the monitor, power supply wiring, measurement input wiring, and immunization from RFI/EMI
is especially critical with the higher performance graphical monitors. The monitor itself must also be capable
of riding through the sag and surviving extended duration swells. The functionality of the monitor should be
thoroughly evaluated in the laboratory, under simulated disturbances, before placing out in the field. Just
because it didn't record it, does not mean it didn't happen. Unless there is significant information pointing to
the cause of the disturbance before the monitoring begins, it is common practice to begin at the point of
common coupling with the utility service as the initial monitoring point. If the initial monitoring period
indicates that the fault occurred on the utility side of the service transformer, then further monitoring would
not be necessary until attempting to determine the effectiveness of the solution. If the source of the
disturbance is determined to be internal to the facility, the placing multiple monitors on the various feeds
within the facility would most likely produce the optimal answer in the shortest time period. Otherwise, the
monitor must be moved from circuit to circuit, with particular attention to circuits powering suspected
sources, and the circuits of the susceptible devices. Recent developments in artificial intelligence tools,
especially fuzzy logic, have allow software vendors to develop products that allow knowledge and reasoning
patterns to be stored in the software program. Further analysis of the event, beyond the IEEE 1159
classifications, is possible. These include the severity of the event, relative to the type of equipment that
would be effected, and probability factors on the cause of the disturbance. Multiple, successive sags that
return to nominal for an adequate time for the power supply capacitors to recharge may not be as severe as a
longer duration sag of a higher amplitude.

Solutions
The first step in reducing the severity of the system sags is to reduce the number of faults. From the
utility side, transmission-line shielding can prevent lighting induced faults. If tower-footing resistance is
high, the surge energy from a lightning stroke is not absorbed quickly into the ground. Since high tower-
footing resistance is an import factor in causing back flash from static wire to phase wire, steps to reduce
such should be taken. The probability of flashover can be reduced by applying surge arresters to divert
current to ground. Tree-trimming programs around distribution lines is becoming more difficult to maintain,
with the continual reductions in personnel and financial constraints in the utility companies. While the use of
underground lines reduces the weather-related causes, there are additional problems from equipment failures
in the underground environment and construction accidents.
 The solutions within the facility are varied, depending on the financial risk at stake, the susceptibility
levels and the power requirements of the effected device. Depending on the transformer configuration, it
may be possible to mitigate the problem with a transformer change. "It is virtually impossible for an SLTG
condition on the utility system to cause a voltage sag below E0% at the customer bus, when the customer is
supplied through a delta-wye or wye-delta transformer." [1E]
For wye-wye and delta-delta connections two phase-to-phase voltages will drop to 58% of nominal,
while the other phase-to-phase is unaffected. However, for delta-wye and wye-delta connections, one phase-
to-phase voltage will be as low as EE% of nominal, while the other two voltages will be 88% of nominal. It
is the circulating fault current in the delta secondary windings that results in a voltage on each winding.
Another possible solution is through the procurement specification. If a pre-installation site survey is done,
the distribution curve and probability of the sags and/or swells can be determined. The user then specifies
such information in the equipment procurement specifications. Only equipment with acceptable ride through
characteristics would then be used. When neither of the above solutions are practical or adequate, some form
of additional voltage regulator are required to maintain constant output voltage to the effected device,
despite the variation in input voltage. Each type has its own disadvantage and advantages for a given
application. The utility companies can add dynamic voltage restorers, static condensers, fault current
limiters, and/or high-energy surge arresters. Since these are beyond the control of the end user of the
electricity, the following concentrates on "in-the-facility" solution. These include: Ferro resonant
transformers, magnetically controlled voltage regulators (E-10 cycle response); electronic tap switching
transformers (1-E cycles); shielded isolation transformers; static transfer switches (within 4 milliseconds);
static UPSs; and, rotary UPSs.
5.1. FERRORESONANT TRANSFORMERS
Ferro resonant transformers, also called constant-voltage transformers (CVT), can handle most
voltage sags. Ferro resonant transformers can have separate input and output windings, which can provide
voltage transformation and common-mode noise isolation as well as voltage regulation. While CVTs provide
excellent regulation, they have limited overload capacity and poor efficiency at low loads. At a load of D5%
of rating, they require an input of a minimum of E0% of nominal to maintain a +E/-6% output. At 50% load
of rating, they typically require 46% of nominal input for regulation, which goes to 71% of nominal input at
full load. Therefore, for maximum improvement of voltage sag ride through capability, CVT should be sized
about four times greater than the load. Ferro resonant CVTs are most effective for constant, low power
loads, such as personal computers or process controllers. Variable loads present problems because of the
tuned circuit on the transformer output. Ferro resonant transformers have a nonlinear
5.2. MAGNETICALLY CONTROLLED VOLTAGE REGULATORS
Magnetic synthesizers use transformers, inductors and capacitors to synthesize E- phase voltage
outputs. Enough energy is stored in the capacitors to ride through one cycle. They use special
autotransformers, with buck-boost windings to control the voltage. The effect of the buck-boost windings is
varied by a control winding with DC current that affects the saturation of the core. The control-winding
current is produced by electronic sensing and control circuits. The response time is relatively slow (E-10
cycles).
5.3. TAP SWITCHING TRANSFORMERS
Electronic tap-switching transformers have the high efficient, low impedance, noise isolation, and
overload capacity of a transformer. These regulators use solid state switches (thyristors) to change the turns
ratio on a tapped coil winding. The switching is controlled by electronic sensing circuits, and can react
relatively quickly (1-E cycle). Thyristor switching at zero voltage is easier and less costly than at zero
current, but can cause transient voltages in the system, as the current and voltage are only in phase at unity
power factor. Thus, switching at zero-current is preferred. The voltage change is in discrete steps, but the
steps can be small enough so as not to induce additional problems.

5.4.STATIC UPS
A UPS can provide complete isolation from all power line disturbances, in addition to providing ride-
through during an outage. A static UPS consist of a rectifier AC to DC converter, DC bus with a floating
battery, DC to AC inverter, and solid state bypass switch. The rectifier converts the raw input power to DC,
which keeps the floating battery fully charged and supplies power to the inverter section. The inverters
generate 6 or 1D step waves, pulse-width modulated waves, or a combination of the two, to create a synthetic
sine-wave output. Inverter output should be a stable, low-distortion sine wave, provided there is adequate
filtering in the output stage. The batteries supply the DC bus voltage when the AC voltage is reduced. There
units range from a few hundred VA to 750kVA or higher. Since they are constantly running, there is no
switch-over time, except when the bypass switch is activities. The capacity of the battery banks determines
the length of ride-through.

5.5.ROTARY UPS/MOTOR GENERATORS

 Motor generator sets can also provide power conditioning by fully isolating the output power of the
generator from disturbances of the input power (except for sustained outages). Various configurations are
possible, including single shaft synchronous MG, DC motor driven MG, E600 rpm induction motor with a
flywheel driving a 1800 rpm generator, synchronous MG with an additional DC machine on same shaft,
which powers AC generator with AC fails; or, variable speed, constant frequency synchronous MG (varies
number of poles so that frequency remains the same. The inertia of an MG set, (especially if supplemented
by a flywheel), can ride-through several seconds of input power interruption. Since the generator output can
be of different voltage and frequency from the motor input, conversion from 60 Hz to 400 Hz is possible.

5.6NEWER SOLUTIONS
EPRI has been working with PSEG and Westinghouse Electric Corp to develop an active power line
conditioner, which will combine active harmonic filtering, line voltage regulation and transient voltage surge
protection in a single compact unit. To date, 5KVA, 50KVA and 150KVA units are available. Several
successfully applications of superconductivity magnetic-storage systems have been carried out in the United
States. The stored energy that is provided by the batteries in a static UPS, or the inertia of the motor in a MG
set, is instead provided by current stored in a superconductive magnetic system. This energy can be quickly
coupled back into the system, when the AC input power is inadequate.
 CHAPTER - 7
6. MATLAB

6.1. Introduction to Matlab:

Matlab is a high-performance language for technical computing. The name mat lab stands for matrix
laboratory. It integrates computation, visualization, and programming in an easy-to-use environment where
problems and solutions are expressed in familiar mathematical notation. Typical uses include Math and
computation Algorithm development Data acquisition Modeling, simulation, and prototyping Data analysis,
exploration, and visualization Scientific and engineering graphics Application development, including
graphical user interface building.

Matlab is an interactive system whose basic data element is an array that does not require
dimensioning. This allows you to solve many technical computing problems, especially those with matrix
and vector formulations, in a fraction of the time it would take to write a program in a scalar no interactive
language such as C or FORTRAN.

6.2. History of Matlab:

Cleve Barry Moler, the chairman of the computer-science department at the University of New
Mexico, he is a mathematician and computer programmer specializing in numerical analysis. Started
developing MATLAB in the late 1970s. He designed it to give his students access to LINPACK and
EISPACK without their having to learn Fortran. It soon spread to other universities and found a strong
audience within the applied mathematics community. Jack Little, an engineer, was exposed to it during a
visit Moler made to Stanford University in 198E. Recognizing its commercial potential, he joined with Moler
and Steve Bangert. They rewrote MATLAB in C and founded Math Works in 1984 to continue its
development. These rewritten libraries were known as JACKPAC. In D000, MATLAB was rewritten to use a
newer set of libraries for matrix manipulation, LAPACK.

6.3.Strengths of Matlab:

 MATLAB is relatively easy to learn.

 MATLAB code is optimized to be relatively quick when performing matrix operations.

  MATLAB may behave like a calculator or as a programming language.

 MATLAB is interpreted, errors are easier to fix.

 Although primarily procedural, MATLAB does have some object-oriented elements.

6.4. features of matlab:

 D-D and E-D graphics functions for visualizing data

 Tools for building custom graphical user interfaces

 Functions for integrating MATLAB based algorithms with external applications and languages, such
as C, C++, FORTRAN, Java, COM, and Microsoft Excel.

6.5.Components of Matlab:

 Workspace

 Current Directory

 Command History

 Command Window
Block diagram of Mat lab components

6.6.MATLAB and engineering:

MATLAB was first adopted by researchers and practitioners in control engineering, Little's specialty,
but quickly spread to many other domains. It is now also used in education, in particular the teaching of
linear algebra and numerical analysis, and is popular amongst scientists involved in image processing.
However, many researchers mostly from Computer Science background feel that MATLAB should be used
only for mathematical analysis necessary in image processing and not for implementation of image
processing software. Moreover, MATLAB should not be used to simulate computer architectures, systems
software and computer networks unless while solving some numeric problem.

6.7.Toolboxes in Matlab:

 Simulink

 Fuzzy

 Genetic algorithm

 Neural network

 Wavelet

SIMULINK

 Introduction:
Simulink is a software add-on to mat lab which is a mathematical tool developed by The Math
works,(http://www.mathworks.com) a company based in Natick. Mat lab is powered by extensive numerical
analysis capability. Simulink is a tool used to visually program a dynamic system (those governed by
Differential equations) and look at results. Any logic circuit, or control system for a dynamic system can be
built by using standard building blocks available in Simulink Libraries. Various toolboxes for different
techniques, such as Fuzzy Logic, Neural Networks, DSP, Statistics etc. are available with Simulink, which
enhance the processing power of the tool. The main advantage is the availability of templates / building
blocks, which avoid the necessity of typing code for small mathematical processes.

 Concept of signal and logic flow:

In Simulink, data/information from various blocks are sent to another block by lines connecting the
relevant blocks. Signals can be generated and fed into blocks dynamic / static).Data can be fed into
functions. Data can then be dumped into sinks, which could be scopes, displays or could be saved to a file.
Data can be connected from one block to another, can be branched, multiplexed etc. In simulation, data is
processed and transferred only at discrete times, since all computers are discrete systems. Thus, a simulation
time step (otherwise called an integration time step) is essential, and the selection of that step is determined
by the fastest dynamics in the simulated system.

Simulink library browser

 Connecting blocks:

Connectung blocks

To connect blocks, left-click and drag the mouse from the output of one block to the input of another block.
Sources and sinks:
The sources library contains the sources of data/signals that one would use in a dynamic system
simulation. One may want to use a constant input, a sinusoidal wave, a step, a repeating sequence such as a
pulse train, a ramp etc. One may want to test disturbance effects, and can use the random signal generator to
simulate noise. The clock may be used to create a time index for plotting purposes. The ground could be
used to connect to any unused port, to avoid warning messages indicating unconnected ports.
The sinks are blocks where signals are terminated or ultimately used. In most cases, we would want
to store the resulting data in a file, or a matrix of variables. The data could be displayed or even stored to a
file. The stop block could be used to stop the simulation if the input to that block (the signal being sunk) is
non-zero. Figure E shows the available blocks in the sources and sinks libraries. Unused signals must be
terminated, to prevent warnings about unconnected signals.

fig 4.3 Sources and sinks

 Continuous and discrete systems:

All dynamic systems can be analyzed as continuous or discrete time systems. Simulink allows you to
represent these systems using transfer functions, integration blocks, delay blocks etc.
 fig 4.4 continous and descrete systems

 Non-linear operators:

A main advantage of using tools such as Simulink is the ability to simulate non-linear systems and
arrive at results without having to solve analytically. It is very difficult to arrive at an analytical solution for
a system having non-linearities such as saturation, signup function, limited slew rates etc. In Simulation,
since systems are analyzed using iterations, non-linearities are not a hindrance. One such could be a
saturation block, to indicate a physical limitation on a parameter, such as a voltage signal to a motor etc.
Manual switches are useful when trying simulations with different cases. Switches are the logical equivalent
of if-then statements in programming.

 Mathematical operations:

Mathematical operators such as products, sum, logical operations such as and, or, etc. can be
programmed along with the signal flow. Matrix multiplication becomes easy with the matrix gain block.
Trigonometric functions such as sin or tan inverse (at an) are also available. Relational operators such as
‘equal to’, ‘greater than’ etc. can also be used in logic circuits.

fig 4.5 simulink blocks

 Simulink math blocks

 Signals & data transfer:

In complicated block diagrams, there may arise the need to transfer data from one portion to another
portion of the block. They may be in different subsystems. That signal could be dumped into a GOTO block,
which is used to send signals from one subsystem to another.

signals and systems

Multiplexing helps us remove clutter due to excessive connectors, and makes matrix (column/row)
visualization easier.

 Making subsystems:

Drag a subsystem from the Simulink Library Browser and place it in the parent block where you
would like to hide the code. The type of subsystem depends on the purpose of the block. In general one will
use the standard subsystem but other subsystems can be chosen. For instance, the subsystem can be a
triggered block, which is enabled only when a trigger signal is received.
 Open (double click) the subsystem and create input / output PORTS, which transfer signals into and
out of the subsystem. The input and output ports are created by dragging them from the Sources and Sinks
directories respectively. When ports are created in the subsystem, they automatically create ports on the
external (parent) block. This allows for connecting the appropriate signals from the parent block to the
subsystem.

 Setting simulation parameters:

Running a simulation in the computer always requires a numerical technique to solve a differential
equation. The system can be simulated as a continuous system or a discrete system based on the blocks
inside. The simulation start and stop time can be specified. In case of variable step size, the smallest and
largest step size can be specified. A Fixed step size is recommended and it allows for indexing time to a
precise number of points, thus controlling the size of the data vector. Simulation step size must be decided
based on the dynamics of the system. A thermal process may warrant a step size of a few seconds, but a DC
motor in the system may be quite fast and may require a step size of a few milliseconds.

Simpower system:
 Introduction:

SimPowerSystems software and other products of the Physical Modeling product family work
together with Simulink software to model electrical, mechanical, and control systems.

SimPowerSystems software operates in the Simulink environment. Therefore, before starting this
user's guide, make yourself familiar with Simulink documentation. Or, if you perform signal processing and
communications tasks (as opposed to control system design tasks), see the Signal Processing Block set
documentation.
 The Role of Simulation in Design:

Electrical power systems are combinations of electrical circuits and electromechanical devices like
motors and generators. Engineers working in this discipline are constantly improving the performance of the
systems. Requirements for drastically increased efficiency have forced power system designers to use power
electronic devices and sophisticated control system concepts that tax traditional analysis tools and
techniques. Further complicating the analyst's role is the fact that the system is often so nonlinear that the
only way to understand it is through simulation.

Land-based power generation from hydroelectric, steam, or other devices is not the only use of power
systems. A common attribute of these systems is their use of power electronics and control systems to
achieve their performance objectives.

SimPowerSystems software is a modern design tool that allows scientists and engineers to rapidly
and easily build models that simulate power systems. It uses the Simulink environment, allowing you to
build a model using simple click and drag procedures. Not only can you draw the circuit topology rapidly,
but your analysis of the circuit can include its interactions with mechanical, thermal, control, and other
disciplines. This is possible because all the electrical parts of the simulation interact with the extensive
Simulink modeling library.

Since Simulink uses the MATLAB computational engine, designers can also use MATLAB
toolboxes and Simulink block sets. SimPowerSystems software belongs to the Physical Modeling product
family and uses similar block and connection line interface.

 Sim power systems Libraries:

SimPowerSystems libraries contain models of typical power equipment such as transformers, lines,
machines, and power electronics. These models are proven ones coming from textbooks, and their validity is
based on the experience of the Power Systems Testing and Simulation Laboratory of Hydro-Québec, a large
North American utility located in Canada, and also on the experience of École de Technology Supérieure
and Universities Laval. The capabilities of SimPowerSystems software for modeling a typical electrical
system are illustrated in demonstration files. And for users who want to refresh their knowledge of power
system theory, there are also self-learning case studies.

The SimPowerSystems main library, powerlib, organizes its blocks into libraries according to their
behavior. The powerlib library window displays the block library icons and names. Double-click a library
icon to open the library and access the blocks. The main powerlib library window also contains the Powergui
block that opens a graphical user interface for the steady-state analysis of electrical circuits.

 Nonlinear Simulink Blocks for Simpower systems Models:

The nonlinear Simulink blocks of the powerlib library are stored in a special block library named
powerlib models. These masked Simulink models are used by SimPowerSystems software to build the
equivalent Simulink model of your circuit. See Improving Simulation Performance for a description of the
powerlib models library.

6.8.Applications of Matlab:

MATLAB is a data-manipulation software package that allows data to be analyzed and visualized
using existing functions and user-designed programs. MATLAB is a numerical computing environment
and programming language. MATLAB allows easy matrix manipulation, plotting of functions and data,
implementation of algorithms, creation of user interfaces, and interfacing with programs in other
languages. Although it specializes in numerical computing, an optional toolbox interfaces with the Maple
symbolic engine, allowing it to be part of a full computer algebra system.
Some of the mat lab applications listed are:
 Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing
 Genetic algorithm data mining
 Speech recognition using VQ method
 Channel Estimation and Detection in DS-CDMA
 Analysis of iterative channel estimation and multi-user detection in multi path DS-CDMA channels
 Time-domain signal detection
 Time-domain signal detection based on second-order statistics for mimo-OFDM systems
 Space–time block coding
 Space–time block codes for mimo channels
 Blind channel estimation

Basic circuit designing and analyzing of results:

Click on the file and select new model file and a file will be appeared:
Now a block and right click on it, the block will be appearing in the new model file (untitled)
For example consider a sine wave in the source block and in order to obtain or to view the output place the
scope block. Join those two blocks. Now a simple circuit is ready, now set the simulation time in the tool bar
(default it is set to 10.0), simulate the circuit by clicking on the simulation icon (PLAY BUTTON).
Simulation is completed now by double clicking on the scope u can view the output, press the auto scale
button and o/p will appear clearly.
 CHAPTER - 7
7. PROPOSED TransZSI-DVR CONFIGURATION

DVR is connected in series to the PCC on the supply side (in this article, the output of grid-connected
PV system) to detect voltage disturbances including sags, swells, and interruptions and then compensate for
them. The PV system comprises the PV array, MPPT controller, boost converter, DC/AC VSI, filter, Eϕ
transformer, and distribution network to which the PV array is connected. In normal conditions, the DVR is
in standby mode. Once voltage sags, swells, and interruptions happen, the DVR detects them, and as per the
amount and duration of the voltage disturbances and it then injects the desired voltage to the PCC. The DVR
comprises a PV panel, Battery Energy Storage (BES), the proposed TransZSI, the proposed UVT-MCBC
controller, an LC filter, and three single-phase injection transformers.
When a voltage disturbance occurs on the supply side, the energy storage in the DVR provides its
desired energy. The energy storage can be a DC-link capacitor or a Battery Energy Storage (BES). The
capacitor’s storage capacity is lower than the BES which is why the BES is widely used. In this article,
integrating the PV panel and BES is proposed for TransZSI-DVR. On the one hand, solar energy lowers the
batteries’ energy restrictions. Recharging the BES with solar energy offers a convenient option for DVR.
Batteries overcome the intermittency concern of PV panels. This integration serves the needs for addressing
the issue related to the capture of energy in PV panels and the issue related to the energy reserves of
batteries.
A. TransZSI
In this article, two traditional VSI-DVR and ZSI-DVR are considered for performance comparison
with the proposed TransZSI-DVR. For VSI-DVR, UVT based on Pulse Width Modulation (UVT-PWM) is
used. For both ZSI-DVR and the proposed TransZSI-DVR, the UVT-MCBC method is applied. Therefore,
three different cases of VSI-DVR (UVT-PWM), ZSI-DVR (UVT-MCBC), TransZSI-DVR (UVT-MCBC)
are carefully analyzed in this work. The VSI has been widely deployed to form the interface to the grid from
renewable energy sources. However, VSI has limitations that have been pointed out in the literature review.
ZSI, as its primary circuit is shown in Fig. D, can address such problems [11]. In ZSI, ST is used for boosting
the voltage in the VSI. So, the buck/boost feature is obtained, and the need for a boost converter is
eliminated. However, traditional ZSI has some limitations. Among modified configurations of ZSI that were
recently introduced to increase voltage gain and to cut down on the cost, TransZSI has shown superb
performance in price, voltage gain, and voltage stress on the switches [D4]. Fig. E(a) depicts the structure of
TransZSI from the DC-link viewpoint.
Similar to the ZSI, TransZSI has an additional ST zero state aside from the 6 active and D primary
zero states. Fig. E(b) illustrates TransZSI’s equivalent circuit in which ZSI’s D inductors are coupled and
displaced by a transformer [D4]. In ST zero states, the bridge is short-circuited, as shown in Fig. E(c).
Assuming Dsh as the ST duty ratio and T as the switching cycle, so DshT and (1 − Dsh) T are intervals for
ST and non-ST states, respectively. In ST zero states, the voltages of L1 & LD are [D4]:

Fig-6. (a) SBC, (b) MBC, and (c) MCBC method schemes.

B. TransZSI-DVR CONTROL STRATEGY

1) UNIT VECTOR TEMPLATE (UVT) METHOD
 The three-phase supply voltages of Vsa, Vsb, and Vsc (in this article, the grid-connected PV output
AC voltage) are

Fig-10. The VSC control structure.

2) MCBC METHOD
As discussed earlier, the higher voltage gain results in a fall in the modulation index and a rise in the
voltage stress. Many PWM methods were presented to maximize voltage gain and minimize the voltage
stress simultaneously [D6]. The SBC method, as shown in Fig. 6(a), was presented to control ST but it is
weak in maximizing the output voltage. To put it simply, the higher the ST, the lower the modulation index.
Therefore, voltage stress is high. Then the MBC method, as shown in Fig. 6(b), was proposed. Although in
MBC the voltage stress is significantly declined and the output voltage is boosted, it produces low-frequency
ripples. To remove such ripples, the MCBC method as illustrated in Fig. 6(c) is applied in which the ST duty
ratio is kept constant [DE]. By doing so, unique features like a wider range of voltage gain and lower voltage
stress are obtained. This will drive down the cost and weight of the TransZSI. Based on Fig. 6(c), there are
three reference curves and two ST envelope curves. The inverter is in the ST zero states once the carrier
triangle wave goes over Vp or under Vn. Otherwise, the converter performs based on the basic carrier-based
PWM. Based on Fig. 6(c),
 CHAPTER - 8
8. SIMULATION AND RESULTS

8.1. VOLTAGE COMPENSATION BY VSI-DVR

Fig 12 supply, injected, and load voltage waveforms (upper, middle, and lower, respectively)in the PV fed VSI-DVR

Harmonic order Harmonic order

(a) (b)
 Fig-13. Phase A THD values of the (a) injected in 0.05-0.1s, (b) injected voltage in 0.15-0.2s, (c) injected voltage In 0.25-0.3s, (d) injected voltage
in 0.35-0.4s, and (e) entire load voltage in 0-0.45s.

In this scenario, the performance of the DVR in which a traditional VSI is used is studied. There are here
two crucial matters. First, conventional VSI is a buck inverter. So, the output PV panel voltage which is
usually low must be boosted. Otherwise, other power converters like cascaded multilevel VSIs that have
higher voltage boost gain must deliver higher output voltage. Despite the advantages of such inverters, they
have a higher cost and complex controllers. Instead, in this scenario, a boost converter before the BES is
considered to increase the DC output voltage of the PV panel. Its parameters are L = 5mH, C = E000µF and
fs = 5kHz. Second, in this scenario, the PWM method for the modulation unit with a modulation index of 0.8
is used in VSI (see Fig. 5). Fig. 1D depicts the supply voltage (PV systems’ output voltage), the injected
voltage by the VSI-DVR, and the load voltage. As seen in the middle subfigure, the magnitude of the
injected voltage at the beginning of severe sag (0.05-0.1s) and interruption (0.E5-0.4s) is higher than the
desired voltage. This, therefore, leads to a noticeable transient in the load voltage, as shown in the lower
subfigure. Also, there is a considerable delay in the desired voltage injection (middle subfigure) for voltage
swell, thus, the load voltage magnitude at the beginning (0.D5 0.E) is slightly changing and produces
fluctuations (lower subfigure). Note that after each injected voltage interval (middle subfigure), we can
observe some flickers which must be removed once there is no voltage disturbance. Figs. 1E(a)-(d) present
the voltage THD values (phase a) for each injected voltage of scenario 1 (VSI-DVR). The values of voltage
THD for severe sag (0.05-0.1s), slight sag with harmonics (0.15-0.Ds), swell (0.D5-0.Es), and interruption
(0.E5-0.4s) are measured 10.7E%, 17.79%, 45.11%, and 10.70%, respectively. Also, the full load voltage
THD (phase a) is calculated at 10.1D%, as shown in Fig. 1E(e).

8.2. VOLTAGE COMPENSATION BY ZSI-DVR

Fig-14. Supply injected, and load voltage waveforms (upper, middle, and lower, respectively) in the PV fed ZSI-DVR.
Fig-15. Phase A THD value of the (a) injected voltage in 0.05-0.1s, (b) injected voltage in 0.15-0.2s, (c)injected voltage in 0.25-0.3s,(d) injected voltage in
0.35-0.4s, and (e) entire load voltage in 0-0.45s.

As shown earlier, VSI has some limitations. To overcome, VSI can be replaced by ZSI that has buck/boost
features, higher voltage gain, lower cost, and higher efficiency. The parameters of the ZSI’s X shape
network, as shown in Fig. D, are C1&CD = 100µF and L1&LD = DmH. By applying the ST duty ratio and
the X shape network, the boost feature that cannot be achieved in the traditional VSI is attainable in the
ZSI. This means the need for the boost converter is eliminated thereby having one power conversion and
lower cost. Fig. 14 illustrates the supply voltage (PV systems’ output voltage), the injected voltage by the
ZSI-DVR, and the load voltage. As shown in this figure, the problem of having a higher magnitude of the
injected voltage at the beginning of severe sag and interruption is largely solved (middle subfigure). This
means that the transients of the load voltage are lower (lower subfigure), as opposed to the transients of
VSI-DVR. Although the delay at the beginning of the desired injected voltage with swell is reduced
(middle subfigure), the fluctuations of load voltage at the beginning of 0.D5-0.Es still exist (lower
subfigure)..
Also, the flickers after the interval of each injected voltage are still seen (middle subfigure). Figs.
15(a)-(d) display the voltage THD values (phase a) for each injected voltage of scenario D (ZSI-DVR). The
values of voltage THD for severe sag (0.05-0.1s), slight sag with harmonics (0.15-0.Ds), swell (0.D5-0.Es),
and interruption (0.E5-0.4s) are measured E.79%, 1E.10%, 40.14%, and E.D9%, respectively. Also, the
entire load voltage THD (phase a) is calculated at 8.51%, as shown in Fig. 15(e). Compared to scenario 1
(VSI-DVR), we can infer that all the THD values in scenario D (ZSI-DVR) are low.

8.3.VOLTAGE COMPENSATION BY TRANSZSI-DVR

Fig-16. supply, injected, and load voltage waveforms (upper, middle, and lower, respectively)in the PV fed TransZSI-DVR.
Fig-17. Phase A THD value of the (a) injected voltage in 0.05-0.1s, (b) injected voltage in 0.15-0.2s, (c) injected voltage in 0.25-0.3s,(d) injected voltage
in 0.35-0.4s, and (e) entire load voltage in 0-0.45s

Although ZSI can outperform traditional VSI, higher voltage gain without increasing the cost is of vital
importance in the ZSI. TransZSI, as one of the ZSI’s modified configurations, has a broader range of
voltage conversion (by transformer’s turns ratio in (10)), fewer reactive elements (Fig. E(a)), and few
element stresses (due to MCBC method). In this scenario, TransZSI with the UVT-MCBC method is
proposed in the DVR configuration as the proposed TransZSI-DVR. The detailed analyses of voltage gain,
voltage stress, and UVT-MCBC method have been all conducted in section D. Fig. 16 depicts the supply
voltage (PV systems’ output voltage), the injected voltage by the proposed
 CHAPTER - 9
9. CONCLUSION

In this work, a new PV fed TransZSI-DVR has been presented to enhance the power quality of PV systems.
Compared to traditional VSI-DVR and ZSI configurations, the proposed Trans-ZSIDVR brings significant
benefits like being a buck and boost converter simultaneously, fewer passive components, broader voltage
gain, and lower voltage stress on switches. For accurate detection and adequate compensation for voltage
disturbances, the UVT-MCBC method has been implemented for TransZSI-DVR. Four different voltage
disturbances such as severe sag (75%), slight sag with harmonics (50%), swell (D0%), and interruption
(100%) have been considered for performance evaluation of the proposed TransZSI-DVR with UVT-
MCBC. Such voltage disturbances have been tested in three different DVR scenarios. The theoretical
analysis and simulation results have significantly substantiated the performance of the proposed TransZSI-
DVR in terms of sufficient compensation for sag/swell/interruption, a considerable reduction in voltage
THD harmonics, power quality enhancement of injected voltage to the PCC and PV system’s output voltage
as well.
The scopes for future research will be many some of which could be as follows. Research into modified
DVR control methods to improve the power quality of injected voltage to the PCC in terms of its magnitude,
harmonics, and also accurate detection of start/stop point of the voltage disturbance better than before.
Another research spot would be the configuration of the inverter used in the DVR to reduce the cost, weight,
and volume of the inverter, thereby decreasing the overall DVR cost. Last but not least, the stability of the
proposed DVR system can be also studied, especially for remote areas where the stability of power is
important.
 CHAPTER - 10
10. REFERENCES
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[E] A. A. Sallam and O. P. Malik, ‘‘Electric power quality,’’ in Electric distribution Systems.
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[6] IEEE Recommended Practice for Monitoring Electric Power Quality, IEEE Standard 1159-1995,
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[7] A. Ghosh and G. Ledwich, ‘‘Custom power devices: An introduction,’’ in Power Quality
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