• Views are used to give each user his or her own view of the data in a database.

In SQL, a
defining query creates a view. When you enter a query that references a view, it is merged
with the defining query to produce the query that is actually executed. In Access, views are
created by saving queries that select the data to use in the view.

• Indexes are often used to facilitate data retrieval from the database. You can create an index on
any field or combination of fields.

• Security is provided in SQL systems by using the GRANT and REVOKE commands.

• Entity integrity is the property that states that no field that is part of the primary key can
accept null values.

• Referential integrity is the property that states that the value in any foreign key field must be
null or must match an actual value in the primary key field of another table. Referential integrity
is specified in SQL using the FOREIGN KEY clause. In Access, foreign keys are specified by
creating relationships.

• Legal-values integrity is the property that states that the value entered in a field must be one of
the legal values that satisfies some particular condition. Legal-values integrity is specified in
SQL using the CHECK clause. In Access, legal-values integrity is specified using validation
rules. • The ALTER TABLE command allows you to add fields to a table, delete fields, or
change the characteristics of fields. In Access, you can change the structure of a table by making
the desired changes in the table design.

• The DROP TABLE command lets you delete a table from a database. In Access, you can
delete a table by selecting the Delete command on the table’s shortcut menu in the Navigation
Pane. • The system catalog is a feature of many relational DBMSs that stores information about
the structure of a database. The system updates the catalog automatically. Each DBMS includes
features to produce documentation of the database structure using the information in the catalog.

• A stored procedure is a query saved in a file that users can execute later.

• A trigger is an action that occurs automatically in response to an associated database operation

such as an INSERT, UPDATE, or DELETE command. Like a stored procedure, a trigger is
stored and compiled on the server. Unlike a stored procedure, which is executed in response to a
user request