PHYS 0100

Dynamics – Part III

Conservation of Linear Momentum and Energy
Ms. Nalini Dookie
Learning Outcomes
• After this lecture, students should be able to:
1. State the conservation of energy principle.
2. Determine the power provided or lost by a force.
3. Define power.
4. Define efficiency.
5. Determine the efficiency of a process.
6. Understand and state the energy conversion processes in different forms
of renewable energy
Work done by weight = PE
𝑃𝐸 𝑜𝑟 𝐸𝑝 = 𝑚𝑔ℎ.
• In moving through a height h, the work done by the
weight of the object is equal to the gain in
gravitational potential energy of the object.

h
W = mg
Work done by
weight = −𝑚𝑔 × ℎ

W = mg
Work done by friction
+𝑥
𝑢1
Friction F 𝑥

𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘 = 𝐹𝑥
OR 𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘 = 𝐹𝑥 cos 𝜃

𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘 𝑑𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑏𝑦 𝑓𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = −𝐹 𝑥 = −𝐹𝑥

Principle of conservation of energy
In any isolated system, the total energy remains
constant. Energy is neither created nor destroyed
but may be converted from one form to another.
Principle of conservation of energy
• 𝑃𝐸1 + 𝐾𝐸1 𝑎𝑡 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑒 1 + 𝑊𝑛𝑐 = 𝑃𝐸2 + 𝐾𝐸2 (𝑎𝑡 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑒 2)
• where 𝑊𝑛𝑐 is work done by non-conservative forces (e.g.
friction).
• Rearranging the equation:
• 𝑊𝑛𝑐 = 𝑃𝐸2 − 𝑃𝐸1 + 𝐾𝐸2 − 𝐾𝐸1
• i.e 𝑊𝑛𝑐 = Δ𝑃𝐸 + Δ𝐾𝐸.
Power and efficiency
•Power is defined as the rate at which work is
being done.
Power and efficiency
𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘 𝑑𝑜𝑛𝑒
•𝑃 =
𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒
𝐹𝑥
•𝑃 =
𝑡
• Therefore,
𝑃 = 𝐹𝑣.

• Power is defined as the rate at which work is being done.

• The SI unit of power is the watt (W).
Efficiency
• The efficiency of a machine is defined as the ratio of the useful power
output to the power input. It is expressed as a percentage.
𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑑𝑢𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘
• 𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 =
𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡
• Machines are not 100% efficient. There are energy losses present in
machines. Friction between moving paras reduces friction and
increases the efficiency of machines.
Example
• Adapted from Cambridge Advanced Level November 1999 Paper 3
(1) (a) A cyclist, together with his bicycle, has a total mass of 90. kg and is
travelling with a constant speed of 15 m s-1 on a flat road. He then goes down a
small slope to B so descending 4.0 m.
Calculate
(i) The kinetic energy at A, the top of the slope
(ii) The loss of potential energy between A and B
(iii) The speed at B, assuming that all the lost potential energy is transformed into
kinetic energy of the cyclist and the bicycle.
(b) (i) A cyclist travelling at a constant speed of 15 m s-1 on a level road provides a
power of 240 W. Calculate the total resistive force.
(ii) The cyclist now travels at a higher constant speed. Explain why the cyclist
needs to provide a greater power.
 Example
• Adapted from Cambridge Advanced Level November 1999 Paper 3
(1) (a) A cyclist, together with his bicycle, has a total mass of 90. kg and is
travelling with a constant speed of 15 m s-1 on a flat road. He then goes down
a small slope to B so descending 4.0 m.
Calculate
(i) The kinetic energy at A,
1 1 𝑚 2
𝐸𝑘 = 𝑚𝑣 2
= 90 𝑘𝑔 15 = 10125 𝐽 ≈ 10 000 𝐽 𝑡𝑜 2 𝑠𝑓
2 2 𝑠
𝐸𝑘 = 1 × 104 𝐽
 Example
• Adapted from Cambridge Advanced Level November 1999 Paper 3
(1) (a) A cyclist, together with his bicycle, has a total mass of 90. kg and is
travelling with a constant speed of 15 m s-1 on a flat road. He then goes
down a small slope to B so descending 4.0 m.
Calculate
(ii) The loss of potential energy between A and B
𝑚
∆𝐸𝑝 = 𝑚𝑔∆ℎ = 90. 𝑘𝑔 −9.81 2 −4.0 𝑚 = 3531.6 𝐽 ≈ 3.5 × 103 𝐽
𝑠
Example
• Adapted from Cambridge Advanced Level November 1999 Paper 3
(1) (a) A cyclist, together with his bicycle, has a total mass of 90. kg and is travelling with a constant
speed of 15 m s-1 on a flat road. He then goes down a small slope to B so descending 4.0 m.
Calculate
iii. The speed at B, assuming that all the lost potential energy is transformed into kinetic energy of
the cyclist and the bicycle.
The gravitational potential energy lost due to the change in height to B is gained as kinetic energy.
∆𝐸𝑘 = 3.5 × 103 𝐽
The kinetic energy at B = 𝐸𝑘 𝑎𝑡 𝐴 + ∆𝐸𝑘 = 10100 𝐽 + 3530 𝐽 = 13630 𝐽
2 (𝐸𝑘 𝑎𝑡 𝐵)
Making 𝑣 the subject gives 𝑣 =
𝑚

2 (𝐸𝑘 ) 2 (13630) 𝑚
𝑣= = = 17.40 ≈ 17 𝑚/𝑠
𝑚 90 𝑘𝑔 𝑠
Example
• Adapted from Cambridge Advanced Level November 1999 Paper 3
(1) (b) (i) A cyclist travelling at a constant speed of 15 m s-1 on a level
road provides a power of 240 W. Calculate the total resistive force.

𝑃 240 𝑊
𝑃 = 𝐹𝑣 → 𝐹 = = 𝑚 = 16 𝑁
𝑣 15
𝑠
Example
• Adapted from Cambridge Advanced Level November 1999 Paper 3
(1) B (ii) The cyclist now travels at a higher constant speed. Explain
why the cyclist needs to provide a greater power.
Total resistive force is proportional to the speed of the cyclist. Since
the cyclist is now travelling at a higher constant speed, the total
resistive force is greater. Thus, a greater power is required to maintain
a higher constant speed.
Question
• What is the efficiency of a rope and pulley system if a painter uses
1.93 kJ of mechanical energy to pull on the rope and lift a 20.0 kg
paint barrel at constant speed to a height of 7.5 m above the ground?
Energy conversion processes in different
forms of renewable energy (Do on own)
• How photovoltaic (PV) solar cells transform light into electrical energy:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k3CSg6gkU0E
• How wind turbines transforms kinetic energy of the wind into mechanical
energy then into electrical energy:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0Kx3qj_oRCc;
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qSWm_nprfqE;
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DILJJwsFl3w
• How a hydroelectric plant transforms potential energy into kinetic energy
to turn a turbine to generate an electricity:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Uhjhufhg3Xk
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W0axSL4tQYA