PHYS 0100

Dynamics – Part II
Learning Outcomes
• After this lecture, students should be able to:
1. Apply Newton’s 2nd and 3rd laws of motion to the inclined plane.
2. Differentiate between kinetic and static friction
3. Apply Newton’s laws of motion to a body on a rough inclined plane.
Friction
• The force of friction tends to oppose relative motion between two
solids in contact with each other.

• Frictional forces:
1. Slows down the motion of moving objects and
2. Prevents movement between two stationary objects in contact
with each other.
• A horizontal force, gradually increasing from 0 N is applied to the
box.

• The box is resting on a horizontal surface.

• At first, the box does not move.

• WHY?
Free-body diagram of forces acting on a box being pulled along a
Graph of the frictional force versus the applied force
horizontal force. When the box is stationary, the frictional force is
static friction 𝐹𝑠 , and when the box is moving the friction is kinetic
friction 𝑓𝑘 .
• There is a static frictional force fs that is equal and opposite to the
applied force FA.
• As FA increases, fs increases until the maximum static frictional force,
Flim, between the surfaces is reached.
• The box begins to move when the maximum static frictional force
between the surfaces is reached.
 • As the box begins to move, a constant kinetic frictional force acts
between the two surfaces.

As FA increases,
As FA increases, fk is constant
fs increases
 • This kinetic friction does not vary with the applied force but rather
stays fairly constant. The kinetic frictional force is also less than the
limiting frictional force 𝐹lim
As FA increases,
As FA increases, fk is constant
fs increases
 𝐹𝑙𝑖𝑚 = 𝜇𝑠 𝐹𝑁

Where
𝐹𝑙𝑖𝑚 = Maximum static frictional force
𝜇𝑠 = coefficient of static friction
𝐹𝑁 = normal contact force
 𝑓𝑘 = 𝜇𝑘 𝐹𝑁

Where
𝑓𝑘 = Kinetic frictional force
𝜇𝑘 = coefficient of kinetic friction
𝐹𝑁 = normal contact force
Reducing friction
• 1. Insert rolling elements
• 2. Use lubricants between two bodies, such as oil.
Relationship between frictional force and
normal reaction force
• Experiment shows that the limiting force is proportional to the normal
reaction force: 𝐹lim = 𝜇𝑠 𝑅.
• And the kinetic frictional force is also proportional to the normal reaction
force: 𝐹k = 𝜇𝑘 𝑅.
• The constant of proportionality 𝜇 is called the coefficient of friction
between the two surfaces. The larger the coefficient, the greater is the
ratio of force of friction to the normal reaction force.
• 𝜇𝑠 is called the coefficient of static friction. It is a constant.
• 𝜇𝑘 is called the coefficient of kinetic friction. It is a constant.
• In general, 𝜇𝑘 < 𝜇𝑠 .
• Question: What are the units of 𝜇𝑠 and 𝜇𝑘 ?
(Review) Newton’s 3 Laws
• 1. Every object continues in its state of rest or of uniform motion in a
straight line unless compelled by a net external force to act
otherwise.
• 2. The net force, F, on a mass, m, is directly proportional to the rate
of change of momentum of the mass and is in the same direction as
the change in momentum.
• 3. If an object A exerts a force on object B, then B exerts an equal and
opposite force on object A.
Questions
• 1. A 50 kg crate is pulled along a horizontal floor with a 300 N
horizontal force. Determine the acceleration of the box if the
coefficient of kinetic friction between the crate and the floor is 0.60.
Questions
• 1. A 50 kg crate is pulled along a horizontal floor with a 300 N
horizontal force. Determine the acceleration of the box if the
coefficient of kinetic friction between the crate and the floor is 0.60.

Solution
1. Set up coordinate system.
2. Use F = ma to determine the acceleration
along and parallel to the plane.
3. Use kinematic equations of motion to
determine other characteristics of the flight plan.
Questions
• 2. A body of mass 2 kg is stationary on a rough surface which is
inclined 𝜃° to the horizontal. The maximum frictional force between
the body and the surface is 10 N. The angle 𝜃° is increased until the
body is on the brink of sliding down. Calculate the value of 𝜃 at which
this occurs. Take g = -9.81 m/s2.
• 3. A 1.5 kg box is given an initial velocity of 2 m/s up a plane from the
bottom of the plane. The plane is inclined 30 degrees to the
horizontal. The coefficient of kinetic friction between the box and the
plane is 0.44.
• Determine
• A) the acceleration of the box as it travels up the plane
• B) the distance the box travels up the plane before coming to a stop.
Questions
• 4. A passenger pulls a 50 kg suitcase horizontally with the strap at an
angle 60 degrees to the horizontal. If the force on the strap is 100 N
and the suitcase moves at a constant velocity of 0.15 m/s. Determine
the coefficient of friction between the suitcase and the floor.
Learning Outcomes
• After this lecture, students should be able to:
1. Apply Newton’s 2nd and 3rd laws of motion to the inclined plane.
2. Differentiate between kinetic and static friction
3. Apply Newton’s laws of motion to a body on a rough inclined plane.