MASS TRANSFER

OPERATIONS

Dr. P. A. Joshi
Professor, Dept .of Chem. Engg.
Faculty of Technology
Dharmsinh Desai University, Nadiad
pajoshi@ddu.ac.in
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 Course Outline
1. Introduction
2. Molecular Diffusion
3. Mass Transfer Coefficients
4. Diffusion Through Solids
5. Interphase Mass Transfer
6. Equipments for Gas-Liquid Operations
7. Distillation
Book: Mass Transfer Operations- R E Treybal
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 General Separation process

Reactants
Separation Product Streams
device (different in
Feed
stream composition,
(one or more) at least 2
streams)
Separating
agent or energy）
（matter

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 Classification of Separation Processes
1) Mechanical separation processes
2) Diffusional separation processes
Equilibration processes (mass transfer between
two immiscible phases):distillation; absorption;
drying; extraction; etc. (the principal subject
matter of this class)
membrane separations
3) Separation processes with chemical reaction

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 Mixtures & Solutions
MASS TRANSFER MECHANICAL
Distillation Centrifugation
Gas absorption Comminution
Drying Materials handling
Adsorption Crushing & Grinding
Crystallization Filtration
Humidification Size separation
Solvent Extraction Froth Floatation
Leaching Cyclone separation

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 An Example of Mass Transfer: CO
Respiration
2

CO
CO O 2
C O 2O
2
2
Breathe in: O2; Breathe out: CO2
2 O 2 Capillary

Lung CO O2 Capillary
blood
Capillary
2
blood vessel
blood
O2 C a p illa r y
vessel
vessel
Blood Flow(High
conc.of CO2)
Blood Flow(low
conc.of CO2)
Capillary b lood
CO2
blood v essel
CO 2 O2
O2 vessel
Blood Flow
Blood Vessel

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 Respiration

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 Example of Mass Transfer
Operations
• Whenever there is concentration difference in a medium,
nature tends to equalize
things by forcing a flow
from the high to the low
concentration region.

Before After
 Rate of Mass Transfer

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 Example of Mass Transfer
Operations
• Liquid in open pail of water evaporates
into air because of the difference in
concentration of water vapor at the water
surface and the surrounding air.
• A drop of green liquid dye is added to a
cup of water. The dye molecules will
diffuse slowly by molecular diffusion to all
parts of the water.
 Diffusion in liquid state

: Ink dye

: Water
molecules

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 Diffusion in liquid state

: Ink dye

: Water
molecules

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Other examples of mass transfer:
•A lump of sugar added to a cup of black coffee.
•Water evaporates from ponds to increase the
humidity of the passing air stream.
•Perfume presents a pleasant fragrance which is
imparted throughout the surrounding atmosphere.
Industrial processes: A group of operations for
separating the components of solutions is based
on the transfer of material from one homogeneous
phase to another.

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 Diffusion in gaseous state

: Perfume
molecules
: Air
molecules
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 Diffusion in gaseous state

: Perfume
molecules
: Air
molecules
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 Phases & Interphases
Physical forms of matter-Gas, Liquid & Solid
• Gas – Gas (Fragrance in air)
• Gas- Liquid (Stinking water pool)
• Gas- Solid (Adsorption of vapor in Silica
gel)
• Liquid – Liquid (Kerosene & water)
• Liquid – Solid (Preparation of tea/coffee)
• Solid – Solid (Minerals)
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Classification of MTO-Direct Contact
of Immiscible Phases
• Gas-Gas –Miscible with each other
• Gas- Liquid –Distillation, Absorption-desorption/
stripping, Humidification-dehumidification
• Gas-Solid –Drying, Adsorption-desorption,
sublimation
• Liquid-Liquid –Extraction
• Liquid-Solid –Crystallization, Zone Refining
• Solid-Solid --Impractical

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 Phases Separated by Membranes

• Gas-Gas –Gaseous Diffusion, Permeation

• Gas-Liquid –Permeation/Pervaporation
• Liquid-Liquid –Reverse Osmosis, Dialysis,
Electrodialysis

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 Direct & Indirect Operations
• Distillation • Absorption
• Crystallization • Adsorption
• Humidification • Extraction
• Drying • Leaching

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 Methods of Conducting MTO
• Steady State –Continuous Operations
• Unsteady State- Batch/Semi-batch
Operations
• Stage wise- Discrete Contact
• Continuous Contact

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 Design principle (MTO)
• Equilibrium characteristics of system.
• Material balance.
• Diffusional rate.
• Fluid dynamics.
• Energy requirement.
 THANK YOU

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