Project Report on

A Rural Agro-Ecosystem Analysis of Farm Households of

Eastern Himalaya Region (Kalimpong Range)

C.C.S National Institute of Agricultural Marketing

Jaipur, Rajasthan, 302033

Submitted by- Submitted to-

Arghadeep Ray Dr. Shuchi Mathur
ID No- 1210 Assistant Director
PGDM (ABM) 2020-22 NIAM

1
 Index

Serial no Topic Page no

1 INTRODUCTION 3-4
2 METHODOLOGY 5-6
3 INTRODUCTION TO SANGSHI-KALIMPONG 7-18
REGION
4 TRANSECT WALK 19-22
5 HYDROLOGICAL MAP 23-25
6 NATURAL RESOURCE MAP 26-27
7 SOCIAL MAP 28-29
8 TIME LINE 30-31
9 TIME TREND 32-34
10 SEASONALITY DIAGRAM 35-36
11 VENN DIAGRAM 37
12 MOBILITY MAP 38-39
13 INFORMATION FLOW CHART 40-41
14 ITK 42
15 KEY PEST OF CROPS 43-44
16 ORCHID CULTIVATION IN HILLS 45-47
17 INFORMATION OF PESTICIDES 48
18 MAJOR PROBLEM OF CROPS 49-50
19 SOIL CHARECTARISTICS 51
20 PATHOLOGICAL DISEASES 52
21 SOME CULTIVABLE LOCAL VARIETIES 53
22 ECO-TOURISM 54-56
23 SUMMARY 57-59
24 THE END 60

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INTRODUCTION
As an introduction of green revolution and liberalization of trade era the need of hour
had been enhanced the development of technological information with a clear penchant
towards the recommended technology blended with the indigenous one. The technological gap
had been always uttered as the gap between the present practices of farmer and the
recommended practices, generated from different research institutions. After the occurrence of
green revolution, the researcher and scientists of different extension niches had delineated the
necessity of technology transfer and technology socialization. The research on technology
transfer showed that the technology generated in research station related to agriculture had only
30% been disseminated by the extension workers in different extension streams. The
astounding fact is that the research stations are generating the agricultural information day after
day without considering the prerogative of the farmers to adopt or not to adopt technology in
their particular local situation. After a while a galaxy of social scientists had banked upon their
thought on the non-adoption of agricultural technology by the peasants. According to this view
the agricultural technologies which are developed by our research stations are not always
compatible with local situations. As a result, these technologies are not adopted by the local
people. In most individual level the technology used is labour intensive, low in cropping
intensity, inappropriate in local situation, though it is productive in nature. Development
through agricultural innovation in any sphere is not a linear phenomenon rather it is multitudes
of interaction among the innumerable elements constitutive every social system and leading to
an integrate fabrication of multidimensional dynamism. The agricultural scientists of
experimental stations, planners and implementing agencies from a techno-cultural complex
situation where from a flow of the ideas, thoughts, experiences, techniques, innovation,
component devices concept down to the farmer who again constitute separate techno-cultural
situation. Many farmers for this reason were not prompt in adopting the practices or rejecting
the practices as was expected. A core of scientists dealt into eliciting the impact of adaptation
of agricultural innovation. According to their research fortunately or unfortunately as it would
have been researches in extension of agricultural technologies in the realm of diffusion
information have gone humongously biased for a pro-adoption approach. The intensive
agricultural approach basically laden with ideas of high cost, high enterprises had lead our

3
society to move pro-adoptive rather pro-adaptive. The whole concepts of the total process of
adoption had clearly been dictated had so-called trickle-down effects. Other insurmountable
fact is that the technology generated from research stations may pass through the phenomena
like adoption, rejection, discontinuous etc.

After getting the lesson from different previous diffusion researches the paradigm of
technology transfer had shifted from conventional approach to participatory approach.
Participatory approach of technology socialisation indicates active involvement of local people
in planning, organizing and managing the local resources with the help of supportive
technology. In such a research and extension climate, the present report organizes the rural
farm work experience based on the participatory methodology.

SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES

The following specific objectives were delineated for the present report-

1. To know socio-economic status of the rural people in the particular area.

2. To enumerate the local livelihood status of the people for getting
information regarding people's farm experiences.
3. To emphasize the communication linkage between the organization,
agricultural university, and local people.
4. To develop confidence and competency of the local people for solving
the problems related to farm enterprises with the help of local resources.

LIMITATION

➢ Lack of proper transportation.

➢ Lack of accessibility of the area.
➢ Lack of appropriate target people or farm entrepreneurs.
➢ Water Scarcity problem.
➢ Lack of proper technologies.

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METHODOLOGY
The study of the farm experience had been conducted within the village niche by incorporating
the conceptual framework amalgamated with the methodological concepts .The methodology
had been clearly defined as the methods and rules used for the collection of data. This part
delineates the locale of research, pilot study of the particular area, sampling design and the
PRA tools used for collecting data as well as interpreting the information .The principles of
PRA or PLA had initiated by different researchers to know the essence of cooperation as well
as participation .The following are the principles of PRA or PLA –

1) Seeking diversity
2) Offsetting biases
3) Optimal ignorance
4) Cross checking or triangulation
5) Learning by sharing
The study area or the locale of research had been operationalized with the help of
the pilot study conducted in different villages before going to the final information
collection. The study area of “Eastern Himalayan Region” has been selected for the
following reasons –

1) The ample opportunity to found innovative farm entrepreneur.

2) Scope for improving the local rural situation.
3) Profuse natural resource.
4) Diversified demographic features.
5) Different types of farm entrepreneur.
6) Greater scope to get information from KVK and RRS.
7) Diverse natural resources

The multistage random sampling procedure had been adopted for the selection of
respondents to get individual information for each target farmer.

The data were collected with the help of pre-tested interview schedule constructed by the
scientists of the KVK and RRS for generating the data with regard to individual farm

5
entrepreneur. In case of collecting group information through utilising or administrating PRA
tools the methods were followed like-

• ICE BREAKING of the villagers to render respect to their skills and knowledge
imbibed in agricultural farm production as well as to prepare themselves for
passing information.
• DATA COLLECTION METHOD OF PRA: after getting the confidence the
villagers were passing the information regarding agriculture with the help of focus
group discussion method through gathering in a particular place. By using the
PRA tools, got the information regarding their natural resources, human resources
of the particular place, present livelihood pattern of the villages and the agriculture
situation of the village. The following PRA tools were used to analyse the
information collected from the village.
➢ Transect Walk
➢ Social Map
➢ Hydrological Map
➢ Natural Resource Map
➢ Biodiversity study
➢ Timeline
➢ Time Trend
➢ Seasonality Diagram
➢ Information Flow Analysis
➢ Cause and Effect Analysis
➢ Venn diagram
➢ Mobility Map
➢ Direct Matrix ranking
To collect the secondary data regarding the village and block profile including their
agro-ecosystem, agro-climate, marketing infra-structure and banking system I had taken the
help of Block Development Office, Agriculture Development Office and Panchayat Office.
The secondary data were reviewed and documented.

The final interpretation was made for each and every data with the help of table, charts
and graphs and documented as well as presented, the findings and results. Lastly, the inferences
and future strategies were drawn to conclude the whole.

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 INTRODUCTION TO VILLAGE SANGSHI
YOGDA-KALIMPONG EASTERN
HIMALAYAN REGION

The village Sangshi Yogda is selected for the Project

Work 2022 .It’s got a special importance during the study
of the life standards and farming practises of the hilly
farming community to find out the means to improve it.
The village is situated in the district of Kalimpong. It has
an enriched natural beauty. The study yields much useful
information which serves the purpose of recommending
appropriate strategy for benefitting its agriculture and
farming families. Several technical as well as socio-
economic information were collected for the study. The basic
aim of the study is to upgrade the quality of living of the
villagers of the hilly areas.

Objective of Study:
i) To improve the living standards of the villagers.

ii) To know socio-economic status of the rural people in the particular area.
iii) To enumerate the local livelihood status of the people for getting information
regarding people's farm experiences.
iv) To emphasize the communication linkage between the organization, agricultural
university and local people.
v) To develop confidence and competency and local people for solving the problems
related to farm enterprises with the help of local resources.

7
Overview of the village (With emphasis on
Agriculture)
LOCATION
 BLOCK: Kalimpong II

 Gram Panchayat: Shangse

 Neighbourhood of the village: Tarkhola, Bingbong , Dongdungay

 MAIN ROAD : 1 (2.5 KM)

 DISTANCE FROM KALIMPONG TOWN: 21 km

 Latitude :- 27.0594* N

 Longitude :-88.4695*E

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 Demographic Characters & Social
Infrastructure, Religion Distribution:-
NAME NUMBER

1. FAMILY 245
2. POPULATION 937
3. MALE 479
4. FEMALE 458
5. CHILD 198
6.MARRIED 466
7. UNMARRIED 471

RELIGION PERCENTAGE

1. CHRISTIAN 91%

2. HINDU 7.5%

3. MUSLIM 1.5%

4. BUDDHIST 0%

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 SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS:-

PARTICULARS NUMBER NAME

1.Primary School 1 Dominic School

2.SISHU SIKSHA KENDRA 1 -

3.MADHYAMIK SIKSHA KENDRA 1 -

4.CHURCH 1 HOLLY CHILD

CHURCH
5.SELF HELP GROUP CLUSTER 1 -
OFFICE

6.NGO 1 WORLD VISION

7.HEALTH CARE 1 -

8.POST OFFICE 0 -

9.MANDIR 0 -

10.MASZID 0 -

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Natural Resources
PARTICULARS ARTICLES

CULTIVABLE Rice, vegetables, cardamom, mandarin,

LAND broomstick, different live stocks like pig,
cow, goat, etc.

FOREST AREA Chilaboni, silveroak, chilauni, uttis,

phirphire, panisaj, dhupi etc.

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WATER Drinking water facility from small water tank
RESOURCE through pipes.

REVIEW ABOUT RESOURCES

➢ Observe that there is a major problem in available water.

➢ The cultivable lands are cultivated properly by the farmers, they
efficiently utilize the land by cultivating different crops in different
season.
➢ There are also some fruit trees like mandarin, pitch, banana etc.
➢ The forest is a major source of natural resources, villagers collect woods
& other livelihoods from forest
➢ As there is a scarcity of natural resources, the farmers should be provided
with the knowledge & technology of optimum usage of resources.

12
 ➢ Ecotourism can be done successfully because it is a beautiful village and
it can generate extra income from the natural resources.

Occupation

OCCUPATION PERCENTAGE

1.FARMER 85%

2. CAR DRIVER 1%

3. GOVT. EMPLOYEE 2-3%

4. LABOURER 10%

Agricultural Status

Cropping Pattern
The major cropping pattern followed in the village is: Maize-
Rice-Cardamom. The farmers are interested to grow crops
throughout the year. But due to lack of irrigation they are unable
to do so.

 Pre Kharif :-Banana, Large Cardamom, Maize, Beans,

Bitter gourd
13
  Kharif:- Rice, Tomato, Okra.

 Rabi: Mustard, Cabbage, Cauliflower, Carrot, Wheat,

Radish

Agriculture and allied Sectors

A. Horticultural Crop

The major fruits crops found in the village are—

1. Orange
2. Guava
3. Papaya
4. Pomegranate
5. Peach

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 The major cash crop of Sangshi Yogda village is undoubtedly Large
Cardamon. Most of the households generally maintain a Cardamom plantation in
big or in large scales. Although in most cases they do not adopt scientific cultivation
practice of Cardamom. Moreover, the source of the planting materials is local
germplasm. These factors extensively hindering the opportunity of full-scale
commercial cultivation of Cardamom.
The rest of the fruit crops are guava, papaya, strawberry, pomegranate etc.
Generally, these plants are planted surrounding the residential area without any
specific purpose.

Amongst the forest tree plants predominantly—

1. Phirphire
2. Uttis
3. Dhupi
4. Panisaj
5. Chinese teak
6. Chilauni
7. Bakaina
8. Pine
9. Bamboo
10.Titapati.

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 B)Livestock Farming

Majority of the household of this village comprises livestock farming. This

also provides a sustainable earning to the farming community as it helps in
agriculture, fuel resources and food purpose. Livestock community consists of
cows, poultry, pig and goat. Nowadays due to scarcity of grazing land livestock
production is being hampered to such extent.

Livestock Purpose
Cow Ploughing, milk, dung
fuel, manure
Goat Home, market
Pig Market
Poultry Home, market

➢ Constraints:
✓ Water scarcity & transport facility is the major problem in this village.
✓ Use of power tiller is not suitable for this area.
✓ Bank has no influence upon the villagers.
✓ They only believe in organic agriculture.
✓ They mostly use the local variety.
✓ During the project we can see that in Sangshi-yogda the Dolle variety
of Chilli is the costliest in the local market. So if we can arrange the

16
 proper transportation system it can also export to the markets of various
region of India as well as to the foreign markets.
✓
✓ The number of health centres and primary school have to be increased
must.

✓ We have to generate more employment in that village or surrounding so

that the villagers can get enough capital for smoothly running of their
livelihood.

✓ Water harvesting techniques must be adopted so that there should be no

scarcity of water for agriculture.

✓ A very good means of transportation system must be developed in that

village so that the villagers can be in touch with nearest city Kalimpong.

➢ Suggestions & Recommendations

✓ Though electricity, mobile communication , cultivation practices are

well developed

✓ A lot of development should be done-

✓ A well-organized hospital should be developed

✓ There is no high school or college. Students have to go another village

for higher education. So, one high school should be developed

✓ Extensive rain water harvesting.

✓ The capacity of tank should be increased.

✓ Proper utilization of water.

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 Remarks
After studying the area, it may be recommended that the region has enough
potential & competence to be agriculturally successful. The only thing required
is proper knowledge regarding farming aspect, help from the RRS and KVK and
timely implementation of this knowledge. With the scientific farming practices,
it is expected that their standard of living will also improve.

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 TRANSECT WALK

INTRODUCTION :- I went to do survey at Sangshi Yogda village for my

final project report. There were 245 houses in the village which I surveyed.
Among the 245 family I have taken 30 progressive farmer’s family as my working
subset. The village has very less scope of work as villagers are mainly involved
in wood collection in nearby forests. The aspect of agriculture is also limited due
to unavailability of water. Thus, the villagers have to go outside the village for
earning capital. The villagers migrate to all corners of India and also abroad for
different reasons.
WHAT IS TRANSECT WALK?
A transect walk is a systematic walk along a defined path (transect) across the
community/project area together with the local people to explore the water and
sanitation conditions by observing, asking, listening, looking and producing
a transect diagram.

WORKING PLACE
Name of the village-Sangshi Yogda
Name of the Block-Kalimpong II

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Name of the district-Kalimpong
NAME OF THE PARTICIPANTS:-
1. NAMGEL LEPCHA
2. TENGAY LEPCHA
3. SANTA BAHADUR
4. CHANNG TAMANG

OBJECTIVES:-
➢ To study the diversity of natural resources and its ways of utilization by
the villagers.
➢ To identify the problems, solutions and opportunities at different land use
zones within the rural agro ecosystem.

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 PROCESS OF PREPARING TRANSECT WALK
➢ The features to be studied in the transect walk was discussed with the
group of local people who are knowledgeable and willing to participate in
a walk through the village.
➢ The participants were asked to decide the transect route according to the
purpose.
➢ The responsibilities were assigned for 1) asking questions, ii) recording
information’s. iii) Collecting samples for probing, iv) drawing sketches,
v) Controlling the environment with the group members.
➢ The work was carried out and information was collected and documented
➢ The diagrams were prepared from the rough sketches and information.

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22
HYDROLOGICAL MAP

23
24
25
NATURAL RESOURCE MAP

26
27
SOCIAL MAP

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29
 Time line
Time line reveals the key historical events and major perceived changes. This helps us to
understand local decision-making process because it has high association with earlier events.
This exercise can also act as “Ice breaker”.
Time line is a tool for analyzing the local incidence in a chronological manner. These local
remarkable incidences are considered under the time line, as a tool of PRA Methodology.

Attributes:
TYPES TYPES OF EVENTS
INDICATOR

CLIMATE CHANGE Draught, Epidemic, Flood, Famine, Crop

damage.

DEVELOPMENTAL EVENTS Pakka road, Electricity, Sub health centre,

RLI, LRO, bridge, Mills, etc.

DISASTER Earth quake

INTRODUCTION OF INNOVATIONS Hybrid rice, Cross breeds, Artificial fish

rearing, Fertilizer, Pesticide, etc.

OBJECTIVE
 To construct a historical profile of the agro ecosystem chronologically.

 To assess and understand the development of village.

FEATURES:
 Year.

 Events.

METHODS:
 The climate was set for participatory learning.

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 The elderly and knowledgeable participants who are willing to reveal their
experiences were selected for study.

 They were asked to recapitulate the major events and changes that took place over the
years of their life or they have heard from their fore father.

 Interaction was done with the stimulus questions at right time.

 The information was documented year wise in a sheet of paper.

 The information was triangulated with other elderly villagers, village leader, school
teachers etc.

 The participants were acknowledged for their co-operation

SERIAL YEAR EVENT

NO
1 1980 ESTABLISHMENT OF VILLAGE,
ST
1 PRIMARY SCHOOL,TEMPLE AND
CHURCH,TIN ROOFED HOUSE,1ST
ROBBERY,LIVESTOCK,BIKE,POULTRY,PAKKA
TOILET.
2 2000 TV
3 2001 MANDARIN CROP FAILURE.

4 2004- SEVERE WATER DAMAGE

2005
5 2008 MOBILE
6 2011 ELECTRICITY
7 2012 BRIDGE,1ST HYBRID MAIZE
8 2016 EARTHQUAKE,LAND SLIDE,PAKKA ROAD,1ST
CEMEMTED ROOFTOP.
9 2017 1 FARMER TRANING(16TH FEBRUARY)
ST

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 TIME TREND

Time trend shows the qualitative and quantitative changes in agro-ecosystem over
specific period of time. The changes occurred in different variables provide us insight about
the farmers preference to different crop and crop mix, variety, breed, input use, their social,
cultural, economic activities, problems etc.

Time trend is a PRA tool, which is used to analysis the trend of different variety or any
other things for timely allocation of the particular thing in the rural area.

Objective

➢ To identify the changes happened in the agro-ecosystem over definite span of years.
➢ To analyze the changes for understanding problems, farmers perspective and
solution.
Methods

✓ The climate was set for participatory learning

✓ The knowledgeable participants who are willing to reveal their experiences were
selected for the study
✓ They were asked to recapitulate the major changes that took place over the years of
their life in different aspects.
✓ Interaction was done with the stimulus questions at right time.
✓ The information was documented in a sheet of paper.
✓ The information was triangulated with other villagers, village leader, school teacher,
etc.
✓ The participants were acknowledged for their cooperation

The following are the time trend of cropping and rice varieties and other in the village, Sangshi
Yogda.

Productivity of major’s crops

Data were collected from the key informants in the village for the productivity of major crops
like Maize, ginger, turmeric, and large cardamom over last 9 years. The data were then plotted

32
in the graph for easy identification of the fluctuations in the productivity of the major crops.
The productivity of these crops is given below:

Ginger: The data on ginger productivity since 2004 to 2012 showed that the productivity of
ginger has been decreased. The main reason behind this was infestation of pest and diseases
increases and mono-cropping practice done over long period. Though 2011 it was 30q/ha after
this it was 24 q/ha which is wide difference between this. It should be mention that another
reason for reduced yield is reduction of fertility of soil.

Maize: in this village farmers cultivate maize in two type of cultivars one is local variety
another is hybrid variety (Ganga 101). In case of local variety productivity decrease gradually,
it was 22 q/ ha from 2004 to 2005 and it was 13 q/ ha during 2010 to 212 which wide difference
among them. The reason for decreasing yield is only FYM in applied to crop which not
sufficient to supply nutrient for given optimum yield. Potentiality to produce yield of cultivars
also reduced because farmers cultivate these cultivars since long period.

Maize of hybrid variety cultivate by this village farmers was got 30 q/ha in the 2004 to 2005
later it decreased 21 q/ha between period 2010 onwards and reason is no fertilizers applied to
field and other cultural practices. Farmers cut the maize root at one side during knee height
stage because they believed yield will be increased by doing practice and locally it called
“Okera”. After this practice the plant injure but fortunately crop getting rain which can recover
yield though potentiality cant exploit. It should be mentioned that farmers did not apply any
pesticide to control pest, that‟s why yield crop reduced naturally.

Turmeric: we have collected the data of turmeric productivity for last 9 years. The farmers
were unable to give year wise exact data for turmeric productivity. The productivity of turmeric
fluctuate year wise due to weather, biotic and abiotic factors. They have mentioned that the
average productivity of turmeric was around 10 q/ha during 2004 to 2005. After that farmer
inform us productivity of turmeric steadily increase which was last year around 18.5 q/ha. We

33
asked them for increased of yield was improved practice along with high yielding cultivars
used.

Large cardamom: large cardamom is one of most cash crop of sangshi village, farmers
cultivating so many high yielding varieties. As per farmers information productivity of large
cardamom in the year 2004 to 2005 was around 1.5 q/ha. Their good cultural practice with high
yielding variety productivity of large cardamom increased steadily 4 q/ha in the year 2012.

Price trend of major crops

Price of major crops collected from villagers fluactuate through the year due marketing demand
and the effect of agro-processing industries. Ginger, Maize and Turmeric price increases over
year. It was around ₹ 850 per quintal in 2004 to 2005 which increased up to ₹1850 per quintal
in last year for ginger. For maize it was ₹ 650 in 2004to 2005 which increased ₹ 1725 in 2012
due to demanding increase in market because now a days quality of food and food
diversification requirement increases. Market price of turmeric also increased same to ginger
and maize market price. It was around ₹ 1800 in 2004 to 2005 and ₹ 4600 per quintal in last
year due to processing industry build up nearby village such as Kalimpong and Siliguri. Export
of turmeric to other state increases because farmers produced are organic product which is high
demanding to international market.

But large cardamom market price fluactuate over year, it was ₹ 225 per Kg in 2004 to 2005
then it increases up to ₹1200 per Kg in the year 2010 later it decreased ₹ 800 in last year. It
should be mentioned that farmers not sold product direct to consumers and industry,
middleman purchased from them that’s why frequently fluactuation of market price of product
and not acquired actual price by farmers.

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Seasonality diagram

35
36
 VENN DIAGRAM
The Venn diagram is an important PRA tool which indicates the relative importance of various
stakeholders (individuals and institutions) in both inside and outside the village with regard to
a particular phenomenon. The importance of a particular stakeholder is judged in terms of the
size of the circle. Further, the interactions among various stakeholders are indicated by the
overlapping of corresponding circles. For village Sangshi, four Venn diagrams have been
prepared related to four different agricultural and allied aspects.

37
 Mobility Map
What is mobility map?
A visual analysis of the mobility pattern of local people shows the pattern of spatial mobility
for different sections of communities in a village. It illustrates the main places where
community members travel and the significance of those places. This type of mapping, exercise
analyses where community members need to travel to attain certain services.

Objectives:
➢ To have an overview of villager’s perception about the mobility of the village
people.
➢ To assess the mobility status of the village people in terms of their livelihood
status.
➢ To identify issues and problems related to socially differentiated mobility and
access to resources (such as land, water, health and education services;
information; capital; and decision making).
➢ To study the mobility for the higher education.
➢ To study the mobility for the ownership of tools.
➢ To study the mobility for worth of an official title.
➢ To study the change of individual or group status in terms of position in the
social condition.

TYPES:
• Income mobility map
• Land mobility map
• Health mobility map
• Educational mobility map
• Information mobility map
• Capital mobility map

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39
 INFORMATION FLOW CHART
Flow chart is a PRA (Participatory Rural Appraisal) tool which reflects the flow
analysis for appraising the rural resources with the help of local people by using
participatory methods. Flow chart can be prepared in case of any sort of agricultural
information flow in organization and rural community.
OBJECTIVE
1) To seek agricultural information about the flow form source to sink.
2) To analyse the pattern of agricultural information seeking and passing behavior
METHODS
1) The topic of flow chart preparation was decided and knowledgeable persons in the village
were selected in this context for getting the agricultural information.
2) The discussion was initiated on the topic and flow of agricultural information that is
information passing a seeking activities had been understood. The people were asked to
explain the agricultural information passing and seeking in their rural areas for their
development of their livelihood.
3) They were invited to draw the diagram for showing the information channels.
4) The agricultural information documented in a sheet of paper & triangulated.
5) The participants were acknowledged for their cooperation.

RESULTS
At first Sub-divisional Agricultural Officer (SAO) passes the agricultural information to
the Assistant Director of Agriculture(ADA).Now from Assistant Director of Agriculture(ADA)
krishi Prayukti sahayak (KPS) get the agricultural information. Krishi Prayukti Sahayak sends
this information to the progressive farmer. Farmer may get the information from both
progressive farmer & relative neighbour. An another way Farmers also get information from
the Retailer, who get agricultural information from the wholesaler.

40
 INFORMATION FLOW CHART

SAO

KPS ADA

PROGRESSIVE
FARMER

RELATIVE WHOLESE
FARMER RETAILER
NEIGHBOUR LLER

SMS
UBKV
KVK

41
 Indigenous technical knowledge (ITKs)
ITK is the traditional, unique and technical knowledge present in the cultural
fabric of the village passed from generations to generations orally. To gain an
insight into the indigenous technical knowledge of the villagers, a group of village
elders were encouraged to discuss about their accumulated experiences in dealing
with the situations and problems in various aspects of life including agriculture.

SOURCE PART APPLICATION

Ganja (Canabis Leaves For curing
sativa) diarrhoea in
animals.
Titepati “Holy Leaves and shoot Used as pain killer,
plant” (Artemisia nose bleeding and
vulgaris) on small injuries
Sisnoo (Urdica Flowers Used when throat
dioica) pain and stomach
pain
Methi (Trigonella Leaves Take methi water at
foenumgraecum the time of cold or
curing cough
Traditional bamboo Bamboo stick Used for storing
basket for rice grain rice grain after
storing mixing with ash and
neem leaf
Kali Banmara Leaves Leaves juice use as
(Eupetorium appetizer
arboreium)
Hardi (Curcuma Rhizome Used for treatment
longa) of skin diseases,
blood diseases,
small pox and
cough

42
 KEY PESTS OF DIFFERENT CROPS
A key pest can be an insect, mite, disease, nematode or weed that frequently
results in unacceptable damage and thus typically requires a management action.
Key pests vary from one region to the next.
CROP KEY PESTS RECORDED PRACTICE TAKEN
BY FARMERS WITH
DOSE
RICE 1) YELLOW STEM 1)1LT/5LT OF
BORER WATER,COW URINE
2) RICE LEAF FOLDER WITH TITEPATI
3) RICE CASE WORM 2)NO INSECTICIDE
SPRAYED
3)DRAGGING OF
COCONUT ROPE
THROUGH THE FIELD

POTATO 1)KAMILA(ANT) ASH,URINE SPRAY,NO

2)LAIKIRA(APHID) INSECTICIDE
MAIZE BIRD AND INDEGENEOUS
PEACOCK,RABBITS METHODS

BRINJAL AND TOMATO 1) FRUIT BORER NO INSECTISIDE

2) APHID
3) WHITE FLY

CHILLI JHINGA(FRUIT FLY) NO INSECTICIDE,COW

URINE(GAIMAL AND
GAIMUT)

OKRA APHID AND WHITE NO INSECTICIDAL

FLY SPRAY

Some information about stored grain pests and their

management:-
There is only one main stored grain pest i.e., Rice Weevil.They stores stored grain
pests in the kitchen with Jhutha hanging.Sun drying method is the main method
followed by the farmers for protection from stored grain pests.

43
JHUTHA HANGING METHOD FOR STORAGE

44
 ORCHID CULTIVATION IN HILLS OF
KALIMPONG
The Orchidaceae are a diverse and widespread family of flowering plants, with blooms
that are often colourful and fragrant, commonly known as the orchid family.

Along with the Asteraceae, they are one of the two largest families of flowering plants.
The Orchidaceae have about 28,000 currently accepted species, distributed in about 763
genera.[2][3] The determination of which family is larger is still under debate, because
verified data on the members of such enormous families are continually in flux.
Regardless, the number of orchid species nearly equals the number of bony fishes and
is more than twice the number of bird species, and about four times the number of
mammal species. The family also encompasses about 6–11% of all seed plants.[4] The
largest genera are Bulbophyllum (2,000 species), Epidendrum (1,500 species),
Dendrobium (1,400 species) and Pleurothallis (1,000 species).

Orchidaceae are cosmopolitan, occurring in almost every habitat apart from glaciers.
The world's richest diversity of orchid genera and species is found in the tropics, but
they are also found above the Arctic Circle, in southern Patagonia, and two species of
Nematoceras on Macquarie Island at 54° south.

The following list gives a rough overview of their distribution:[citation needed]

• Oceania: 50 to 70 genera
• North America: 20 to 26 genera
• tropical America: 212 to 250 genera
• tropical Asia: 260 to 300 genera
• tropical Africa: 230 to 270 genera
• Europe and temperate Asia: 40 to 60 genera

USES

Perfumery

• The scent of orchids is frequently analysed by perfumers (using headspace

technology and gas-liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry) to identify
potential fragrance chemicals.[24]
• Horticulture
• The other important use of orchids is their cultivation for the enjoyment of the
flowers. Most cultivated orchids are tropical or subtropical, but quite a few
which grow in colder climates can be found on the market. Temperate species
available at nurseries include Ophrys apifera (bee orchid), Gymnadenia
conopsea (fragrant orchid), Anacamptis pyramidalis (pyramidal orchid) and
Dactylorhiza fuchsii (common spotted orchid).
• Orchids of all types have also often been sought by collectors of both species
and hybrids. Many hundreds of societies and clubs worldwide have been
45
 established. These can be small, local clubs, or larger, national organisations
such as the American Orchid Society. Both serve to encourage cultivation and
collection of orchids, but some go further by concentrating on conservation or
research.
• The term "botanical orchid" loosely denotes those small-flowered, tropical
orchids belonging to several genera that do not fit into the "florist" orchid
category. A few of these genera contain enormous numbers of species. Some,
such as Pleurothallis and Bulbophyllum, contain approximately 1700 and 2000
species, respectively, and are often extremely vegetatively diverse. The primary
use of the term is among orchid hobbyists wishing to describe unusual species
they grow, though it is also used to distinguish naturally occurring orchid
species from horticulturally created hybrids.
• Use as food
• Vanilla fruits drying
• The dried seed pods of one orchid genus, Vanilla (especially Vanilla
planifolia), are commercially important as a flavouring in baking, for perfume
manufacture and aromatherapy.
• The underground tubers of terrestrial orchids [mainly Orchis mascula (early
purple orchid)] are ground to a powder and used for cooking, such as in the hot
beverage salep or in the Turkish frozen treat dondurma. The name salep has
been claimed to come from the Arabic expression ḥasyu al-tha`lab, "fox
testicles", but it appears more likely the name comes directly from the Arabic
name saḥlab. The similarity in appearance to testes naturally accounts for salep
being considered an aphrodisiac.
• The dried leaves of Jumellea fragrans are used to flavour rum on Reunion
Island.
• Some saprophytic orchid species of the group Gastrodia produce potato-like
tubers and were consumed as food by native peoples in Australia and can be
successfully cultivated, notably Gastrodia sesamoides. Wild stands of these
plants can still be found in the same areas as early aboriginal settlements, such
as Ku-ring-gai Chase National Park in Australia. Aboriginal peoples located
the plants in habitat by observing where bandicoots had scratched in search of
the tubers after detecting the plants underground by scent.[Note 1]
• Traditional medicinal uses
• Orchids have been used in traditional medicine in an effort to treat many
diseases and ailments. They have been used as a source of herbal remedies in
China since 2800 BC. Gastrodia elata is one of the three orchids listed in the
earliest known Chinese Materia Medica (Shennon bencaojing) (c. 100 AD).
Theophrastus mentions orchids in his Enquiry into Plants (372–286 BC).

46
ORCHIDS IN KALIMPONG
There are mostly 30000 species of cultivable orchids in our country.Amongst them
800 are grown in the north-eastern states. Mainly the SYMPODIUM orchids are
cultivated in the Kalimpong. They are mainly zygomorphic in nature,
Orchids are propagated through pseudobulb and shoot. In Kalimpong they sold at
Rs60/flower.

SYMPODIUM

47
INFORMATION OF INSECTICIDES AT DEALER POINTS AND
RETAILERS
Through all the agriculture in the hill area is by default organic in nature but
some of the farmers use some insecticidal chemicals. They are:-

GROUP OF CHEMICAL NAME AND DOSE TRADE

PESTICIDE FORMULATION NAME

ORGANOPHOSPHATES 1)QUINALPHOS(25% EC) 2ml/lt of 1)Ekalux

2)MONOCROTOPHOS(36%SL) water 2)Luphos
3)CHLOROPYRIPHOS(20%EC) 3)Classic 20
4)DIMETHOATE(30%EC) 4)Tafgor
5)PHORATE(10G) 5)Taratox10H

CARBAMATES CARBOFURAN 3G 5gm/plant Furadon

NEONICOTENOIDS IMIDACHLORPID(17.8%SL) 1ml/3lt of Confidor

water

ACARICIDES SPIROMESIFEN(22.95%C) 1ml/2 lt of Oberon

water

SYNTHETIC CYPERMETHRIN(25%EC) 2ml/lt of Colt25

PYRETHROIDS water

48
MAJOR PROBLEMS OF CROPS IN HILLS

CITRUS
1)Citrus Greening

2)Citrus Canker

3)Citrus Leaf Miner

4)Citrus Fruit Sucking Moth

5)Citrus Tristeza

6)Citrus butterfly

CARDAMOM
1)Chirkey and Furkey Disease

2)Leaf Blight

49
Citrus Tristeza

50
SOIL CHARECTERISTICS OF THE VILLAGE SANGSHI
YOGDA-kalimpong region

1)EROSION-Moderate erosion, sign of sheet and rill erosion, some top soil
blows.

2)SOIL STRUCTURE-Crumby and Granular.

3)COMPACTION-Soil stay loose, no hard pan.

4)INFILTRATION-Water soaks in slowly, some run off or puddling after

heavy rain.

5)DRAINAGE-Soil drains at good rate for crops.

6)SOIL FERTILITY-Fertility is balanced, nutrient available,

micronutrient deficiency.

7)SOIL TEXTURE-Loamy

8)BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY-Moderate biological activity, some worm like

threads, moss and algae.

9)ORGANIC MATTER-Less than 2% or greater than 8%

10)pH- 4.5 to 5.5

11)ROOTS- Roots are deep and fully developed.

51
PATHOLOGICAL DISEASES IN CROPS OF
HILLY AREAS
✓ CABBAGE
a) EARLY BLIGHT-control by rotating the crop with
other crops.
b) CLUB ROT-control by crop rotation, hot water
treatment.
✓ LARGE CARDAMOM
a) CHIRKEY AND FOORKEY-uprooting and
burning, insecticidal spray.
b) LEAF BLIGHT- copper oxychloride.
✓ CITRUS
a) CITRUS GREENING-insecticidal spray,
uprooting and spray.
b) FRUIT ROT-copper oxychloride.
✓ MAIZE
a) NORTHERN BLIGHT OF MAIZE-
propiconazole 1ml/lit of water
✓ CHILLI
a) ANTHRACNOSE OF CHILLI
b)COLLAR ROT
✓ POTATO
a)LATE BLIGHT
b)POTATO LEAF CURL
✓ MUSTURD
a)POWDERY MILDEW
✓ RICE
a)BLAST OF RICE
b)SHEATH BLIGHT
c)UDBUTTA DISEASE

52
SOME CULTIVABLE VARIETIES OR LOCAL RACES
OF CROPS CULTIVATED IN HILLY AREAS OF
KALIMPONG

*LARGE CARDAMOM
1. VARLANGEY
2. GOLSAI
3. RAMSAI

*GINGER
1. GARUBATHAN

*CITRUS
1.DARJEELING MANDARIN ORANGE
2.KHASI MANDARIN

*MAIZE
1.ADEQUBA
2.PAHELI
3.SWETI

*CHILLI
1.DOLLEY
*POTATO
1.DARJEELING RED ROUND
2.KUFRI JYOTI

53
ECO TOURISUM IN SANGSHI YOGDA

INTRODUCTION:
Ecotourism is a form of tourism involving visiting, fragile, pristine, and relatively undisturbed
natural areas, intended as a low impact and often small-scale alternative to standard commercial
(mass) tourism. Generally, ecotourism deals with living parts of natural environments,
ecotourism focuses on socially responsible travel, personal growth and environmental
sustainability. Ecotourism typically involves travel to destination where flora, fauna and
cultural heritage are primary attraction. Ecotourism is intended to offer tourists insight into the
impact of human being on the environment, and to foster a greater appreciation of our natural
habitats.

CRITERIA:
The international ecotourism society (TIES) in 1990 says, “Ecotourism is responsible travel to
natural areas that conserve the environment and improves the well-being of local people.”
According to TIES the seven characteristics of ecotourism are as follows:
• Involves travel to natural destination.
• Causes minimize impact.
• Built environmental awareness
• Provide direct financial benefits of conservation.
• Provide financial benefits and empowerment for local people.
• Respects local culture.’
• Supports human rights and democratic movements.

PRESENT SENARIO OF ECOTOURISM IN

SANGSHI YOGDA (KALIMPONG):

Emphatically speaking the Kalimpong sector is the most commemorated and documented
travel sector of North Bengal. Still not highly popular but surely enriched with splendid
beauty and ancient history. In present days there are some homestays that enrich the
locality along with their natural beauty.

PURPOSE OF VISITING:
• For Village tour
• To Observe Birds, animals, butterflies and many other
• To enjoy the natural beauty
• For time pass

54
SEASON AND TIME OF VISITING:
There are mainly two seasons:
1. During winter (OCT-JAN)
2. During Summer (MAR-JUN15)

The period of Rainy season (JUN16-SEP15) is considered as off- season for the purpose
of mating and breeding of animals and birds.

SCOPE OF ECOTOURISM IN SANGSHI YOGDA:

Ecotourism is quite wonderful concept, but exactly what it is largely depends on whom you
ask. There are certain scopes of ecotourism in the village. Those are:-
• About 90% of the people love to travel and about 85 % of those people are going to the
forest for tour and travel. Due to sangshi yogda village are nearby kalimpong area there
is a better scope to develop ecotourism.
• More or less all people of the sangshi yogda village are poor and marginal. Some of
them are work at their own field for farming, some of them are help them to
accommodate farming, some of people are work at river side and some are collect
woods from forest for their livelihood. They are not able till now to ate two time in a
day. So there is an vast scope for development an ecotourism sector for improve their
earning facilities and increase employment.

Importance of Ecotourism in village development:

One of the principles of ecotourism is in the provision of benefits to local communities,
resource conservation and industry. Ecotourism presents the benefits that the community
development and contribute local economic development in this village. The generation of
socio-economic benefits to the Sangshi Yogda village. It was gathered that the major source of
Socio-economic benefits through tourism in Kalimpong area to the community is in the form
of tourism revenue, employment opportunities and the provision of social services.

➢ Local Economic Benefits from Ecotourism

Through the Ecotourism revenue generated from non-consumptive tourism activities in
the forest, benefits have been distributed between villagers, community and rural
culture.
➢ Local Economic benefits from employment opportunities
from Ecotourism

55
 The presence of ecotourism in sangshi yogda has generated employment opportunities
from which villagers of sangshi yogda accurse benefits.
➢ Local social benefits through Provision of social Services
The provision of social services for tourist has been another way from which the people
have drawn benefits.

Constrains of Ecotourism In facilited on SANGSHI

YOGDA:
1. Lack of knowledge about Ecotourism: In the village about 60% of villagers
are educated but they only know how to sign only. They have no idea how the whole
ecotourism has been worked out.
2. Lack of willingness: Sangshi Yogda village is a framing-based village. More of
those are only done farming in their livelihood. They do not have any interest to know
about ecotourism facilities. Even govt. tries to help them to train about ecotourism they
are unwilling to adopted these.
3. Lack of transport facilities: The position of this village is at backward. No big
cities are no been nearby this village. For this reason, it’s difficult to accommodate the
transport facility freely.

Natural Beauty

56
 SUMMARY, CONCLUSION
AND RECOMMENDATION
Summary

The Project conducted by me, Arghadeep Ray on behalf of National

Institute of Agricultural Marketing was started on 15th January, 2022 in the
village Sanhshi Yogda of Kalimpong district (Eastern Himalayan Region). The
main objective was then to know the socio-economic status of the rural people,
their problems related to farm, their lacking and to give them recommended
strategies.

At first I have visited farmers house for initial information & then we
interacted with several farmers. Through ice breaking along with PRA or PLA
we have conducted various tools namely time line, time trend, flow chart making,
bio-diversity study, seasonality diagram, indigenous technical knowledge, matrix
ranking, social map, transect walk, cause-effect analysis, natural resource map,
Venn diagram, daily activity profile, mobility map. From the information I have
prepared the Venn diagram from which we can know the role and impact of
agricultural institutions on the rural people from that particular village. Through
cause effect analysis I have enlightened the burning issue “scarcity of irrigation
water”, which severely threatened the farmers. With the farmer's heartiest
cooperation, I also came to know the pest disease in the agricultural fields,
different storage structure, agricultural implements, communication gap,
electricity problem etc. By knowing those problems, I have recommended
probable strategies for the villagers as far as possible and by the acceptance of
the strategies I hope that there will be augmentation of their income and

57
upliftment of their socio-economic status. Finally, I can conclude that in the long
run of our target village Sangshi Yogda will become a model village.

Conclusion

The village Sangshi Yogda (Kalimpong Region) has the poor financial back
ground. Extensive analysis at the village, the following constraints has been
identified which become major hurdle in development of the village.

1. Poor resource structure: Land holding status of the village is poor. Few
of the farmers are landless labour & marginal farmer. It’s reported that-
marginal farmer-75%, small farmer-20%, large farmer-5% Family income
of the villagers is not sound enough. There is non-availability of improved
farm equipment.
2. Poor crop management practices: There are lack of irrigation facilities,
improved package of practices, lack of high yielding and hybrid varieties.
Indiscriminate use of pesticide and imbalance dose of fertilizers & lack of
maintenance of natural resources.
3. Poor livestock management: There is absence of livestock resource.
Though some farmers are associated with practice, but they do not aware
of proper management. There is no health centre for animal nearby and
there is no proper facility for artificial insemination. Even milk production
is not up to the mark.
4. Lack of storage facilities: There is non-availability of proper storage
structure. Therefore, most of the crop and perishable crop are damaged.
5.Lack of credit availability: There is insufficiency of bank and
cooperatives.

58
 Recommendation

To overcome these constraints and to improve the socio-economic condition

of the farmers the following measures would be taken-

1. Extension of improve package of practices with the help of agricultural

university, K.P.S., A.D.O., K.V.K,RRS.
2. Balance dose of fertilizers (NPK) should be applied.
3. Micro nutrients (especially Zn, B,) secondary nutrients S should be applied
according to soil test value.
4. Soil acidity and salinity problem should be reclaimed.
5. High yielding crops and hybrid varieties should be incorporated in the
cropping system.
6. Organic manure and bio fertilizer should be introduced in the field to get
optimum yield and good health of soil.
7. It is a big hurdle for the farmers that they have lack of capital for
investment, so the govt. should come forward with credit facilities to the
farmer. The bank can give micro-finance.
8. Electrification should be done by govt. as soon as possible for proper
irrigation facilities.
9. Today it is of great pleasure that panchayat is spreading there helping hands
regarding different package of practices of different crops.
10.Transportation system should be developed.
11.Eco-tourism has a great aspect to that area.

59
Thank you

60