Electronics 

is the study and use of electrical parts and circuits. These "electronic

components" control electricity for useful purposes.

Electronic devices have many electronic components such as

- resistors, capacitors, coils of wire called inductors, integrated circuits,
connection wires and circuit boards.

Electronics Vs Electrical

The term Electrical deals with the flow of electrical power or charge, whereas electronics deals
with the flow of electrons. If there is a clear cut manipulation of electrical energy, then that is
called electronics

Electrical devices convert electrical energy into other forms of energy, for example heat,
light or sound. Electronic devices control the flow of electrons in order to perform a task.
Breadboard is a solder less device for testing temporary electronics circuits.

Resistor is an Electrical component, it is used to control current.

Capacitor is an Electrical component, it is used to regulate voltage.

Diode is an Electronic component, it allows current in only one direction.

LED is an electronic component ,it is widely used in power indicative and

decorative purposes.

Transistor is a three terminal electronic device, it is widely used for switching

and amplifying purposes.

Thermistor is a special type of resistor, its resistance varies with temperature.

Relay is functioning with small voltage but it can control large voltage operating
devices.

IC 555 is a 8 Pin IC. It is widely used for clock pulse generation and switching.

Important Parameters of Electronics

 Voltage
Voltage is the pressure from an electrical circuit's power source that
pushes charged electrons (current) through a conducting loop, enabling
them to do work such as illuminating a light. In brief, voltage = pressure,
and it is measured in volts (V).

 Current
• Current is a flow of electrical charge carriers, usually electrons. The
common symbol for current is the uppercase letter I. Physicists consider
current to flow from relatively positive points to relatively negative points;
this is called conventional current. Current is measured in Amperes.
 
  Power

It is the voltage times the number of charged particles moving.

It is measured in Watts
Power = Voltage x Current Watts
= V x I Watts

Types of Current

• Electricity flows in two ways; either in alternating current (AC) or in direct

current (DC).

Difference between AC and DC

• Electricity or 'current' is nothing but moving electrons along a conductor,

like a wire, that have been harnessed for energy.

• The difference between AC and DC has to do with the direction in which

the electrons flow.

• In DC, the electrons flow steadily in a single direction, or "forward."

• In AC, electrons keep switching directions, sometimes going "forwards"

and then going "backwards."

How do electrical devices work?

Electrical devices take the energy of electric current and transform it in simple
ways into some other form of energy — most likely light, heat, or motion.

How do electronics devices work?

• Instead of just converting electrical energy into heat, light, or motion,

electronic devices add meaningful information to the current.
 • For example, audio electronic devices add sound information to an
electric current so that we can listen to music or talk on a cell phone.

What is Circuit?

 Interconnection of electrical and electronic components is called ‘Circuit’.

 It may be closed or opened.

Circuit diagrams

• Circuit diagrams are a pictorial way of showing circuits

• Circuit diagrams are used to show how all the components connect

together to make a circuit.

Voltmeter symbol

Ammeter symbol

Resistor symbol

Switch symbol

Battery symbol
Integrated Circuit (IC)

• An integrated circuit (IC), sometimes called a

chip or microchip,
• It is a semiconductor wafer or thin plate, which composed of
thousands or millions of tiny resistors, capacitors,
and transistors.
• IC can function as an amplifier, computer memory, or
microprocessor..etc.
An integrated circuit (IC) can be classified into
 Analog
Analog, or linear ICs work with continuous values.
The output value of these IC’s is changing linearly with
the input value.
Linear ICs are typically used in audio and radio frequency
amplification.

 Digital
Digital ICs work only with values of 1’s and 0’s.
These ICs use logic gates
Digital ICs are usually used in computers, Laptops.
RESISTOR
• Resistance is a property of material due to which it opposes
the flow of current through it.
• When electrons flow through any material, they collide with
each other which gives rise to opposition to the flow of
current.
• The unit of resistor is ohm(Ω)
TYPES
• Resistors can be classified into
• Fixed
• Variable
• Fixed resistors come in a variety of different shapes, sizes and
forms

• Variable resistors are called potentiometers

• There is a fixed value of resistance between two terminals
• The moving part of the potentiometer is called the wiper
RESISTANCE CALCULATION

• Four band resistor colour

code

• 1st band provides the first

digit of the code

• 2nd band provides the

second digit of the code

• 3rd band is the multiplier

• 4th band indicates the

tolerance value

Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs)

• LEDs emit light when an electric current passes through them.
• An LED has two leads:
• a positive (anode) and
• a negative (cathode).
• On schematic diagrams, its symbol is similar to the
simple diode, with two arrows pointing outwards.
The anode (+) is marked with a triangle and the
cathode (-) with a line.
• In most cases the longer lead is the positive (anode) and the
shorter lead is the negative (cathode).
Testing an LED
• Never connect an LED directly to a battery or power supply! 
• It will be destroyed almost instantly because too much current
will pass through and burn it out.
• LEDs must have a resistor in series to limit the current to a safe
value, for quick testing purposes a 1k  resistor is suitable for
most LEDs if your supply voltage is 12V or less.

VARIABLE RESISTOR
A variable resistor is a device that is used to change the resistance
according to our needs in an electronic circuit.
SYMBOL OF VARIABLE RESISTOR

There different types of variable resistors.

They are

 Potentiometer
CAPACITOR

• Capacitor is a basic storage

device to store electrical charges
and release it as it is required by
the circuit.

• The capacitor is a component

which has the ability or
"capacity" to store energy in the
form of electrical charge, much
like a small rechargeable battery

• The unit of capacitance is

the Farad (abbreviated to F)

TYPES
• Capacitor can be classified into,
• Fixed Capacitors
• Variable Capacitors
FIXED CAPACITORS
• A fixed capacitor is constructed in such manner that it
possesses a fixed value of capacitance which cannot be
adjusted.
VARIABLE CAPACITORS
• A variable capacitor allows for a range of capacitance.
• Variable capacitors are used when the application requires an
adjustment of capacitance such as in a radio tuner.

The capacitor’s ability to store the charge is called capacitance.

HOW DOES CAPACITOR WORK?
• When DC power is supplied to a circuit (that includes a capacitor) the
capacitor charges up
• When DC power is turned off the capacitor discharges its electrical charge
slowly

DIODE
A diode allows electricity to flow in one direction only and blocks the flow in the
opposite direction.
A diode is a specialized electronic component with two electrodes called the
anode and the cathode.

LDR
• LDR à LIGHT DEPENDENT RESISTOR

• LDR is a component that has a resistance that changes

with the light intensity that falls upon it.
APPLICATIONS of LDR
• Lighting switch: - The most obvious application for an LDR is to
automatically turn on a light at certain light level. An example of this
could be a street light.
• Camera shutter control: - LDRs can be used to control the shutter speed
on a camera. The LDR would be used the measure the light intensity and
the set the camera shutter speed to the appropriate level.
Transistor
• A Transistor is a semiconductor electronic device.
• It is used in a circuit to control a large amount of current or voltage with
a small amount of voltage or current.

Functions of Transistor

• The transistor has many applications, but

only two basic functions: switching and
modulation (amplification).

• The transistor's ability to fluctuate between

the two states that enables to switch or
amplify.

• the Emitter 'emits' the electrons which

pass through the device

• the Collector 'collects' them again once

they've passed through the Base

• the Base  which is the lead responsible for

activating the transistor.

The importance of a transistor is in its ability to control its own semi conductance, namely
acting like a conductor when needed, or as an insulator (nonconductor) when that is
needed.