2 - Thermodynamic Properties of Steam

Basic Thermodynamic States of Water

Subcooled: Water is in the form of liquid and its temperature is lower than
the saturation temperature (at the existing pressure). The energy content
of subcooled water is directly proportional to its temperature.
Saturated: As sub-cooled water is heated it reaches its saturation
temperature. This state is called saturated liquid (water). Adding more heat
leads to a change in its state from liquid to vapor without a change in
temperature. This change of phase continues till it all becomes vapor. This
state is now called saturated vapor (steam). The energy content of the
saturated state is a function of temperature (or pressure) and quality
(amount of vapor in the 2-phase mixture).
Superheated: A further increase in heat input to the saturated vapor state
leads to an increase in the steam temperature beyond the saturation point.
This is the superheated state of steam. The energy content of the
superheated steam is proportional to both temperature and pressure.

https://www.tlv.com/global/TI/steam-theory/introduction-to-condensate-recovery.html
 1 2 3 4

Subcooled Saturated Liquid Saturated Vapor Superheated Steam

Zone Zone
 Enthalpies

1 2 3 4

Subcooled Saturated Liquid Saturated Vapor Superheated Steam

Enthalpy Enthalpy

𝒉𝑺𝑽 𝒉𝑺𝑯
𝒉𝑺𝑳

Liquid Enthalpy (Sensible Heat) Enthalpy of Superheated Steam

Latent Heat of Vaporization
𝒒𝑳 𝒒𝑺𝑯
= 𝒄𝒑 ∆𝑻 = 𝒄𝒑 ∆𝑻
𝒎𝑳 𝝀 = 𝒉𝑺𝑽 − 𝒉𝑺𝑳
𝒎𝑺𝑯

∆𝑇 = is any temperature ∆𝑇 = is any temperature

different between 0 OC different at or beyond 100 OC
(liquid) to 100 OC (liquid) (vapor)
Ex. 1A Water-Steam Enthalpies

A. What is water enthalpy at 2MPa and 50 oC?

B. What is steam enthalpy at 1 MPa and 500 oC?
C. How much energy is required to convert water to vapor at pressure 2MPa ?
D. What is total heat gained by water when it heated from 50 to 500 oC @ 0.1
kPa?

refer to sheet Ex.1A

Ex. # 1B : Steam Heater Duty

Steam @
Pin = 152 kPa
Tin = 143.1 oC

Condensate @
Pin = 152 kPa
Tin = 143.1 oC
Ex. # 1B : Steam Heater Duty

Operation/Design Parameter Unit Value

Inlet Pressure Pin kPa 152
o
Inlet Temperature Tin C 143.1
Energy In hSH kj/kg 2749.76
Energy Out hSL kj/kg 536.691
Steam Heater Duty kj/kg -2213.069
Ex. # 1C. Steam Heater H&M Balance

Steam @
Pin = 152 kPa Olive Oil @
Tin = 143.1 oC Tin = 10 oC
ms = 100 kg/hr mo = ?

Olive Oil@
Tin = 50 oC

Condensate @
Pin = 152 kPa
Tin = 127 oC
Ex. # 1C. Steam Heater H&M Balance

Operation/Design Parameter Unit Value

Inlet Pressure Pin kPa 152
o
Inlet Temperature Tin C 143.1
Energy In hSH kj/kg 2749.76
Energy Out hSL kj/kg 536.691
Steam Heater Duty kj/kg -2213.069

Steam Flow Rate ms kg/hr 100

Total Steam Energy Exchanged kj/hr 221306.9

o
Olive Oil Temperature In Tin C 10
o
Olive Oil liquid ammoniaTemperature Out Tout C 50
o
Average Olive Oil Specific Heat cp kj/kg. C 1.9

Olive Oil Flow Rate ma kg/hr 2911.933

Homework

1. If there is a limitation on steam rate (max 100 kg/hr) and oil rate is increase to 5000 kg/hr.
What is maximum olive oil outlet?

Steam @
Pin = 152 kPa
Olive Oil @
Tin = 143.1 oC
Tin = 10 oC
ms = 100 kg/hr
mo = 5000 kg/hr

Olive Oil@
Tin = ????? oC

Condensate @
Pin = 152 kPa
Tin = 143.1 oC