1.

The atomic masses of the two stable isotopes of boron, 1𝑜5𝐵

(19.78 percent) and 115𝐵 (80.22 percent), are 10.0129 amu and 11.0093
amu, respectively. Calculate the average atomic mass of boron.
1𝑜
5𝐵 (19.78%) = 10.0129 amu
11
5𝐵 (80.22%) =11.0093 amu

𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑐 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐵𝑜𝑟𝑜𝑛

= [(% 𝑎𝑏𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 1𝑜5𝐵 )(𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑐 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐵 ] +

[(% 𝑎𝑏𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 115𝐵 )(𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑐 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐵) ]

= (0.1978)(10.0129) + (0.8022)(11.0093)

=10.84 𝑎𝑚𝑢

2. Chlorine is one of the most used element in the industry. It is mainly

used in making plastics, solvents for dry cleaning and metal degreasing,
textiles, agrochemicals and pharmaceuticals, insecticides, dyestuffs, and
35
household cleaning products. The atomic masses of 17𝐶𝑙 (75.53 %) and
37
17𝐶𝑙 (24.47 %) are 34.968 amu and 36.956 amu, respectively.
 35
a. What is the relative mass of 17𝐶𝑙 ?
75.53%
𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 35
17𝐶𝑙 = 𝑥 34.968
100

= 0.7553 𝑥 34.968

= 26.41 𝑎𝑚𝑢

37
b. What is the relative mass of 17𝐶𝑙 ?

24.47%
𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑒 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 37
17𝐶𝑙 = 𝑥 36.956
100

= 0.2447 𝑥 36.956

= 9.043 𝑎𝑚𝑢

c. What is the average atomic mass of Chlorine?

𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑐 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐶𝑙

= [(% 𝑎𝑏𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 35
17𝐶𝑙 )(𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑐 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐶𝑙] +

[(% 𝑎𝑏𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 37
17𝐶𝑙 )(𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑐 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐶𝑙) ]

= (0.7553)(34.968) + (0.2447)(36.956)

= 35.5 𝑎𝑚𝑢
3. Gallium arsenide is used on semiconductor production mainly for
laser diodes, light emitting diodes, and solar panels
(www.chemicool.com). The gallium element has two isotopes with an
69
average atomic mass of 69.72 amu. Its isotopes are 31𝐺 𝑎 and 71
31𝐺𝑎 that

has a relative masses 68.9256 amu and 70.9247 amu, respectively.

mass %
69
31𝐺 𝑎 68.9256 x

71
31𝐺𝑎 70.9247 1-x
𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑐 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐺𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑖𝑢𝑚 = 𝑀1 𝑃1 + 𝑀2 𝑃2

69.72 = 68.9256(𝑥 ) + (70.9247)(1 − 𝑥 )

69.72 = 68.9256𝑥 + 70.9247 − 70.9247𝑥

69.72 − 70.9247 = 68.9256𝑥 − 70.9247𝑥

−1.2047 −1.9991𝑥
=
−1.9991 −1. .9991

0.60 = 𝑥

1 − 𝑥 = 1 − 0.60 = 0.40

0.60 𝑥 100 = 60% Relative

abundance of
69
31𝐺 𝑎
 Relative abundance
0.40 𝑥 100 = 40% 71
of 31𝐺𝑎

69
a. What is the relative abundance of 31𝐺 𝑎? 60% or 0.60

b. What is the relative abundance of 71

31𝐺𝑎 ? 40% or 0.40

4. How many moles of magnesium (Mg) are there in 87.3 g of Mg?

Given: 87.3 g Mg

Gram of Mg= 24.31 g (periodic table)

1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑀𝑔
87.3𝑔 𝑥
24.31 𝑔 𝑀𝑔

= 3.6 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑀𝑔
5. Calculate the number of grams of lead (Pb) in 12.4 moles of lead.

Given: 12.4 mol Pb

Pb gram= 207.2 g

207.2 𝑔 𝑃𝑏
12.4 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑃𝑏 𝑥
1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑃𝑏

= 2569.28 𝑔 𝑃𝑏

6. How many H atoms are in 72.5 g of isopropanol (rubbing alcohol)

, 𝐶3 𝐻8 𝑂?

Given: 72.5 g (𝐶3 𝐻8 𝑂)

𝐶 = (12.01)(3) = 36.03

𝐻 = (1.008)(8) = 8.064

𝑂 = (16)(1) = 16

36.06 + 8.064 + 16 = 60.09 𝑔 𝐶3 𝐻8 𝑂

1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐶3 𝐻8 𝑂 6.022 𝑥 1023 𝐶3 𝐻8 𝑂 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑒𝑠

72.5 𝑔 𝐶3 𝐻8 𝑂 𝑥 𝑥
60.09 𝑔 𝐶3 𝐻8 𝑂 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐶3 𝐻8 𝑂

= 7.27 𝑥 1023 𝐶3 𝐻8 𝑂 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑒𝑠

8 𝐻 𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑚
7.27 𝑥 1023 𝐶3 𝐻8 𝑂 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑥
1 𝐶3𝐻8 𝑂 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑒

= 5.82 𝑥1024 𝐻 𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑚

7. How many molecules of ethane (C2H6) are present in 0.334 g of
C2H6?

𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐶2 𝐻6
= (𝑛𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝐶 𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑚𝑠)(𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑐 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐶 )
+ (𝑛𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝐻 𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑚𝑠)(𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑐 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐻 )

= 2(12.01 𝑔) + 6(1.008 𝑔)

= 30.07 𝑔

1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑜𝑓 𝐶2 𝐻6 = 30.07 𝑔

1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐶2 𝐻6 6.022 𝑥 1023 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑒𝑠

0.0334 𝑔 𝐶2 𝐻6 𝑥 𝑥
30.07 𝑔 𝐶2 𝐻6 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐶2 𝐻6

= 6.69 𝑥 1023 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑒

8. Calculate the number of C, H, and O atoms in 1.50 g of glucose
(𝐶6 𝐻12 𝑜6 ), a sugar.

𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐶6 𝐻12 𝑜6

= (𝑛𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝐶 𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑚𝑠)(𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑐 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐶 )
+ (𝑛𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝐻 𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑚𝑠)(𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑐 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐻 )
+ (𝑛𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑂 𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑚𝑠)(𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑐 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑂)

= 6(12.01) + 12(1.008) + 6(16)

= 72.01 + 12.096 + 96

= 180.11 𝑔 𝐶6 𝐻12 𝑜6

1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐶6 𝐻12 𝑜6 6.022 𝑥 1023 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝐶6 𝐻12 𝑜6

1.50 𝑔 𝐶6 𝐻12 𝑜6 𝑥 𝑥
180.11 𝑔 𝐶6 𝐻12 𝑜6 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝐶6 𝐻12 𝑜6

= 5.02 𝑥1021 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝐶6 𝐻12 𝑜6

6 𝐶 𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑚
5.02 𝑥1021 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝐶6 𝐻12 𝑜6 𝑥
1 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑒 𝐶6 𝐻12 𝑜6

= 3.012 𝑥 10 22 𝐶 𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑚

12 𝐻 𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑚
5.02 𝑥1021 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝐶6 𝐻12 𝑜6 𝑥
1 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑒 𝐶6 𝐻12 𝑜6

= 6.024 𝑥 1024 𝐻 𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑚

 6 𝑂 𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑚
5.02 𝑥1021 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝐶6 𝐻12 𝑜6 𝑥
1 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑒 𝐶6 𝐻12 𝑜6

= 3.012 𝑥 10 22 𝑂 𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑚

9. The density of water is 1.00 g/mL at 48C. How many water molecules
are present in 2.56 mL of water at this temperature?
8.14 𝑥1022 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑒 𝐻2 𝑂 𝑎𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 48𝐶

Solution:

1.00 𝑔
2.56 𝑚𝐿 𝑥 = 2.56 𝑔
1 𝑚𝐿

𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐻2 𝑂
= (𝑛𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝐻 𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑚𝑠)(𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑐 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐻 )
+ (𝑛𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑂 𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑚𝑠)(𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑐 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑂 )

= 2 (1.008) + 1 (16)

= 18.016 𝑔 𝐻2 𝑂

1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐻2 𝑂
2.56 𝑔 𝑥 = 0.14 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐻2 𝑂
18.016 𝑔

6.022 𝑥1023 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑒 𝐻2 𝑂

0.14 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐻2 𝑂 𝑥
1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐻2 𝑂

= 8.14 𝑥1022 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑒 𝐻2 𝑂

10. Earth’s population is about 6.5 billion. Suppose that every person on
Earth participates in a process of counting identical particles at the rate
of two particles per second. How many years would it take to count
6.0𝑥 10 23 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑙𝑒𝑠? Assume that there are 365 days in a year.

6.0𝑥 10 23 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑙𝑒𝑠 1 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑜𝑛/𝑠 1𝑚𝑖𝑛 1 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟 1 𝑑𝑎𝑦 1 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟

9
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
6.5 𝑥 10 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑜𝑛 2 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑙𝑒𝑠 60 𝑠 60 𝑚𝑖𝑛 24 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟 365 𝑑𝑎𝑦

= 1.47 𝑥106 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟