Tuguegarao Archdiocesan Schools System

LYCEUM OF TUAO
Centro 02, Tuao, Cagayan, 3528
Email address: lyceumoftuao1965@yahoo.com.ph
SUBJECT: PHYSICAL SCIENCE

MODULE TITLE: SOURCES OF ENERGY

ACTIVE INGREDIENTS OF CLEANING PRODUCTS
NAME OF TEACHER: GRETCHEN S. COLLADO
CP NO: 09676424833
MODULE NO: 2nd Sem- 4 (WEEK 7-8)

LEARNING OUTCOMES:
The learners are expected to
a) Describe how energy is harnessed from different sources: fossil fuels; biogas; geothermal;
hydrothermal; batteries; solar cells; biomass
b) Identify the active ingredients of cleaning products at home; and
c) Give the use of the other ingredients in cleaning agents

LESSON 1 SOURCES OF ENERGY

Defining energy is both simple and complicated. The definition varies from one field of science to another,
but the most common definition it uses is the ability to do work. Energy can be found in almost everything
and everywhere. Can it be found on the places we used to go? Can we find it on the things we possess?
The answer to that is yes! For example, when we digest food, our body uses (chemical) energy embodied
in the food to move around. When we turn on the TV or gadgets, electricity is used to create the picture on
the screen and the sound it produces. Most of the electricity that we use in our daily lives is produced from
the chemical energy released in the burning of coal, oil or gas. Now, if energy can be found literally on
everything, why do we hear so much about energy crisis? According to the First Law of thermodynamics,
also known as the Law of Conservation of Energy, “energy can neither be created nor destroyed;energy
can only be transferred or changed from one form to another”1. If that is the case, then there is no need to
worry about running out of energy?

Well, that question can be answered if we fully understood the concept of energy. As stated above, energy
comes in different forms and can be used in different ways through conversion. Given a scenario of leaving
hot milk in an air-conditioned room, what will happen to the milk? In a matter of time, the hot milk will turn
into cold milk, thus, there is heat loss. Is there a way of turning back the milk into hot once it has cooled
down? Is there any way to collect the heat loss from the milk to the environment? None. In any example
that we consider, we will see that energy, in the usable form, is dissipated to the surroundings in less
usable forms. Hence, energy is consumed and would not replenish once it’s used to do work. With this
taken into consideration, the next thing to do is look for conventional and renewable sources of energy.

Conventional energy sources are the oldest sources of energy like coal and petroleum. Conventional
energy sources are limited. They will not last forever and will eventually run out. Renewable energy, on the
other hand, uses energy sources that are continually replenished by nature—the sun, the wind, water, the
Earth’s heat, and plants. With the use of renewable energy technologies these fuels are turned into usable
forms of energy—regularly electricity, but also heat, chemicals, or mechanical power. To put it simply, this
energy can be used again and again and will never run out.

The following are the energy sources:

A. Fossil Fuels: Fossil fuels comes from organic remains of prehistoric organisms, example of this are
hydrocarbons such as oil, coal, and natural gas. Coal is the world’s largest source of fossil fuel. It is
comparably affordable and is readily obtainable. Fossil fuels harnessed energy from the sun when they
were still alive through the process of photosynthesis. To put it simply, fossil fuels are captured
sunlight!
B. Biogas: This kind of energy can be produced from raw materials such as agricultural waste, manure,
municipal waste, plant material, sewage, green waste or food waste. Biogas is a renewable energy
source.
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 Tuguegarao Archdiocesan Schools System
LYCEUM OF TUAO
Centro 02, Tuao, Cagayan, 3528
Email address: lyceumoftuao1965@yahoo.com.ph
C. Geothermal: This energy optimizes the heat energy from the earth’s crust. This heat energy heats up
rocks affecting the nearby groundwater. Once the groundwater becomes so hot, it turns into an
underground steam, then this steam is used to drive turbines that generate electricity. It is said that
geothermal energy is the main source of energy in the Visayas region.
D. Hydro Power Plant: Hydrothermal energy is usually associated with dams since there is only few
waterfalls exist in the country. The kinetic energy and potential energy of a falling water is being
converted to produce electricity. This is the main source of electricity in Mindanao.
E. Batteries: It is a chemical source of energy that produces direct current, DC. Some are rechargeable;
some are not.
F. Solar Cells: The energy derived from the sun through the form of solar radiation is directly converted
into electricity. This energy will continue to renew until the sun cease to exist. Solar cells system mostly
has these three main parts; 1. modules that convert sunlight into electricity; 2. Inverters where
electricity is being converted into alternating current so it can be used by most household appliances;
3. battery that store the excess electricity produced by the system.
G. Biomass: It refers to the organic matters and waste from plants and animals such as compost, crop
remnants and garbage. Plants get the energy from the sun through the process of photosynthesis and
this energy is passed to animals upon consumption. Biomass is used to produce alcohol and methane
which are fuels useful in energy manufacture and running cars.
H. Thermal Power Plant: Heat energy is being produced and converted into electricity by burning large
amount of fossil fuels is burnt in power stations.
I. Wind Power: The energy from the wind is being harnessed by the wind turbines, converting the wind
energy into mechanical energy. This kind of energy is renewable since the wind on the surroundings is
unlimited.

ACTIVITY 1
A. Guess the Picture

Identify the Energy Conversions in the illustrations below.

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 Tuguegarao Archdiocesan Schools System
LYCEUM OF TUAO
Centro 02, Tuao, Cagayan, 3528
Email address: lyceumoftuao1965@yahoo.com.ph

LESSON 2 ACTIVE INGREDIENTS OF CLEANING PRODUCTS

Cleaning is one of the very common household chores on our daily lives. We do cleaning in our houses,
offices and schools. Cleaning can be done easier and quicker if cleaning products are to be used. These
cleaning products come in different forms such as liquid, powder, sprays or granules and are formulated to
be used in the removal of dirt, dust, stain, and bad smells on various areas.
The following are examples of cleaning agents:

A. Water
Water is the simplest and most common example of cleaning agent. It is extremely easy to use, a good
solvent and has stability. Water is readily available and is also inexpensive.

B. Detergents
Detergents are agents which help for the betterment of cleaning. It supplies the things that water alone can’t
do. One of its functions is reducing surface tension of water, emulsifying (break-up) soil and lifting it from
surface, suspending soil in the cleaning solution. It is comparatively more operative in hard water and mostly
harmless.

C. Abrasives
Abrasives are very punitive cleaning agents. It is very hard and rough to use since they are made up of
mineral particles. Some of the commonly used abrasives are pumice, sand, steel wool and calcite. Also,
abrasives may contain alkalis (for removal of grease), chlorine (for disinfection) and organic solvents (for
dissolving grease). Abrasives may be categorized as creams, liquids, pastes and powder, based on their
texture.

D. Degreasers
Degreasers dissolve proteins using strong alkalis. They are very corrosive that usually damage the surface.
Most of the time degreasers are composed of sodium metasilicate or caustic soda. Sodium hydroxide and
sodium metasilicate are examples of strong alkalis which play a primary role in removing solid grease.
Sodium carbonate not only provides a moderately high pH but also provides buffering to maintain pH levels
upon product dilution.
Alkalis ensure that pH is maintained at a suitably high-level during cleaning. Sodium bicarbonate (baking
soda) offers alkalinity at a slightly lower pH making it useful for buffering formulations and other uses that
requires mild pH. Silicates perform additional useful functions. They offer corrosion protection, mainly on
"white" metals like aluminum. Their other functions are for suspension of fine particles and reduction of the
redeposition of soil that has been removed from surfaces. Ammonia is commonly used as an alkali in floor
wax removers.

E. Acids
Acid is a compound that contains Hydrogen that can be replaced by a metal. It usually has a sour taste,
capable of neutralizing alkalis and it would turn a blue litmus paper into red when tested. Phosphoric acid, a
strong acid, is used for dissolving calcium and metal salts. It is also useful in tub, tile, sink and toilet bowl
cleaners while Hydrochloric acid is a strong acid used in some toilet bowl cleaners.

F. Organic Solvents
Solvents are specifically used to remove grease and clean without leaving a residue, particularly, window
cleaners and removal of finger marks on walls. The main ingredient of these solvents is water making it
remove grease easily and is compatible with water.
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 Tuguegarao Archdiocesan Schools System
LYCEUM OF TUAO
Centro 02, Tuao, Cagayan, 3528
Email address: lyceumoftuao1965@yahoo.com.ph
G. Disinfectants
Disinfectants or antimicrobial agents are used to destroy bacteria and viruses by interfering with their
metabolism or destroying their cell walls. Various chemicals make it possible to disinfect by alternating its
structures, including alcohol, sodium hypochlorite, iodine, pine oil, phenolics and quaternary ammonium
compounds.

Active Ingredients Found in Cleaning Chemicals

A. Ammonia is a naturally occurring, colorless and soluble alkali gas. It is commonly referred as “household
ammonia” in cleaning compounds. It is regularly found in window and glass cleaners, but mostly produced
to be a fertilizer. It is an irritant to the skin and eyes, and it may be dangerous when consumed.

B. Bleach or sodium hypochlorite is another alkali disinfectant. Bleach oxidizes or breaks down the
molecular bonds of stains and germs. Bleach is commonly packages in the bottle as a 5 percent solution.
When bleach is mixed with acids it forms toxic chlorine gas such as bowl cleaners.

C. D-Limonene extracted from citrus rind is a neutral compound. The straight d-limonene are used as a
solvent while d-limonene combined with a surfactant can be used as a rinse able cleaning solution.
Surfactants are compounds that lower the surface tension of water, making the molecules less likely stick
with each other and interact more with oil and grease.

D. Enzymes and bacteria are used commonly for removal of degreasers and stains and cleaning of drains.
These live organisms consume organic materials, for the purpose of blockage, stain or odor removal.

E. Hydrogen peroxide being an acidic disinfectant, is commonly used in a 3 percent solution as a skin
antiseptic. It also works as an oxidizer. It can also be used for whitening of paper pulp and treating drinking
water. Most of the time it is combined with other disinfectants for greater efficacy.

F. Phenol is a manufactured substance used in disinfectants and resins; it has many forms and goes in
many names. For example, Nonyl phenol ethoxylate is regularly found in detergents. Skin exposure to large
amounts of phenol can cause damage in liver, diarrhea, dark urine and hemolytic anemia.

Hazardous Ingredients in Household Cleaning Agents

A. Carcinogens
Carcinogens cause cancer and/or promote cancer’s growth.

B. Endocrine disruptors
Endocrine disruptors mimic human hormones, confusing the body with false signals. Exposure to endocrine
disruptors can lead to several health concerns including reproductive, developmental, growth and behavior
complications. It has been linked to reduced fertility, premature puberty, miscarriage, menstrual problems,
challenged immune systems, abnormal prostate size, ADHD, non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma and certain
cancers.

C. Neurotoxins
Neurotoxins alter neurons, affecting brain activity, causing a range of problems from headaches to loss of
intellect.

Chemicals to Avoid
A. Pesticides
Pesticides are fat-soluble, making them difficult to eliminate from the body once ingested. It often contains
carcinogens and endocrine disruptors.

B. APEs
APEs are surfactants, meaning they lower the surface tension of liquids and help cleaning solutions spread
more easily over the surface to be cleaned and penetrate solids. APEs are endocrine disruptors.

4|PHYSICAL SCIENCE
 Tuguegarao Archdiocesan Schools System
LYCEUM OF TUAO
Centro 02, Tuao, Cagayan, 3528
Email address: lyceumoftuao1965@yahoo.com.ph

C. Formaldehyde
Formaldehyde is commonly known as preservative. It is also a germicide, bactericide and fungicide. It can
be found in household cleaners and disinfectants. Formaldehyde is a carcinogen.

D. Organochlorine
Organochlorine results from the combination of hydrogen and carbon. DDT is one of the most lethal type of
organochlorines. OCs are present in pesticides, detergents, degreasers and bleaches. It is a carcinogen
and endocrine disruptor.

E. Styrene
Styrene is a naturally occurring substance derived from the styrax tree. It is commonly used in the
manufacture of numerous plastics including plastic food wrap, insulated cups ad PVC piping. It is also
found in floor waxes and polishes and metal cleaners. Styrene is a known carcinogen as well as endocrine
disruptor. It may cause damage to the central nervous system, liver and reproductive system when
exposed.

F. Phthalates
Phthalates are most commonly used in the manufactures of plastics. It can also be found in household
cleaners and detergents. These chemicals are classified as inert and as such no product-labeling
requirements exist for phthalates. They are endocrine disruptor and suspected carcinogen. Phthalates are
known to cause hormonal abnormalities, thyroid disorders, birth defects and reproductive problems.

Activity 2 True or False

Write the word TRUE if the statement is correct and FALSE if the statement is wrong. If the statement is
wrong, write the correct answer, beside the word FALSE.
_____________ 1. Straight d-limonene can be used as a solute.
_____________ 2. Carcinogens promote cancer’s growth.
_____________ 3. Bacteria consumes organic matter to remove the stain or odor.
_____________ 4. Neurotoxins alter neurons, causing problems such as toothache.
_____________ 5. Endocrine confuses the body with false signals.

LESSON 3 USES OF THE OTHER INGREDIENTS IN CLEANING AGENTS

Role of Other Ingredients
Commercial cleaning products contain other substances. These substances contribute to the effectiveness
of the cleaning agent and provide special functions. Some of them are:

A. Antimicrobial agents
Antimicrobial agents also called disinfectants or sanitizers are chemicals that kill microorganisms or prevent
their growth. They clean the materials to prevent of diseases brought by bacteria, viruses, and fungi; and
reduce the odor-causing microorganism.

B. Bleach activators
These are substances needed for low temperature washes and achieve the full activity of bleaching in the
wash liquor.

C. Bulking agent
This substance is added to increase the volume of a product through dilution, so that it can be applied at
the correct concentration. Bulking agents are also used for food applications such as beverages, they can
add texture without making a change on the properties of the final product.

D. Colorant

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 Tuguegarao Archdiocesan Schools System
LYCEUM OF TUAO
Centro 02, Tuao, Cagayan, 3528
Email address: lyceumoftuao1965@yahoo.com.ph
This substance contains a blue dye or pigment that provides bluing effect when added to laundry products.
It is a substance that is added or applied in order to change the color of material or surface. Most of the
time, colorants are used in industries like paints, clothes, plastics, prints and photographs.

E. Enzymes
Enzymes can also be used in food industry to enhance flavor, help digestion and improve the nutritional
values of the food. In textile industry, enzymes are used for treating fibers and textiles. In cosmetics,
enzymes
are used to improve the quality of the personal care products. It is also used in paper refining bleaching
making the paper sheet produced stronger, thicker and softer. Hence, enzymes are biocatalyst that can be
used in many applications, making the processes cheaper and more environmental-friendly.

F. Flavors and Sweeteners

Substances that make commercial cleaning products appealing to the consumers. These substances
provide sweet taste but has no calories of carbohydrates. It is commonly used as sugar-substitute. Most
toothpaste have flavors and sweet tastes.

G. Fragrances
These are substances used to mask the odor of ingredients and packaging of the cleaning agent. They
provide pleasant odor to fabrics and skin and gives special identify to a product.

H. Optical Brighteners
These are fluorescent dyes. They absorb ultraviolet rays in sunlight and transmit them as blue light. This
blue light masks the yellowish color of the clothes and increases the amount of visible light reaching the
eye, giving the white garment a whiter appearance.

I. Preservatives
Substances that prevent product spoilage during storage. They are required in laundry liquids. The
surfactants and enzymes in detergents and other cleaning agents are biodegradable and can be attacked
by bacteria, which causes the product spoilage.

ACTIVITY 3
A. Fill Me In

Read the question and fill in letters to complete the word and get the correct answer!
1. I provide color to different products. Making the things you like colorful!
__L__A_T
2. I prevent spoilage on the products. Keeping it fresh as it could be!
_R__E__AT_V__
3. I am used to add volume for the products without changing the quality of it!
_U_K__G_G_N_
4. I protect you from bacteria and virus that can cause sickness. I am a bacteria killer!
A__I_I_R__IA__G_N_S
5. Can you smell it? That’s me! I make the soap you like smells good!
_R__R_N__ES

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