Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Reversible Reactions ANS-converted1
Reversible Reactions ANS-converted1
Reversible Reactions ANS-converted1
oxygen.
4HCl(g) + O2(g) 2H2O(g) + 2Cl2(g) ∆H is negative
A mixture in dynamic equilibrium is present at 450 oC.
Which change to the mixture will increase the amount of chlorine at equilibrium?
[ANS]
A adding a catalyst
B .. adding more HCl(g)
C decreasing the pressure
D increasing the temperature
2 Nitrogen dioxide, NO2, is a dark brown gas that decomposes as shown by the equilibrium
equation.
2NO2(g) 2NO(g) + O2(g)
dark brown colourless
The diagram shows a glass flask containing a mixture of the three gases.
The mixture is pale brown.
Q1 W1821 8(f) Adding dilute acid to yellow CrO4 2–(aq) forms orange Cr2O7 2–(aq). The ionic
equation for this reaction is shown.
yellow orange
(i) Describe and explain what you would observe when a few drops of concentrated aqueous
sodium hydroxide are added to the orange solution.
yellow/equilibrium will shift to left (when we add something in right it will shift at left)/OH-
ions react with h+
ions....................................................................................................................................
(ii) Suggest why a change in pressure has no effect on the reaction shown. ..
ANS:there is no gas in the reaction
:...................................................................................................................[1]
Q2. W1722
B6 At high temperatures, hydrogen reacts with iodine to form hydrogen iodide.
(a) Describe and explain the effect, if any, on the position of equilibrium when
(i) the pressure is increased,
......................................................................................................................................ANS... no
effect because moles are
same...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[2]
(ii) the temperature is decreased.
..................................................................................................................................equilirim will
shift to left /goes in direction of exothermic(increase in temp effects the endothermiic side and
decrease in temp effects the exothermic).........
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[2]
Q3 w1721 B6 Ethanoic acid is a weak acid. (a) What is meant by the term weak acid?
ANS)it is partially ionised
.................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[1] (b)
Ethanoic acid reacts with ethanol to form ethyl ethanoate. The reaction is exothermic.
(i) Describe how the composition of this equilibrium mixture changes with temperature.
..ANS)increasing temo increase increase the percentage of
PCL3%........................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................[1]
(ii) Explain what this tells you about the energy change in this reaction.
.....reaction is endothermic(inrease in temp effect endothermic)
.....................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................[1]
The table below shows how the percentage yield of ammonia at equilibrium varies
with both temperature and pressure.
(a) Describe how, and explain why, the percentage yield of ammonia at
equilibrium changes with temperature.
..ANS)decreases with increase in temperature reaction is exothermic
...............................................................................................................................[2]
(b) Describe how, and explain why, the percentage yield of ammonia at
equilibrium changes with pressure.
..ANS)increasing pressure causes reaction to go in direction of decreasing number
of mole
[2]
(c) Explain why the conditions for the synthesis of ammonia in most chemical
plants are between 350–450 °C and 200–300 atmospheres pressure.
low(er) temperature makes reaction rate too slow.
low(er) pressure gives poor yield
2]
(d) Explain how using a catalyst in the Haber process has an economic advantage.
.....speeds up the reaction
................................................................................................................................
...lowers energy costs
..................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................... [2]
(e) Ammonia is used to make fertilisers such as ammonium phosphate,
(NH4)3PO4.
Calculate the percentage by mass of nitrogen in ammonium phosphate.
[2]
[Total: 10]
Q5 [w2000 B11]
Ammonia is manufactured in the Haber Process.
The following graph shows the amount of ammonia present in the equilibrium
mixture under different conditions of temperature and pressure.
(a) Use the graph to deduce the effect of increasing the pressure on the
percentage of ammonia in the equilibrium mixture.
[1]
Increasing pressure decrease percentage.
(b) An industrial process uses conditions of 450 oC and 200 atm.
i) Use the graph to find the percentage of ammonia in the equilibrium
mixture.
28%
ii) Suggest one advantage and one disadvantage of using 450 oC rather
than 350 oC as the working temperature.
[3]
higher temp gave faster rate.
higher temp decrease concentration
(c) A catalyst is used in the Haber Process. Give one other industrial
process which uses a catalyst, and name the catalyst. Explain why expensive
metals are economical to use as catalyst.[3]
Making ammonia
CATALYST:Iron
They can speed up the chemical process more easily.
(d) A student has three test-tubes of gas. One tube contains ammonia, one
contains hydrogen and one contains nitrogen. Describe tests the student could do
to identify the three gases.[3]
Hydrogen.A lighted wooden splint makes a popping sound
Ammonia.have sharp smell.It also make a damp red litmus paper turn blue.
Nitrogen;The extract is boiled with FeSO4 and icidified with concentrated
H2SO4.The appearence of prussian blue color indicates the presence of nitrogen
(c) A farmer spreads a fertiliser containing ammonium nitrate onto his land.
The farmer then spreads calcium hydroxide on his land to reduce its acidity.
Write an equation for the reaction between ammonium nitrate and calcium
hydroxide.
Use this equation to explain why the nitrogen content of the fertiliser will be
lowered. [2]
Ca(OH)2 + 2NH4NO3 → Ca(NO3)2 + 2 H2O + 2 NH3
ammonia lost as a gas