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Solution Manual of
Probability Statistics for
Engineers and Scientists
9th Edition
Solucionario de Probabilidad y Estadistica Para Ingenierias y
Ciencias Walpole 9 edición

L. Rocha García

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Summary

PAPER RELATED

Original PDF Summary

30 Chapter 3 Random Variables and Probability Distributions

6/7

5/7
)
x
(
F
4/7

3/7
2/7

1/7

0 1 2
x

3.17 (a) Area =

! ! # #
3
1 (1/2) dx = x 3
2 1 = 1.
2.5 x 2.5 1
(b) P (2 < X < 2.5) 2 (1/2) dx = 2 2 = 4.
1.6 x 1.6
(c) P (X 1.6) = 1 (1/2) dx = 2 1
= 0.3.
≤ !! # # ## 4 2(1+x) (1+x)2
4
3.18 (a) P (X < 4) = 2 27 dx = 27 = 16/27.
2

(b) P (3 ≤ !
X < 4) =
## 3
4 2(1+x)
27 dx = (1+x)2
27
4

3
= 1/3.

3.19 For 1 ≤ !
x < 3, F (x) =
x
1 (1/2) dt = x 1
2 ,
−
 ! #
≤
3.19 For 1 x < 3, F (x) = − ,
1 (1/2) dt = 2
Hence, $ 0, x<1
F (x) = x 1 −
2 , ≤
1 x<3
%&' 1, x ≥3
P (2 < X < 2.5) = F (2.5) − F (2) = 1.52 − 1
2 = 14 .

3.20 F (x) = 2
27
!x
2 (1 + t) dt = 2
27
( )##2
t + t2
x

2
= (x+4)(x
27
2)
, −
P (3 ≤ X < 4) = F (4) − F (3) = (8)(2) (7)(1) 1

3.21 (a) 1 = k
!√
0
1
x dx = 2k 3/2
3x
#√ −
1
0
27

= 2k
27 = 3

3
3 . Therefore, k = 2 .
.

x x
(b) For 0 ≤ x < 1, F (x) = 32 0 t dt = t3/2 0 = x 3/2 .
Hence, ! $%&# 0, x<0
F (x) =
≤ x3/2 , 0 x < 1
%'
≥ 1, x 1

P (0.3 < X < 0.6) = F (0.6) − F (0.3) = (0.6)3/2 − (0.3)3/2 = 0.3004.

3.22 Denote by X the number of spades int he three draws. Let S and N stand for a spade and
not a spade, respectively. Then
P (X = 0) = P (NN N ) = (39/52)(38/51)(37/50) = 703/1700,
P (X = 1) = P (SN N ) + P (NSN ) + P (N NS ) = 3(13/52)(39/51)(38/50) = 741/1700,
P (X = 3) = P (SSS ) = (13/52)(12/51)(11/50) = 11/850, and
− −
P (X = 2) = 1 703/1700 741/1700 11/850 = 117/850. −
The probability mass function for X is then

Copyright c 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall.

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Solutions for Exercises in Chapter 3 31

x 0 1 2 3
f (x) 703/1700 741/1700 117/850 11/850

3.23 The c.d.f. of X is

$%% 0, − for w < 3,
& − ≤ −
1/27, for 3 w < 1,
F (x) = − ≤
7/27, for 1 w < 1,
≤
19/27, for 1 w < 3,

1, for w ≥ 3,
%'
(a) P (W > 0) = 1 − P (W ≤ 0) = 1 − 7/27 = 20/27.
(b) P (−1 ≤ W < 3) = F (2) − F (−3) = 19/27 − 1/27 = 2/3.

3.24 There are 10

*+
4 ways of selecting any 4 CDs from 10. We can select x jazz CDs from 5 and
* +* +
4 x from the remaining CDs in x5 4−5 x ways. Hence
−
5 5
x 4 x− ,
f (x) = 10 x = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4.
4
* +** + +
3.25 Let T be the total value of the three coins. Let D and N stand for a dime and nickel,
respectively. Since we are selecting without replacement, the sample space containing elements
for which t = 20, 25, and 30 cents corresponding to the selecting of 2 nickels and 1 dime, 1
(2)(4)
nickel and 2 dimes, and 3 dimes. Therefore, P (T = 20) = 2 6 1 = 15 ,
() 3
(21)(42)
P (T = 25) = = 35 ,
(63)
(43)
P (T = 30) = 6 = 15 ,
() 3
and the probability distribution in tabular form is

t 20 25 30
P (T = t) 1/5 3/5 1/5

As a probability histogram

3/5

2/5
)
x
(
f

1/5

20 25 30
x

Copyright c 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall.

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32 Chapter 3 Random Variables and Probability Distributions

3.26 Denote by X the number of green balls in the three draws. Let G and B stand for the colors
of green and black, respectively.

Simple Event x P (X = x)
3
BBB 0 (2/3) = 8/27
GBB 1 (1/3)(2/3)2 = 4/27
BGB 1 (1/3)(2/3)2 = 4/27
BBG 1 (1/3)(2/3)2 = 4/27
BGG 2 (1/3)2 (2/3) = 2/27
GBG 2 (1/3)2 (2/3) = 2/27
GGB 2 (1/3)2 (2/3) = 2/27
GGG 3 (1/3)3 = 1/27

The probability mass function for X is then

x 0 1 2 3
 x 0 1 2 3
P (X = x) 8/27 4/9 2/9 1/27

≥ 1
3.27 (a) For x 0, F (x) = 0 2000
!
exp( t/2000) dt =
x
− − exp(−t/2000)|x0
−
= 1 exp( x/2000). So −
F (x) =
, 0, x < 0,
− − ≥ 1 exp( x/2000), x 0.

(b) P (X > 1000) = 1 − F (1000) = 1 − [1 − exp(−1000/2000)] = 0.6065.

(c) P (X < 2000) = F (2000) = 1 − exp(−2000/2000) = 0.6321.

3.28
26.25 !! 26.25
(a) f (x) ≥ 0 and 23.75 25 dx = 25 t 23.75 = 2.5
2.5 = 1.
#
24 2 2
(b) P (X < 24) = 23.75 5 dx = 5 (24 − 23.75) = 0.1.
26.25 !
(c) P (X > 26) = 26 25 dx = 25 (26.25 − 26) = 0.1. It is not extremely rare.
∞ ∞ − 3
3.29 (a) f (x) ≥ 0 and 1 3x−4 dx = −3 x 3 = 1. So, this is a density function.
1
x −4
! ! #,
(b) For x ≥ 1, F (x) = 1 3t dt = 1 − x−3 . So,

0, x < 1,
F (x) =
≥ 1 x−3 ,
− x 1.

(c) P (X > 4) = 1 − F (4) = 4−3 = 0.0156.

3.30 (a) 1 = k
1
( )#
2 x
1
16 3
−1(3 − x ) dx = k 3x − 3 −1 = 3 k. So, k = 16 .
3

x x 3

−!* ≤ + ! − # * − +##
(b) For 1 x < 1, F (x) = 16
3 − 1 (3 t2 ) dt = 3t 3 t3
1 −1 = 12 + 9 x
16 − x16 .
− * +* + − * +
So, P X < 12 = 12 9
16
1
2
1
16
1 3
2
99
= 128 .
| |* −+ * +−
(c) P ( X < 0.8) = P (X < 0.8) + P (X > 0.8) = F ( 0.8) + 1 − F (0.8)
= 1 + 12 169
− 1
0.8 + 16 0.83
− 1
−9
2 + 16 0.8
1
16 0.8
3 = 0.164.

Copyright c 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall.

&

Solutions for Exercises in Chapter 3 33

3.31 (a) For y ≥

0, F (y) = 1
4
! 0
y
e−t/4 dy = 1 − ey/4 . So, P (Y > 6) = e−6/4 = 0.2231. This
probability certainly cannot be considered as “unlikely.”
(b) P (Y ≤ 1) = 1 − e−1/4 = 0.2212, which is not so small either.
3.32
1 ! 1
(a) f (y) ≥ 0 and 0 5(1 − y)4 dy = − (1 − y)5 0 = 1. So, this is a density function.
# #
0.1
(b) P (Y < 0.1) = − (1 − y)5 0 = 1 − (1 − 0.1)5 = 0.4095.
(c) P (Y > 0.5) = (1 − 0.5)5 = 0.03125.
1 4 3
3.33 (a) Using integral by parts and setting 1 = k 0 y (1 y) dy, we obtain k = 280.
(b) For 0 y < 1, F (y) = 56y5 (1 Y )3 + 28y 6 (1 y)2 + 8y7 (1 y) + y8 . So, P (Y
≤ − ! − − − ≤ 0.5) =
0.3633.
(c) Using the cdf in (b), P (Y > 0.8) = 0.0563.

3.34 (a) The event Y = y means that among 5 selected, exactly y tubes meet the specification
(M ) and 5 y (M ′ ) does not. The probability for one combination of such a situation is
−
(0.99)y (1 0.99)5−y if we assume independence among the tubes. Since there are y!(55!−y)!
−
permutations of getting y M s and 5 y M ′ s, the probability of this event (Y = y) would
−
be what it is specified in the problem.
(b) Three out of 5 is outside of specification means that Y = 2. P (Y = 2) = 9.8 × 10−6
which is extremely small. So, the conjecture is false.

3.35 (a) P (X > 8) = 1 − P (X ≤ 8) = - 8 x

e−6 6x! = e −6
( 60
0! + 61
1! + · · · + 68! 8
) = 0.1528.
x=0
2
(b) P (X = 2) = e −6 62! = 0.0446.

3.36 For 0 < x < 1, F (x) = 2

! x
0 (1 − t) dt = − (1 − t)2 x0 = 1 − (1 − x)2. #
(a) P (X 1/3) = 1 (1 1/3)2 = 5/9.
≤
(b) P (X > 0.5) = (1
−− 1/2)
− 2 = 1/4. # 2 2
(c) P (X < 0.75 | X ≥ 0.5) = P (0.5≤X<0.75) = (1−0.5) −(1−0.75)
P (X ≥0.5) (1−0.5) 2 = 34 .

3.37 (a)
--
3

x=0 y=0
3
f (x, y) = c
-- 3

x=0 y=0
3
xy = 36c = 1. Hence c = 1/36.

(b)
--
x y
f (x, y) = c
--| − |
x y
x y = 15c = 1. Hence c = 1/15.

3.38 The joint probability distribution of (X, Y ) is

x
f (x, y) 0 1 2 3
0 0 1/30 2/30 3/30
y 1 1/30 2/30 3/30 4/30
2 2/30 3/30 4/30 5/30

(a) P (X ≤ 2, Y = 1) = f (0, 1) + f (1, 1) + f (2, 1) = 1/30 + 2/30 + 3/30 = 1/5.

(b) P (X > 2, Y ≤ 1) = f (3, 0) + f (3, 1) = 3/30 + 4/30 = 7/30.
Copyright &c 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall.

34 Chapter 3 Random Variables and Probability Distributions

(c) P (X > Y ) = f (1, 0) + f (2, 0) + f (3, 0) + f (2, 1) + f (3, 1) + f (3, 2)

= 1/30 + 2/30 + 3/30 + 3/30 + 4/30 + 5/30 = 3/5.

(d) P (X + Y = 4) = f (2, 2) + f (3, 1) = 4/30 + 4/30 = 4/15.

3.39 (a) We can select x oranges from 3, y apples from 2, and 4 x y bananas from 3 in
3 2* +* +* +
3 8
− − *+
x y 4−x−y ways. A random selection of 4 pieces of fruit can be made in 4 ways.
Therefore,

f (x, y) =
* +* +** + +
3
x
2
y
3
4 x y
−− , x = 0, 1, 2, 3; y = 0, 1, 2; 1 ≤ x + y ≤ 4.
8
4
 * +* +** + +
4

∈
(b) P [(X, Y ) A] = P (X + Y ≤
2) = f (1, 0) + f (2, 0) + f (0, 1) + f (1, 1) + f (0, 2)
= 3/70 + 9/70 + 2/70 + 18/70 + 3/70 = 1/2.
2 1!! 2
3.40 (a) g(x) = 3 0 (x + 2y) dy = 3 (x + 1), for 0 ≤ x ≤ 1.
2 1 1
(b) h(y) = 3 0 (x + 2y) dx = 3 (1 + 4y), for 0 ≤ y ≤ 1.
(c) P (X
! 1/2
< 1/2) = 23 0 (x + 1) dx = 12 5
.

3.41 (a) P (X + Y
!≤ ! !
1/2) = 0
1/2 1/2 y
0 24xy dx
− dy = 12
! *−+
0
1/2 1
2 y
2
y dy = 1
16 .
1 x −
(b) g(x) = 0 24xy dy = 12x(1 x)2 , for − ≤ x < 1.
0
24xy
(c) |
f (y x) = 12x(1 x)2
= (1 2yx)2 , for 0 y
− − ≤ ≤ 1 − x.
1/8
Therefore, P (Y < 1/8 X = 3/4) = 32 0 y dy = 1/4.
∞ ! |! !
3.42 Since h(y) = e −y 0 e−x dx = e −y , for y > 0, then f (x y) = f (x, y)/h(y) = e −x , for x > 0.
1
|
So, P (0 < X < 1 Y = 2) = 0 e−x dx = 0.6321.
|
3.43 (a) P (0 ≤ X ≤ 1/2, 1/4 ≤ Y ≤ 1/2) = ! !
0
1/2 1/2
1/4
4xy dy dx = 3/8
! 1/2
0 x dx = 3/64.
(b) P (X < Y ) =
!!
1 y
0 0 4xy dx dy = 2
! 0
1 3
y dy = 1/2.
50 50 2 50 2 50 2 392k
3.44 (a) 1 = k 30 30 (x + y 2 ) dx dy = k(50 − 30) 30 x dx + 30 y dy = 3 · 104. So,
3 4
k= 392!· !10− . (! ! ))
(b) P (30 ≤ ≤! ≤Y ≤
X 40, 40
! − 3
50) = 392· ! !( 40 50
10 4 30 40 (x2 + y 2 ) dy dx
= · 10−3( 3040 x2 dx +
3 50 2
−
y dy) =− 3
·10 3 403 303 + 503 403
− = 49
392 40 392 3 3 196 .

(c) P (30 ≤ X ≤ 40, 30 ≤ Y ≤ 40) = 392

! 3 40 40
· ! !
10−4 30 30 (x2 + y 2 ) dx dy
3 3
3
= 2 392 · 10−4(40 − 30) 3040 x2 dx = 1963 10−3 40 −3 30 = 196
· 37
.

3.45 P (X + Y > 1/2) = 1 − P (X + Y < 1/2) = 1 0

1/4 1/2−x 1
x −! !
y dy dx
1/4 1/4
=1− 0 ln 12 − x − ln x dx = 1 + 12 x ln 12 x − − −
x ln x 0
= 1 + 14 ln 14 = 0.6534.
! *. + * + / .* + * + /##
3.46 (a) From the column totals of Exercise 3.38, we have
x 0 1 2 3
g(x) 1/10 1/5 3/10 2/5

Copyright c 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall.

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