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Application Research Based on Artificial Neural Network (ANN) to Predict No-Load

Loss for Transformer's Design

Article · June 2011

DOI: 10.1109/CSNT.2011.45

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 2011 International Conference on Communication Systems and Network Technologies
Application Research Based on Artificial Neural Network(ANN) to predict No Load
Loss for Transformer’s Design
Amit Kr. Yadav,Abdul Azeem,Akhilesh Singh,
Hasmat Malik
Electrical Engineering Department
National Institute Of Technology
Hamirpur, H.P. India
e-mail: amit1986.529@rediffmail.com
Abstract—Transformer is one of the vital components in
electrical network which play important role in the power
system. The continuous performance of transformers is
necessary for retaining the network reliability, forecasting its
costs for manufacturer and industrial companies. The major
amounts of transformer costs are related to its no-load loss, so
the cost estimation processes of transformers are based on
reduction of no-load loss.
This paper presents a new method for classification of
transformer no-load losses. It is shown that ANNs are very
suitable for this application since they present classification
success rates between 78% and 96% for all the situations
examined. The method is based on Multilayer Perceptron
Neural Network (MPNN) with sigmoid transfer function. The
Levenberg-Marquard (LM) algorithm is used to adjust the
parameters of MPNN. The required training data are obtained
from transformer company.
Keywords-Artificial Neural Network (ANN),Levenberg
Marquard(LM)algorithm, estimating no-load loss,
design,powersystem, transformer.
I. INTRODUCTION
Construction of transformers of high quality at minimum
possible cost has been a crucial for any transformer
manufacturing industry facing market competition. A
critical measure of transformer quality is transformer no-
load loss. The less the transformer no-load loss, the higher
the transformer quality and efficiency [2]. The transformer
designer can reduce no-load loss by using lower loss core
materials or reducing core flux density or flux path length.
Electric utilities use more generating capacity to produce
additional electrical energy to compensate for transformer
energy losses. The production of this additional electrical
energy increases electrical energy cost as well as
greenhouse gas emissions. Although transformers inherently
have high energy transfer efficiencies, the accumulated
transformer energy losses in an electric utility distribution
network are high since a large number of transformers are
installed. In addition, transformer no-load loss appears 24
hours per day, every day, for a continuously energized
transformer. Thus, it is in general preferable to design a
transformer for minimum no-load loss. Transformer actual
(measured) no-load loss deviates from designed no-load loss
978-0-7695-4437-3/11 $26.00 © 2011 IEEE
DOI 10.1109/CSNT.2011.45
O.P.Rahi
Assistant Professor, Electrical Engineering Department
National Institute Of Technology
Hamirpur, H.P. India
e-mail: oprahi2k@gmail.com
due to variability in the production process. Reduction of
transformer actual no-load loss is a very important task for
any manufacturing industry, since (1) it helps the
manufacturer not to pay no-load loss penalties, and (2) it
reduces the material cost (since a smaller no-load loss
design margin is used)[1].
Artificial Neural Network is one of methods that mostly
have been used in the recent years, in this field. Transformer
insulation aging diagnoses, the time left from the life of
transformers oil, transformers protection and selection of
winding material in order to reduce the cost, are few topics
that have been performed [4-8].
In this paper Artificial Neural Network based method have
been used to estimate no load losses during design
phase.ANN are used to predict no-load losses as a function
of core design parameters.
In following artificial neural networks with Levenberg-
Marquard back propagation algorithm have been used to
estimate no-load losses of transformers. The extracted data
from transformer manufacturing company has been used to
train the ANN and the best parameters for this network have
been presented graphically. Finally result given by trained
neural network have been compared with actual
manufactured transformer prove the accuracy of presented
method to estimate no-load losses as a function of core
design parameters
II. ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORK
Neural networks are a relatively new artificial intelligence
technique. In most cases an ANN is an adaptive system that
changes its structure based on external or internal
information that flows through the network during the
learning phase. The learning procedure tries is to find a set
of connections w that gives a mapping that fits the training
set well. Furthermore, neural networks can be viewed as
highly nonlinear functions with the basic the form
F ( x, w) = y
Where x is the input vector presented to the network, w are
the weights of the network, and y is the corresponding
output vector approximated or predicted by the network.
The weight vector w is commonly ordered first by layer,
then by neurons, and finally by the weights of each neuron
plus its bias. This view of network as an parameterized
180
function will be the basis for applying standard function
optimization methods to solve the problem of neural
network training.
A. ANN Structure
A neural network is determined by its architecture, training
method and exciting function. Its architecture determines
the pattern of connections among neurons. Network training
changes the values of weights and biases (network
parameters) in each step in order to minimize the mean
square of output error.
Multi-Layer Perceptron (MLP) has been used in load
forecasting, nonlinear control, system identification and
pattern recognition [9], thus in this paper multi-layer
perceptron network (with nine inputs, two outputs and a
hidden layer) with Levenberg-Marquardt training algorithm
have been used.
In general, on function approximation problems, for
network that contain up to a few hundred weights, the
Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm has the fastest
convergence. This advantage is especially noticeable if very
accurate training is required. In many cases, trainlm is used
to obtain lower mean square error than any other algorithms
tested. As the number of weights in the network increases,
the advantage of trainlm decreases. In addition trainlm
performance is relatively poor on pattern recognition
problems. The storage requirements of trainlm are larger
than the other algorithm tested.
Figure 1: Artificial Neural Network
B. Training of ANN
The major justification for the use of ANNs is their
ability to learn relationships in complex data sets that may
not be easily perceived by engineers. An ANN performs this
function as a result of training that is a process of repetitively
presenting a set of training data (typically a representative
subset of the complete set of data available) to the network
and adjusting the weights so that each input data set produces
the desired output.
Unsupervised and supervised learning process can be used
to adjust the weights in an ANN. Supervised learning
process requires both input/output pairs to train the network
181
but supervised learning process requires only input pairs to
train the network.Unsupervised learning can be
characterized as a fast, but potentially inaccurate, method of
adjusting the weights. On the other hand, supervised
learning typically requires longer learning times and can be
more accurate. There is no way to tell beforehand which
learning method will work best for a given application. For
this reason, we concentrate on the very popular supervised
learning approach based on the backpropagation training
algorithm, which has been shown to produce good results
for a large number of different problems.
The back propagation training algorithm is a method of
iteratively adjusting the neural network weights until the
desired accuracy level is achieved. It is based on a gradient-
search optimization method applied to an error function.
III. DESIGN OF WOUND CORE DISTRIBUTION
TRANSFORMER
In order to construct a three-phase wound core distribution
transformer, two small individual cores (width of core
window equal to F1) and two large individual cores (width
of core window equal to F2) should be assembled (Figure
2). In general, the width F2 is twice F1.
Figure 2: Assembled active part of wound core distribution transformer
The theoretical no-load losses, say W1 (in Watt), of the
small individual core, which are called theoretical single-
phase no-load losses, are given by:
W1 = WPK1 ∗ CTW1 (1)
Where WPK1 , are the theoretical individual core specific
no-load losses at the rated magnetic induction and CTW1 ,
is the theoretical weight of the small core as defined in [11].
The theoretical no-load losses, say W2 (in Watt), of the
large individual core are:
W2 = WPK1 ∗ CTW2 (2)
where CTW2 is the theoretical weight of the large core [11].
Consequently, the theoretical total no-load losses,
say W1tot , (in Watt), of the four individual cores are:
W1tot = 2 ∗ (W1 + W2 ) (3)
The theoretical no-load losses of the three-phase back propagation algorithm. The number of neurons in
transformer, TFLOSSES , which are also called theoretical hidden layer is twenty.
three-phase no-load losses, are: VI. RESULT AND DISCUSSION
TFLOSSES = WPK3 * CTW (4)
where WPK 3 are the theoretical transformer specific no-
load losses at the rated magnetic induction, and CTW is
the theoretical total weight of transformer.
IV. DATA BASE
The first step in the application of artificial intelligence to
the classification of individual core no-load losses is to
create a database with all the attributes (input parameters)
that affect the no-load losses of individual cores [12].
In the case of individual cores, nine attributes have been
selected and used as the input vector for the artificial
intelligence techniques. The selection of these attributes was
based on extensive research and transformer designer’s
experience. These attributes correspond to parameters that
actually affect the no-load losses of individual cores.
depicted in Table 1.1.
TABLE 1.1 ATTRIBUTES FOR THE CLASSIFICATION OF TRANSFORMER NO-
LOAD LOSSES Figure3: Mean Square Error
Symbol Attribute Name The performance curve is shown in Figure 2. In this figure
ATTR1 ASFLTF / DSFLTF mean squared error have become small by increasing the
ATTR2 A K g TF / D K g TF number of epoch. The test set error and the validation set
ATTR3 (WPK"11",mat,a +WPK"12",mat,a +WPK"13",mat,a +WPK"14",mat ,a ) / 4 error has similar characteristics and no significant over
ATTR4 Rated Magnetic Induction fitting has occurred by iteration 7(where best validation
ATTR5 Thickness of core leg performance has occurred).
ATTR6 Width of core leg
ATTR7 Height of core window
ATTR8 Width of core window
ATTR9 Transformer volt per turn

In Table1.1, the attribute ATTR1 represents the ratio of

actual ( A S F LT F ) to theoretical ( D S F L T F ) total no-load
losses of the four individual cores. The attribute ATTR2
represents the ratio of actual ( A K g T F ) to theoretical
( D K gTF ) total weight of the four individual cores. Finally,
the attribute ATTR3 represents the average specific no-load
losses of the magnetic material of the four individual cores
where ( W P K "1 1", m a t , a ) denotes the specific no-load losses
(W/kg) at 1500Gauss of the magnetic material of the
individual core that is placed at position “11” as shown in
figure 2.
V. SIMULATION
For network learning, some input vectors (P) and some Figure4: Prediction of transformer no-load loss during training analysis.
output vectors (T) are needed. By considering extracted data The output has tracked the targets very well for training, in
the belong type of 250kVA transformer from transformer estimation of transformer no-load loss. The value of
manufacturing during last 4 years, simulating has been regression is one which indicates a close correlation
performed. A two layer feed-forward network with sigmoid between outputs and targets.
hidden neurons and linear output neurons has been used.
The network has been trained with Levenberg-Marquard

182

Figure5: Regression plot of transformer no-load loss
The output tracks the targets very well for training, testing,
and validation, and the R-value is over 1 for the total
response.
Figure6:Function fit for transformer no-load loss prediction
For the transformer no-load loss prediction problem, the
network outputs have been match with the targets for all
data sets
. Heidelberg, 2006, pp. 465-468.
CONCLUSIONS
In this paper, the Artificial Neural Network is applied for
the classification of transformer no-load losses. The basic
steps in the application of the method, like the generation of
the knowledge base (training and testing sets), the selection
of candidate attributes and the derivation of the appropriate
neural network structures (number of neurons in the
ompetitive layer) are presented. The classification success
rate ranges between 78% and 96% for the two criteria used
and the various limits examined. It is shown that with the
183
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knowledge base used and for the selected In this paper, the
Artificial Neural Network is applied for the classification of
transformer no-load losses. The basic steps in the
application of the method, like the generation of the
knowledge base (training and testing sets), the selection of
candidate attributes and the derivation of the appropriate
neural network structures (number of neurons in the
competitive layer) are presented. It is shown that with the
knowledge base used and for the selected candidate attribute
sets, the Artificial Neural Network method is very suitable
for classification of no-load losses of wound core
distribution transformers.
VII. REFERENCES
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[2] M. Papadopoulos, Electric Energy Distribution Networks.
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[3] Pavlos S. Georgilakis, Marina A. Tsili and Athanassios T. Souflaris,
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