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‫‪Pre-stressed Concrete‬‬
‫‪Introduction:‬‬

‫ــﺔ اﻷﺣ ــﺎل اﻟ ﺟ ـ دة ﻋﻠ ﻬــﺎ ﯾ ﻌــرض ﺟــزء ﻣ ـ‬ ‫ـرة ﻧ‬ ‫• ﻓــﻲ ﺣــﺎل ﺗ ﻟــد ﻋــزوم )‪ (Moment‬ﻋﻠــﻰ‬
‫ﻗ ﺎع اﻟ ـرة إﻟــﻰ ﺿــﻐط )‪ (Compression‬واﻟ ــزء اﻵﺧــر إﻟــﻰ ﺷــد )‪ (tension‬ﻓــﺈذا ــﺎن اﻟﻘ ــﺎع ﻻ‬
‫ـ ﺣــدوث ﺷــروخ ــﻪ )‪ (Cracks‬وﻣ ــﺎﻧس )‪ (homogenous‬ـ ن ﻣ ـ ر اﻟ ـ ل أو اﻟ ﺎﺛــﻞ‬
‫دث ﻓﻲ ﻗ ﺎﻋﺎت اﻟـ‪.Steel‬‬ ‫ﺎﻣﺎ وذﻟ‬
‫ﻒ اﻟﻘ ﺎع ﺗ ً‬ ‫)‪ (Neutral axis‬ﻓﻲ ﻣ‬

‫ــدث ﺑﻬــﺎ ﺷــروخ )‪ (Cracks‬ﻓــﻲ ﺣــﺎل ﺗﻌرﺿــﻬﺎ ﻹﺟﻬــﺎدات ﺷــد‬ ‫• ﺑ ــﺎ ﻓــﻲ اﻟﻘ ﺎﻋــﺎت اﻟ رﺳــﺎﻧ ﺔ‬
‫ـ ل اﻟ رﺳــﺎﻧﺔ‬ ‫ــدث اﺗـزان )‪ (equilibrium‬ﯾ ـ‬ ‫)‪ (tension‬أﻋﻠﻰ ﻣ اﻟﻘ ــﺔ اﻟ ـ ﺣﺔ وﺣ ﻬــﺎ‬
‫ـ ﺢ اﻟ ــزء اﻟ ــؤﺛر ﻣﻌﺎ ـﺎ ﻣـ‬ ‫اﻟ ﻌــرض ﻟﻠ ــﻐط واﻟ دﯾــد اﻟ ﺟـ د ﻧﺎﺣ ــﺔ اﻟ ــد وﻓــﻲ ﺟ ــﻊ اﻷﺣـ ال‬
‫اﻟﻘ ــﺎع اﻟ رﺳــﺎﻧﻲ ﻻ ﯾ ﻌــد )‪ (%25-15‬ﻣـ اﻟﻘ ــﺎع ــﺎﻣﻼً واﻟ ــزء اﻟ ــﺎﻗﻲ ﻋــد اﻟﻔﺎﺋــدة ﺑــﻞ و ـ ﻞ‬
‫ـر ﻟ ــﻌ ﺔ اﻟ ﻔ ــذ ﺑدوﻧــﻪ وﺻــﻌ ﺔ ﻋ ــﻞ‬ ‫وزن زاﺋد ﻋﻠﻲ اﻟ ﺄ وﻟ ﯾ ﺗ ﻔ ذﻩ واﺳـ داﻣﻪ ﺿــرورة ﻧ ـ ًا‬
‫اﻟ زﺋ ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗ اﻓ ‪ Compatibility‬ﺑ‬

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‫ﺔ ﻟﻠ ﻼ ــﺎت ﺗ ـ دم ﻓﻘــط ﻣ ﻬــﺎ ﻧ ـ ﺔ )‪ (%25-15‬ﻣـ‬ ‫ـ‬ ‫• ﻟــذا ﻋﻠ ــﺎ أن ﻧــدرك أن اﻟﻘ ﺎﻋــﺎت اﻟ‬
‫أن ﺗ ﺎﻓئــﻪ ﺎﻟ دﯾــد اﻟ ﻠـ ب وﻫ ــﺎ ــﺄﺗﻲ اﻟ ــدﯾث‬ ‫اﻟﻘ ﺎع ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎل أردت اﺳ دام اﻟﻘ ﺎع ﺎﻟ ﺎﻣﻞ ﻋﻠ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ‪.Over Reinforcement Section‬‬
‫‪Strain for Concerts and Steel Material:‬‬
‫دث ﺑﻬﺎ اﻻﻧﻬ ﺎر ﺗ ﺎﻩ ﺗﻔرﻗﻊ ﻌ ﻲ )‪.(Sudden Failure‬‬ ‫• اﻟ رﺳﺎﻧﺔ‪ :‬ﻫﻲ ﻣﺎدة )‪ (brittle‬ﺟﺎﻓﺔ‬

‫دث ﺑﻬﺎ اﺳ ﺎﻟﺔ )‪.(elongation‬‬ ‫• اﻟ دﯾد‪ :‬ﻫ ﻣﺎدة )‪ (Ductile‬ﻟدﻧﺔ‬

‫ــد ‪ 20cm‬دون ﻣ ـ ﻠﺔ ﺑ ــﺎ اﻟ رﺳــﺎﻧﺔ‬ ‫ــﺢ أن اﻟ ــر ﺣدﯾــد ﻟــﻪ اﻟﻘــدرة أن‬ ‫• ﻣ ـ اﻟﻌﻼﻗــﺔ اﻟ ــﺎ ﻘﺔ ﯾ‬
‫ــر وﻫــذا ﻣﻌ ــﺎﻩ أن ﺗ ـ ن‬ ‫ــﺄ دون‬ ‫ــد اﻟ‬ ‫ر؛ ﻟذا ــﺎن أﺧــﻒ اﻟ ــرر أن‬ ‫إذا اﻣ دت ‪ 3mm‬ﺳ‬
‫ﻣ اﻟـ‪ Steel‬و ﺟد ‪ 3‬ﺣﺎﻻت ﻋ د دراﺳﺔ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ اﻟ رﺳﺎﻧﺔ واﻟ دﯾد‪.‬‬ ‫اﻟ رﺳﺎﻧﺔ أﻗ‬
‫‪Under Rei Section‬‬ ‫‪Balance section‬‬ ‫‪Over Rei. Section‬‬

‫رة‪.‬‬ ‫• اﻟ دﯾد‪ :‬ﻗﻠ ﻞ & اﻟ رﺳﺎﻧﺔ‪:‬‬ ‫• اﻟ دﯾد‪ :‬ﻣ ﺳط & اﻟ رﺳﺎﻧﺔ‪ :‬ﻣ ﺳ ﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ر & اﻟ رﺳﺎﻧﺔ‪ :‬ﺿﻌ ﻔﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫• اﻟ دﯾد‪:‬‬
‫دث اﻻﻧﻬ ﺎر أوﻻً ﻓـﻲ اﻟ دﯾـد و ﺎﻟ ـﺎﻟﻲ‬ ‫ـ ــﺔ اﻟ ـ ــﻲ •‬ ‫ـ ــدث اﻻﻧﻬ ـ ــﺎر ﻓـ ــﻲ ﻧﻔـ ــس اﻟﻠ‬ ‫ــدث اﻻﻧﻬ ــﺎر أوﻻً ﻓ ــﻲ اﻟ رﺳ ــﺎﻧﺔ ﺑ ــدون •‬ ‫•‬
‫ﻌ ـ ـ إﻧـ ــذارات ﻋ ـ ــﺎرة ﻋ ـ ـ ﺷـ ــروخ ﻓـ ــﻲ‬ ‫‪ Sudden‬ﺗ ﻬﺎر ﻓ ﻬﺎ اﻟ رﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟ ﻐط‪.‬‬ ‫إﻧ ـ ــذارات )اﻧﻬ ـ ــﺎر ﻣﻔ ـ ــﺎﺟﺊ(‬
‫اﻟ رﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﻧﺎﺣ ﺔ اﻟ د ‪Ductile failure‬‬ ‫‪Failure‬‬

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‫ﺢ اﻟﻘ ﺎع ‪:(unsafe‬‬ ‫ﻲ )ﺑدوﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﺟ ﻊ اﻟ دﯾد ﻓﻲ اﻟ ﺎﻻت اﻟ ﻼث ﻫ ﺣدﯾد ﺗ‬

‫ﺎﻹﺟﻬــﺎدات ‪ Stresses‬اﻟ ــؤﺛرة ﻋﻠــﻰ اﻟﻘ ــﺎع ﺳ ـ اء ﺎﻧــت‬ ‫ــﺢ أن اﻟﻌ ـرة ﻟ ـ س ــﺎﻟﻌزوم وﻟ ـ‬ ‫ﻫ ــﺎ ﯾ‬
‫ــث ﻻ ﺗ ﻌــد اﻟﻘـ اﻟ ـ ﺣﺔ‬ ‫إﺟﻬــﺎدات ﺿــﻐط أو ﺷــد ﻓــﺈذا اﺳـ ﻌ ﺎ اﻟ ﻐﻠــب ﻋﻠــﻰ ﻫــذﻩ اﻹﺟﻬــﺎدات‬
‫)اﻟ ﻲ ﺗﻘدر ﺗ ﻠﻬﺎ اﻟ رﺳﺎﻧﺔ( ﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺄﻣ وﻫ ﺎ ﺗﺄﺗﻲ ﻓ رة اﻟ ـ‬

‫اﻟ رﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﺳﺎ ﻘﺔ اﻹﺟﻬﺎد ‪Pre-stressed concrete:‬‬

‫ﻠﻬــﺎ اﻟ رﺳــﺎﻧﺔ وإﺟﻬــﺎدات ﺷــد‬ ‫ﻣﻌرﺿــﺔ داﺋ ً ــﺎ ﻟ ـ إﺟﻬــﺎدات ﺿــﻐط ﺗ‬
‫• وﻫﻲ ﺟﻌﻞ اﻟﻘ ﺎﻋﺎت اﻟ رﺳﺎﻧ ﺔ ﱠ‬
‫ﻻ ﺗز ــد ﻋـ ـ اﻟ ـ ـ ح وذﻟـ ـ ﻋـ ـ ر ـ ـ ﺗ ﻟ ــد ﻗـ ـ ﺿ ــﻐط )‪ (P‬ﺗ ــؤﺛر ﻋﻠ ــﻰ اﻟﻘ ﺎﻋ ــﺎت اﻟ رﺳ ــﺎﻧ ﺔ‬
‫ﺎﻹﺿــﺎﻓﺔ إﻟــﻰ اﻟﻌــزوم اﻟ ﺟـ دة ﻣ ـ ﻘًﺎ ﻧ ــﺔ اﻷﺣ ــﺎل اﻟ ﺟـ دة ‪ Dead+live‬ﻓﻌ ــد إﺟﻬــﺎدات ﺿــﻐط‬
‫ﺟدﯾ ــدة ﺗ ــﺎف إﻟ ــﻰ اﻹﺟﻬ ــﺎدات اﻷﺻ ــﻠ ﺔ اﻟﻘد ــﺔ و ـ ـ ﺟ ﻌﻬـ ـ ﺳـ ـ ًﺎ ﺛـ ـ ﻣﻘﺎرﻧـ ـﺔ اﻹﺟﻬ ــﺎدات اﻟ ﻬﺎﺋ ــﺔ‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫دم ﻓﻲ اﻟ‬ ‫ﻘًﺎ ﻟﻠ د اﻟ‬ ‫ﺣﺔ‬ ‫ﺎﻹﺟﻬﺎدات اﻟ‬

‫اﻟ ــﻐط ﻫـ ـ ﻣ ــﺎر اﻟﻌ ــزوم‬ ‫اﻟ دﯾ ــدة ﻗ ـ‬ ‫• و ﻌــد د ارﺳ ــﺎت ﻋدﯾ ــدة وﺟ ــد أن أﻓ ــﻞ ﻣ ــﺎر ﻟﻬ ــذﻩ اﻟﻘـ ـ‬
‫اﻷﺻــﻠﻲ )ﻷﻧــﻪ ﻓــﻲ ﺣــﺎل ﺗ ﻟــد إﺟﻬــﺎدات ﺿــﻐط ﻓــﻲ ﻣ ــﺎر اﻟﻌــزوم ﻓﺈﻧﻬــﺎ ﺗﻼﺷــﻲ إﺟﻬــﺎدات اﻟ ــد اﻟﻘد ــﺔ‬
‫ﺔ(‪.‬‬ ‫ل إﻟﻰ ﺿﻐط ﺎﻣﻞ اﻟﻘ ﺎع أو ﻗ ﺷد‬ ‫وﺗ‬

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 

 






  

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 

 



  

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 




 

 

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Classification of prestressed concrete :-

1-Pretensioned Concrete:

Figure below Illustrates the procedure for pre-tensioning a concrete

member. Such a procedure can be summarized as follows:

1. The prestressing tendons are initially tensioned between fixed

rigid walls and anchored.

2. With the formwork in place, the concrete is cast around the

stressed steel tendons and cured.

3. When the concrete has reached its required strength, the wires
are cut (or released from the rigid walls).

4. As the tendons attempt to contract, the concrete is

compressed. Prestressing force is transmitted through bond
between the steel and the concrete.

Pre-tensioned concrete members are often precast in pre-tensioning

yards that are usually long enough to accommodate many identical
units simultaneously.

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2-Post-tensioned Concrete:
The procedure for post-tensioning a concrete member is shown in Fig.

1. With the formwork in position, the concrete is cast around the hollow
ducts, which are fixed to any desired profile.

2. The steel tendons are usually unstressed in ducts during the concrete
pour, or alternatively may be threaded through the ducts later.

3. When the concrete has reached its required strength, the tendons are
tensioned. Tendons may be stressed from one end with the other and
anchored or may be stressed from both ends.

4. The tendons are anchored at each stressing end. In Post-tensioning the

concrete is compressed during the stressing operation and the
prestressing is maintained after the tendons are anchored by bearing
of the end plates onto concrete. The ducts containing the tendons may
be filled with grout under pressure. In this way, tendons are bonded to
the concrete and are more efficient in controlling the cracks and
providing ultimate strength. Bonded tendons are also less likely to
corrode.

-It should be mentioned that most in-situ prestressed concrete is post-

tensioned. is also used for segmental construction of large-span bridge
girders.

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MATERIAL SAVINGS
Thinner concrete member sizes; reduction in concrete is approximately 20%
Rebar in floor elements is reduced by 60% to 75%
Decreased dead load reduces rebar and concrete in columns and foundations

QUICKER CONSTRUCTION
Potential pour cycle of 3-4 days

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


INCREASED PERFORMANCE
Improved seismic behavior
Reduced deflection and vibration
Improved crack control and waterproofing properties
Higher punishing shear strength obtainable by appropriate layout tensdons

Longer spans and fewer columns give greater flexibility in floor layouts in office
/residential buildings and better lighting in parking garages which enhances personal safety.

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According to (ECP-203/2007)

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-According to (ACI 318)

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Example :
For the pre-stressed beam that shown in figure and knowing that the beam is fully pre-
stressed determine :

1. The required force at transfer

2. The amount of pre-stressing steel

3. The stresses at final stage

Data:

Fcu = 40 N/mm2. Fcui = 30 N/mm2.

fpy = 1700 N/mm2. fps = 2000 N/mm2.

LL=18 KN/m’ Flooring weight =4 KN/m’

Cover = 100 mm Losses = 15%

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Solution:

A = 2 × 700 × 200 + 800 × 150 = 400000 mm2.

Since the section is symmetrical; ymp = yhmm = 600mm

700 × 2003 2 150 × 8003

I = 2×( + 700 × 200 × (600 100) ) +
12 12
= 7.733 ×1010 mm2

Ztop = Zbot = 1.289 × 102 mm3

400000
wow  c  A  25   10 kN / m 2

10 6

f ci  0.45  f cui  0.45  30  13.5 N / mm 2

f ti  0.22 f cui  0.22 30  1.2 N / mm 2

At transfer

The self-weight of the beam is the only applied load, thus:

wow L2 10  22 2
M ow    605 kN / m
8 8

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The initial prestressing force should stratify the allowable stresses at

transfer at the bottom and top fibers.

 Pi P  e M ow
f bot .  ‫ ــ‬i 
A Z bot . Z bot .
Assuming the Pi is in kN, and applying in the previous equation gives Pi1.

Pi1  1000 Pi1  1000  500 605  10 6

‫ ــ‬13.5  ‫ــ‬ ‫ــ‬ 
400000 1.289  10 2 1.289  10 5

Pi1 = 2852 kN

A second value Pi2 is obtained from the analysis of the top fibers as follows:

Pi Pi  e M total
f top  ‫ــ‬  ‫ــ‬
A Z top Z top

Pi 2  1000 Pi 2  1000  500 605  10 6

 1.2  ‫ــ‬  ‫ــ‬
400000 1.289  10 3 1.289  10 3

P12 = 4281 kN

Final Design Pi = Pi1 = 2852 kN

The allowable prestressing stress at time of transfer is given by:

0.70 f pt  0.7  2000  1400 N / mm 2

f pi  smaller of 
0.8 f pt  0.8  1700  1360 N / mm
2

fpi = 1360 N/mm2

Pi 2852  1000
Aps    2097 mm 2
fi 1360

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The stresses at the service load stage:

Wtotal = Wow + Wflooring + WLL = 10 + 4 + 18 = 32kN/m`

wtot . L2 32  22 2
M tot ,    1936 kNm
8 8
Pe = (1-losses) Pi  Pe = (1- 0.15) × 2852 = 2424.2 kN

The allowable stresses at service load stage equals

fet = zero (no tension is allowed in fully prestressed beams).

fec = 0.40 fcu = 0.40 × 40 = -16 N/mm2.

 Pe Pe  e M tot .
f top   ‫ــ‬
A Z top Z top

2424.2 ×1000 2424.2 ×1000 × 500 1936 ×106

f top = + ‫ــ‬
400000 1.289 ×108 1.289 ×108

ftop = - 11.67 … < - 16 (safe)

Pe Pe  e M total
f bottom  ‫ــ‬ ‫ــ‬ 
A Z bot Z bot

2424.2 ×1000 2424.2 ×1000 × 500 1936 ×106

f bottom = ‫ــ‬ 8
+
400000 1.289 ×10 1.289 ×108

Fbottom = - 0.44 N/mm2 … < 0 (safe)

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3 - Ultimate Stage:

Calculations of the Ultimate Moment Capacity:

Ce + Cs = Tp + T ………………………………………… (1)

0.67 f cu b a As  f y Aps  f ps As  f y
,

  
1 .5 1.15 1.15 1.15 ………………… (2)
In which:

Ce is the compression force in the concrete.

Cs is the compression force in the non-prestressing steel.

Tp is the tension force in the prestressing cables.

T is the tension force in the non-prestressing steel.

f pu d
f ps  f pu [1‫ــ‬  p ( p ) ( ‫ ــ‬ 1 )] …….. (3)
0.8 f cu dp

f pu
f
This approximate equation only used if pe 
2

Eng.
____________________________________________________________________________________
Abdulrhman Kamel 33
_____________________________________________________________________________________

Where:

fy fy
 ( ) 1   2 ( )
0.81 f cu 0.81 f cu

A ps As As/
p  μ μ 
2

bdp bd bd

η p is a factor for the type of the prstressing steel.

= 0.68 for fpy/fpu > 0.80

= 0.5 for fpy/fpu > 0.85

= 0.35 for fpy/fpu > 0.90

d is the depth of the non-prestressed steel.

dp is the depth of the prestressed steel.

b is the width of the compression zone. If the beam has a flange, use the
width of the flange (B). however, if the neutral axis falls in the web use the
width of the web (b).

Aps  f pr a As  f y a A/ s  f y a
M cur  ( d p ‫ــ‬ ) (d  )  (  d / ) …(4)
1.15 2 1.15 2 1.15 2

If Mcur ≥ Mu ………. (OK) if not get add. As

-maximum limits for the areas of pre-stressing and non-pre-stressing

reinforcing steel that to ensure ductile failure

f pu d
t  (  p ) ( ‫ ــ‬ 1 )  0.28
0.8 f cu dp

Eng.
____________________________________________________________________________________
Abdulrhman Kamel 34
_____________________________________________________________________________________

-ACI (318M-08)

Eng.
____________________________________________________________________________________
Abdulrhman Kamel 35
_____________________________________________________________________________________

-components of post-tesnion system:

Eng.
____________________________________________________________________________________
Abdulrhman Kamel 36
‫_____________________________________________________________________________________‬

‫‪(1) Duct:‬‬

‫ﻋﺑﺎﺭﻩ ﻋﻥ ﻏﻁﺎء ﻟﻣﺎ ﺑﺩﺍﺧﻠﻪ ﻣﻥ ﺳﺗﺭﺍﻧﺩﺍﺕ ﻭﻳﻛﻭﻥ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﺻﺎﺝ ﺍﻭ ﻣﻥ ﻣﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﺧﺭﻱ ﻭﻳﺧﺗﻠﻑ ﺣﺟﻣﻪ‬
‫ﻭﻋﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﺳﺗﺭﺍﻧﺩﺍﺕ ﺑﺩﺍﺧﻠﻪ ﺣﺳﺏ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﺷﺄ ﺳﻮﺍء ﻛﻣﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻭ ﺑﻼﻁﺎﺕ ﺍﻭ ﻛﺑﺎﺭﻱ‬

‫‪(2) Strand:‬‬

‫ﻞ ﺣﻠزوﻧــﻲ )‪(7-wire strand‬‬ ‫ﻣﻊ ﻌ ﻬ‬ ‫• ﻫ ﺣزﻣﺔ ﻣ اﻟـ‪ wire‬ﻏﺎﻟًﺎ ﻋددﻫ )‪ (7‬ﻣر‬

‫وﻧﻘـ م ــد اﻟ ـ‪ strand‬ﻣـ أﺣــد اﻟ ــرﻓ و ـ ﻰ ﺣ ﻬــﺎ ‪ live end‬ودﻓـ اﻟ ــرف اﻟ ــﺎﻧﻲ ﻓــﻲ اﻟ ﻼ ــﺔ‬
‫ﻰ ﺣ ﻬﺎ ‪ Dead end‬اﻟ رف اﻟ ت‪.‬‬ ‫و‬

‫ــﻠﺔ ‪onion‬‬ ‫ﺔ ﻟﻠ رف اﻟـ‪ Dead end‬ﻟ ـ ﺎن ﺛ ﺎﺗــﻪ داﺧــﻞ اﻟ رﺳــﺎﻧﺔ ﯾـ ﺗ ـ ﻠﻪ ﻋﻠــﻰ ﻫ ئــﺔ‬ ‫• ﺎﻟ‬
‫ﻰ ﺣ ﻬﺎ ‪.onion edge‬‬ ‫ﺔ ﻟذﻟ و‬ ‫ر ﻣ ﺔﻣ‬ ‫ﻋ‬

‫• اﻟـ ـ‪ strand‬ذاﺗــﻪ إﻣــﺎ أن ـ ن ‪ 12.7mm‬أو ‪ 15.2mm‬ﻓــﻲ اﻟ ﻼ ــﺎت‪ .‬وﻓــﻲ اﻟ ــﺎرﻊ اﻟ ـرة إذا‬
‫‪ strand‬ذا ﻗ ــر اﻛ ــر ﻣ ــﻞ اﻟ ــﺎر واﻷﻧﻔــﺎق وإﻟ ـ ﺑ ــﺎﻧﻬ‬ ‫ﺗ ﻠــب اﻷﻣــر ﻓ ــﻼ ﻣــﺎﻧﻊ ﻣ ـ اﺳـ ـ دام‬
‫ﻛﺎﻟ ﺎﻟﻲ‪.‬‬
‫‪Strand properties:‬‬

‫‪Aps(12.7mm)=99.7 mm2‬‬

‫‪Aps(15.2mm)=140 mm2‬‬

‫‪fpu = (Fu) ulimate strength = 1860 MPa‬‬

‫‪fpy = (Fy) yield strength = 1680 MPa‬‬

‫‪or according to the manufacturer of prestressing steel‬‬

‫‪Eng.‬‬
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‫‪Abdulrhman Kamel‬‬ ‫‪37‬‬
‫_____________________________________________________________________________________‬

‫ﻗ ة اﻟ د ﻟﻠـ‪:strand 12.7mm‬‬
‫‪Jacking force‬‬ ‫‪= 0.75 Fu‬‬ ‫)‪(ECP-203‬‬
‫‪= 0.75 × 1860‬‬ ‫‪= 1395 N/mm2‬‬
‫‪= 13.95 t/cm2‬‬
‫وﻟ ﻓرﺿ ﺎ أن ﻣ ﺎﺣﺔ اﻟـ‪ strand‬ﺗﻘر ًﺎ = ‪.1cm2‬‬
‫‪∴tension force = 13.95 ton/strand.‬‬
‫• وﻫذا ﻌ ﻲ أن ﻞ ‪ strand‬ﺳ ﺷدة ﻘـ ة ﺗ ــﺎو ‪ 13.95‬ـ وﻫــﻲ ﻗـ ة ﺷــد رﻫ ــﺔ ﻋﺎﻟ ــﺔ ﺟـ ًدا؛ ﻟــذا‬
‫ــﻊ وﻗ ـ ف اﻟﻌ ــﺎل أﻣــﺎم اﻟـ ـ‪ strand‬ﻋ ــد ﺷــدة وأ ً ــﺎ ﻧؤ ــد ﻋﻠــﻰ ﻟ ـ ﺗ ـ اﺳ ـ دام ذﻟ ـ اﻟ دﯾــد ﻋــﺎﻟﻲ‬
‫اﻟ ﻘﺎوﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟ ﻼ ﺎت اﻟﻌﺎد ﺔ ﺳ ن اﻟﻘ ﺎع ‪.over Rei see‬‬

‫اﻟﻔﻌﻠ ﺔ اﻟذ ﺳـ ﻞ ﻓــﻲ اﻟ ـ‪ strand‬وﻟ ﻬــﺎ ﺳـ ف ﺗ ﻔــض ﻧ ــﺔ‬ ‫ﻟ ت ﻫﻲ اﻟﻘ‬ ‫• اﻟﻘ ة ‪13.95‬‬
‫ﻻﺣﻘﺎ‬
‫اﻟﻔ اﻗد )‪ (Losses‬ﺳ ﻌرﻓﻬﺎ ً‬
‫‪Chairs:‬‬

‫ﻓــﻲ ‪ Profile tendon‬وﺗ ﺿــﻊ ﻓــﻲ ﻣ ــﺎﻓﺎت ‪ 1‬ﻣ ــر او ‪1.25‬‬ ‫ﻫــﻲ اﻟ ارﺳــﻲ اﻟ ــﻲ ﻧ ـ دﻣﻬﺎ ﻟﻠـ‬
‫ﺗ ﻬﺎ ﺎﻟ دﺑ س‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣ ر وﺗ ن ارﺗﻔﺎﻋﺎﺗﻬﺎ ﻣ ﺎﻋﻔﺎت إﻟﻰ )‪ (0.5 cm = 5mm‬و‬
‫‪Tendon:‬‬

‫ﻫـ ﻋ ــﺎرة ﻋـ اﻟ ـ‪ duct‬ــﺎ داﺧﻠــﻪ ﻣـ ‪ strands‬و رﻓ ــﻪ اﻟ ـ‪ live and dead‬و ـ ن اﺳـ ﻪ واﺻـﻔًﺎ‬
‫ﻟﻌدد اﻟـ‪ strand‬اﻟ ﺟ دة ﺑداﺧﻠﻪ إذا ﺎن ﻪ ‪.S3 - strand 3‬‬

‫إذا ﺎن ﻪ ‪.S5 - strand 5‬‬

‫‪Anchore:‬‬

‫ﻫ اﻟ زء اﻷﺧ ر ﻣ اﻟ رف اﻟ ر ‪ live end‬اﻟذ ﻧﻘ م ﺎﻟ د ﻣ ﻪ‪.‬‬

‫‪Eng.‬‬
‫____________________________________________________________________________________‬
‫‪Abdulrhman Kamel‬‬ ‫‪38‬‬
_____________________________________________________________________________________

Losses in Prestressed Members:

1- Introduction:

The applied prestressing force after jacking undergoes a number of

reductions. Some of these reductions occur immediately and others occur
over a period of time. Therefore it is important to establish the level of
prestressing at each loading stage as shown in the diagram below.
Following the transfer of force from the jack to the member, a loss in
tendon stress ranging from 10-15% of the initial force occurs.

Prestressed losses can be categorized in two groups.

Immediate losses: These are the losses that occur during fabrication,
including elastic shortening Δfpe, anchorage slippage loss Δfpa and frictional
losses Δfpf.

Time-deponent losses: These are the losses that increase over time,
including creep Δfpcr, shrinkage Δfpsh, and steel relaxation ΔfpR.

Eng.
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Abdulrhman Kamel 39
_____________________________________________________________________________________

Immediate Time-dependent
losses losses
Pj Pi Pe
Jacking Prestressing Final or effective
force force immediately prestressing force
after transfer
Some types of these losses occur only in post-tensioned members. An
example of such losses is the friction losses that develop between the
tendon and the concrete at the time of jacking. The following is a summary
for the losses that need to be considered for each type.

Pretensioned members:

Δfpr = Δfpe + Δfpsh + Δfpcr + ΔfpR ……………… (7.3)

Post-tensioned members:

ΔfpT = ΔfpA + Δfpe + Δfpw + Δfpf + Δfpsh + Δfpcr + ΔfpR …(7.4)

1- Anchorage Slip Losses (A):

At transfer in post-tension construction, when the jack is released, a small

amount of tendon shortening occurs because of the anchorage fitting and
movement of the wedges. The magnitude of this slip is function of the
anchorage system and specified by the manufacturer. It usually varies from
2-6m. From Hook's law, the loss of stress in the cable ΔfpA due to slippage
is given by:

ΔA
Δf pA = E ………………………………
L p

Eng.
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Abdulrhman Kamel 40
_____________________________________________________________________________________

Where:

ΔA = magnitude of slip.

L = tendon length (the horizontal distance can be used).

Ep = modulus of elasticity of the prestressing steel.

The loss in prestressing steel stress due anchorage slip is inversely

proportional to the length of the cable. Hence, the loss of stress due to
slippage decreases as the length of the cable increases. At, transfer, if the
tendon can be stressed by additional increment of length equal to the
predicted anchorage slip without overstressing the cable, the loss in stress
due to slippage can be eliminated.

2- Elastic Shortening Losses(e):

Eng.
____________________________________________________________________________________
Abdulrhman Kamel 41
_____________________________________________________________________________________

When the prestressing force is transferred to the concrete, the concrete

shorten and part of the prestressing is lost. To establish the loss of tendon
stress due to elastic shortening, we shall consider the deformations of pre-
tensioned member stressed by a tendon at the centroid of the beam. Since
the concrete and the tendon are fully bonded, the strain experienced by
concrete must equal to that in the prestressing steel. This compatibility of
strain can be expressed as:

Ecl = ΔEx …………………………………… (7.6)

Where Ecl is the concrete strain and ΔEx is the reduction in steel strain due
to elastic shortening. Applying Hook's law to the previous equation gives:

f cl Δf px
= ………………………………… (7.7)
E cl EP

Where fcl is the concrete strain at the centroid of the tendons, Ecl is the
concrete modulus of elasticity at the time of transfer, and Δfpe is the loss in
prestressing force as a result of elastic shortening of the beam.

Rearranging, Eq. 7.7 gives.

Ep
Δf pe = f pcl …………………………… (7.8)
E cl

If eccentric tendon is used, the eccentricity of the tendon and beam self-
weight should be taken into account. The stress in concrete at the level of
prestressing steel is given by:

Pi P × e × e M ex × e
f cl = ‫ــ‬ ‫ــ‬ + …………………… (7.9)
A I I

Eng.
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Abdulrhman Kamel 42
_____________________________________________________________________________________

-For post-tensioned members, the calculations of the elastic shortening

losses is more complicated because the losses vary with the greatest losses
occurring in the first strand stressed and the least losses occurring in the last
strand stressed. For this reason the ECP 203 requires that for post-tensioned
members to use only half the value calculated for pre-tensioned members as
follows:

1E p
f pe  f pci
2 E ci ( for post-tensioned members)........ (7.10)

This type of losses equals to zero if all tendons are jacked simultaneously
because the jack that elongates the tendon simultaneously compress the
concrete and the elastic shortening takes place before the tendon is
anchored.

3- Wobble Friction Losses (W)

This type of losses exists only in post-tensioned members due to the friction
between the tendons and the surrounding ducts. When the ducts are
positioned in forms, some degree of misalignment is unavoidable because
of workmanship. Actually, it is impossible to have a perfectly straight duct
in posttensioned construction, and the result is friction. Fig. shows the
misalignment in a duct for a straight tendon. These deviations occur both in
elevation and in plan. At each point of contact a normal force, which is
proportional to the tendon force, develop between the tendon and the
Surrounding material. Because of the normal force, frictional forces

Eng.
____________________________________________________________________________________
Abdulrhman Kamel 43
_____________________________________________________________________________________

develop at the point of contact. This type of friction is called the length
effect.

If the variation of the tension in the cable is neglected and the cable force is
taken equal to the tension at the ends of the cable, the loss in force due to
friction can be expressed as:

Px = Po – e-kx ………………………

Where, P, is the force at a distance x, P, is the required force to produce P,

at any point X along the tendon profile, x is the distance from the end. k is
coefficient of friction between the tendon and the surrounding due to
wobble effect. It equals 0.0033 for ordinary cable and equals 0.0017 for
fixed ducts.

The wobble losses equal:

Δfwf = Po – Px …………………………………

Eng.
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Abdulrhman Kamel 44
_____________________________________________________________________________________

4- Curvature Friction Losses (F)

This type of losses is also limited to post-tensioned members. The resulting

loss is due to the friction between the cables and the duct. These friction
losses are a function of the curvature of the tendon axis and the roughness
of the SUITOunding material. As a result, the force in the tendon decreases
with the distance from the jack. If a certain force is required at any desired
section, the friction force between that section and the jack must be
estimated and added to the required force to establish the jacking force. It
should be noted that the maximum frictional losses occur at the far end of
the beam. Although, friction losses vary along the beam span, such
calculation is not usually performed and the maximum value is used.

The ECP 203 gives the following formula to estimate the force at distance x
produced by jacking force Peas follows:

 x
( )
Px  Po ‫ ــ‬e r ……………………………
ps

where rps is the radius of ducts that contain the tendons as shown in and μ
is the friction coefficient and can be assumed as:

μ = 0.35 Case of friction between steel and concrete

μ = 0.30 case of friction between steel and steel

μ = 0.25 case of friction between steel and lead

It is worth noting that the quantity (μ -x/rpu) represents the losses due to
curvature. The code permits the use of a simplified expression for

Eng.
____________________________________________________________________________________
Abdulrhman Kamel 45
_____________________________________________________________________________________

calculating that type of losses if (μ .x/rpu) < 0.2. Such an expression is given
by:

 .x
Px  Po (1‫ــ‬ )
r ps

Thus, the curvature losses equal to:

Δfpf = Po – Px

Furthermore, the code permits combining the wobble and the curvature
losses in one formula by approximating the logarithmic relation by straight
line given by: .

μ.x
Px = Po (1‫{ ـ‬k.x + })
rpu

With the condition that the looses is less than 20%:

μ.x
(k. x + ) ≤0.20
rps

Thus the total frictional losses in this case equal:

.x
f p ( w  f )  Po ( k .x  )
rps

OR:

Δfp(w+f) = Po – Px

Eng.
____________________________________________________________________________________
Abdulrhman Kamel 46
_____________________________________________________________________________________

To evaluate the radius of curvature for a parabolic tendon, the following

formula is assumed:

L2
L
rps  
 8 m

Eng.
____________________________________________________________________________________
Abdulrhman Kamel 47
_____________________________________________________________________________________

-wobble and curvature coefficients according to (ACI-318)

Eng.
____________________________________________________________________________________
Abdulrhman Kamel 48
_____________________________________________________________________________________

5- Shrinkage Losses (sh)

The losses in tendon stress due to shrinkage in a prestressed member

depend on many factors. They include the amount of mixing water, the
relative humidity, the curing period, and size and shape of the cross section.
The shrinkage losses are approximately 7% in pre-tensioned members and
5% in post-tensioned ones.

Approximately 80% of the shrinkage takes place in the first year. The code
Specifics an average value of the ultimate shrinkage in Code Table 2.8.A
according to the size of the member and the relative humidity. In cases
where the environmental factors are not known, the following table is used

Table 7.2 Values of the shrinkage strain €sh

Prestressing system Shrinkage strain

Pre-tensioned members (3-5 days 300 × 10-6

after casting)

Post-tensioned members (7-14 days 200 × 10-6

after casting)

In case of stage construction, the code permits assuming that half the
amount of shrinkage occurs in the first month and 75% during the first six
months. The shrinkage losses are given by the following equation:

Δfpsh = €sh × Ep

For post-tension members, the loss in prestressing force due to shrinkage is

less than that for pre-tensioned members. The code states that the only
amount of shrinkage that needs to be considered is that occurred after
transferring the force to the member.

Eng.
____________________________________________________________________________________
Abdulrhman Kamel 49
_____________________________________________________________________________________

6- Creep Loss (CR):

Experimental research over the years indicates that deformations continue

to increase over time. This deformation under constant longitudinal force is
termed creep. The amount of creep depends on the applied load, duration,
properties of concrete, curing conditions, the age of element at first loading,
and environmental conditions. It should be emphasized that losses due to
creep result only from sustained loads during the loading history of the
structural element.

The value of the creep coefficient φ ranges from 1.5 to 3. The Egyptian
code permits the use of φ=2.0 for pretensioned members and φ=1.6 for
post-tensioned members.

the formula for determining creep losses for bonded prestressed members is
given by:

 Ep
f pcr  f cs
Ec

where Ep = the prestressing steel modulus of elasticity.

Ec = the concrete modulus of elasticity.

fcs = the stress in concrete at the level of centroid of the

prestressing tendons.

In general, this loss is a function of the stress in the concrete at the

section being analyzed. The ECP 203 expression for fcs is;

fcs  f es* ‫ــ‬ *

f csd

Eng.
____________________________________________________________________________________
Abdulrhman Kamel 50
_____________________________________________________________________________________

where

f ct* = stress in concrete at level of steel cg immediately after transfer.

*
f est = stress in concrete at level of steel cg due to all sustained loads applied
after prestressing is completed.

Ep
f pcr   ( f cs* ‫ــ‬ *
f csd )
Ec

7- Steel Relaxation Losses (R)

Relaxation is defined as the loss of stress under constant strain, while creep
is defined as the change in strain under constant stress. This type of losses
occurs under constant loading due to the elongation of the tendons with
time. A typical relaxation curve showing relaxation losses is a function of
time for a specimen that is initially loaded to 70% of its ultimate strength
and held at a constant strain, is shown in Fig. The loss in stresses due to
relaxation depends on the duration and the ratio of initial prestressed fpi to
the yield strength fpy.

Eng.
____________________________________________________________________________________
Abdulrhman Kamel 51
_____________________________________________________________________________________

The ECP 203 gives the following equation to estimate the relaxation losses:

f pl  log t f pi
 f pR  ( ‫ ــ‬0.55)
k1 f pt

where

Δfpr = steel relaxation losses due to relaxation

fpi = initial prestressing stress before time dependent losses

t = time elapsed since jacking (max 1000 hrs.)

kl = coefficient depends on prestressing steel type and is taken:

• 10 for normal relaxation stress relieved strands.

• 45 for low relaxation stress relieved.

Eng.
____________________________________________________________________________________
Abdulrhman Kamel 52
_____________________________________________________________________________________

Eng.
____________________________________________________________________________________
Abdulrhman Kamel 53
_____________________________________________________________________________________

Eng.
____________________________________________________________________________________
Abdulrhman Kamel 54
_____________________________________________________________________________________

Eng.
____________________________________________________________________________________
Abdulrhman Kamel 55
_____________________________________________________________________________________

Eng.
____________________________________________________________________________________
Abdulrhman Kamel 56
_____________________________________________________________________________________

Eng.
____________________________________________________________________________________
Abdulrhman Kamel 57
_____________________________________________________________________________________

Eng.
____________________________________________________________________________________
Abdulrhman Kamel 58
_____________________________________________________________________________________

Eng.
____________________________________________________________________________________
Abdulrhman Kamel 59
_____________________________________________________________________________________

Eng.
____________________________________________________________________________________
Abdulrhman Kamel 60
_____________________________________________________________________________________

Eng.
____________________________________________________________________________________
Abdulrhman Kamel 61
_____________________________________________________________________________________

- Anchorage Zones

1. Introduction

In prestressed concrete structural members, the prestressing force is usually

transferred from the prestressing steel to the concrete in one of two
different ways. In post-tensioned construction, relatively small anchorage
plates transfer the force from the tendon to the concrete immediately behind
the anchorage by bearing. In pre-tensioned members, the force is
transferred by bond between the steel and the concrete. In either case, the
transfer of the prestressing force occurs at the end of the member and
involves high local pressures and forces.

The length of the member over which the concentrated prestressing force
changes into a uniformly distributed over the cross section is called the
transfer length in the case of pre-tensioned members) and the anchorage
length (for post-tensioned members). The stress concentrations within the
anchorage zone in a pre-tensioned member are not usually as sever as in a
post-tensioned anchorage zone. In pre-tensioned beams, there is a more
gradual transfer of prestressing. The prestressing force is transmitted by
bond over a significant length of the tendon and there are usually a number
of tendons that are well distributed throughout the anchorage zone. In
addition, the high concrete bearing stresses behind the anchorage plates in
post-tensioned members do not occur in pre-tensioned construction. Only
post-tensioned concrete anchorage zone are given attention in design and
will be treated in details in this text.

Eng.
____________________________________________________________________________________
Abdulrhman Kamel 62
_____________________________________________________________________________________

7.6.2 Stress Distribution

In post-tensioned concrete structures, failure of the anchorage zone

is perhaps the most common cause of problems arising during
construction. Such failures are difficult and expensive to repair and
might necessitate replacement of the entire member.

Anchorage zones may fail due to uncontrolled cracking or splitting

of the concrete from insufficient transverse reinforcement. Bearing
failures immediately behind the anchorage plates are also common
and may be caused because of the inadequate dimensions of the
bearing plates or poor quality of concrete.

Consider the case shown in Fig. 7.13 of a single square plate

centrally positioned at the end of a member of depth t and width b.
In the region of length La immediately behind the anchorage plate
(i.e. the anchorage zone), plane sections do not remain plane and
beam theory does not apply. High bearing stresses at the anchorage
plate disappear throughout the anchorage zone, creating high
transverse stresses. The spreading of stress that occurs within the
anchorage zone is illustrated in Fig. 7.13. The stress trajectories are
closely spaced directly behind the bearing plate where the
compressive stresses are high, and become more widely spaced as
the distance from the anchorage plate increases. In order to
enhance the compressive strength of concrete, spiral reinforcement

Eng.
____________________________________________________________________________________
Abdulrhman Kamel 63
_____________________________________________________________________________________

is usually provided as shown in Fig. 7.14. The confinement of

concrete due to the spiral reinforcement enhances its strength and
ductility.

Eng.
____________________________________________________________________________________
Abdulrhman Kamel 64
_____________________________________________________________________________________

St Venant's principle suggests the length of the disturbed region for

the single centrally located anchorage is approximately equal to the
thickness of the member t . The high compressive stresses vanish
after a short distance and tensile stresses form as shown in Fig.
7.15. The transverse tensile forces (often called bursting or
splitting forces) need to be estimated accurately so that transverse
reinforcement within the anchorage zone can be designed to resist
them.

Eng.
____________________________________________________________________________________
Abdulrhman Kamel 65
_____________________________________________________________________________________

Methods of Analysis :
The design of the anchorage zone for a post-tensioned member
involves both the arrangement of the anchorage plates, to minimize
transverse stresses, and the determination of the amount and
distribution of reinforcement to carry the transverse tension after
cracking of the concrete. The ECP 203 and ACI 318 states that the
anchorage zone should be designed to withstand a force equals to
1.2 t h e jacking force.

The spreading of the prestressing forces occurs through both the

depth and the width of the anchorage zone and therefore transverse
reinforcement must be provided within the end zone in two
orthogonal directions. The reinforcement quantities required in
each direction are obtained from separate two dimensional
analyses, i.e., the vertical transverse tension is calculated by
considering the vertical spreading of forces and the horizontal
tension is obtained by considering the horizontal spreading of
forces. The methods of analysis are:

1. Strut-and-Tie method

2. Beam analogy

3. Finite element method

Eng.
____________________________________________________________________________________
Abdulrhman Kamel 66
_____________________________________________________________________________________

1 Strut-and-Tie Method
The internal flow of forces in each direction can be visualized in
several ways. A simple model is to consider truss action within the
anchorage zone. For the anchorage zone of the rectangular beam
shown in Fig. 7.17, the truss analogy shows that transverse
compression exists directly behind the bearing plate, with
transverse tension, often called the bursting force at some distance
along the member. The truss analogy can be used in T-beams for
calculating both the vertical tension in the web and the horizontal
tension across the flange .

Eng.
____________________________________________________________________________________
Abdulrhman Kamel 67
_____________________________________________________________________________________

2 Beam Analogy
An alternative model for estimating the internal tensile forces in
the anchorage zone is to consider it as a deep beam loaded from
one side by the bearing stresses immediately under the anchorage
plate and resisted on the other side by the statically equivalent,
linearly distributed stresses in the beam. The depth of the deep
beam is taken as the anchorage length La.

The beam analogy model is illustrated in Fig. 7.18 for a single

central anchorage, together with the bending moment diagram for
the idealized beam. Since the maximum moment tends to cause
bursting along the axis of the anchorage, it is usually denoted by
Mb and called the bursting moment. By considering the free-body
diagram of one-half of the end block, the bursting moment Mb
required for the rotational equilibrium is obtained from statics.
Referring to Fig. 7.18 and taking moment about any point on the
member axis, one gets:

Eng.
____________________________________________________________________________________
Abdulrhman Kamel 68
_____________________________________________________________________________________

P t h P
Mb = ( ‫( = ) ـ‬t ‫ ـ‬h)
2 4 4 8

The lever arm between C, and T, is approximately equal to t/2.

Hence,
Mb P h
Tb = = (1 ‫) ــ‬
t/2 4 t

Eng.
____________________________________________________________________________________
Abdulrhman Kamel 69
‫_____________________________________________________________________________________‬

‫‪Hyper static moment:‬‬

‫ـ ث ﻟﻬــﺎ ‪ Deformation‬وﻟ ــﻪ‬ ‫ـ ة ﻓــﻲ اﻟﻔ ـ اغ ﺑ ـ ون ‪ support‬ﻫ ـ ﻩ اﻟ ـ ة ﻟ ـ‬ ‫• ﻔ ـ ض وﺟ ـ د‬

‫ﺔ ﺑـ‪.support‬‬ ‫ةﻣ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ث إذا ﺎﻧ‬ ‫ﻓﻘ ﺳ‬

‫ﺗ ـ‬ ‫ﻌـ ق ﺣ ــﺔ اﻟ ـ ة إذا ﺎﻧـ‬ ‫• أﻣــﺎ ﻓــﻲ ﺣﺎﻟــﺔ اﻟ ـ ة اﻟﻐ ـ ﻣ ـ ﺔ ‪ unsupport‬ﻓ ــﺎ ﻫـ اﻟـ‬
‫ﺔ ؟ ) ﻻ ﺷﺊ(‬ ‫اﻟ‬

‫‪Hyper static moment concept: case (3):‬‬

‫ﻌ ـ ق ﺣ ﻬــﺎ‬ ‫ﻌــﻞ اﻟ ﻼ ــﺔ ﺗ ـ ك ﻷﻋﻠــﻰ وﻟ ـ‬ ‫• ﻋ ـ اﻟ ــﻐ ﻓــﻲ اﻟ ﻼ ــﺔ اﻟـ ـ‪post tension‬‬
‫ـ ث اﻻﺗـ ان‬ ‫وﺟ د اﻷﻋ ة اﻟ اﺧﻠ ﺔ ﻓ ﺞ ﻋ ذﻟـ وﺟـ د ‪ Reaction‬ﺟ ﯾـ ‪ R‬اﺗ ــﺎﻩ ﻷﺳــﻔﻞ وﻟ ــﻲ‬
‫ﻒ اﻵﺧ ﻓﻲ اﻟ ﺎل‪.‬‬ ‫واﻟ‬ ‫)‪ (euilibrivan‬ﺳ ﻘﻞ ﻧ ﻒ اﻟـ‪ R‬إﻟﻰ اﻟ‬

‫• ﻧ ــﺔ اﻟـ ـ‪ R/2‬اﻟ ﯾ ـ ة ﺗ ﻟ ـ ﻋ ـ وم ﺟ ﯾ ـ ة ﻟ ـ ﺗ ـ ﯾ ًﻣــﺎ آﺧ ـ ﻧﺎﻫﺎ ﻓــﻲ اﻻﻋ ــﺎر وﻫــﻲ ﻋ ـ وم ﺛﺎﻧ ــﺔ‬
‫‪.Hyper static moment or second moment‬‬

‫‪Eng.‬‬
‫____________________________________________________________________________________‬
‫‪Abdulrhman Kamel‬‬ ‫‪70‬‬
_____________________________________________________________________________________

What's the defenation for hyper static moment:

‫ــﺔ‬ ‫( ﻧــﺎﺗﺞ ﻣـ ﻣﻘﺎوﻣــﺔ اﻷﻋ ـ ة اﻟ اﺧﻠ ــﺔ ﻟ‬Reaction) ‫ﻫــﻲ ﻋـ وم ﺛﺎﻧ ــﺔ ﻧﺎﺗ ــﺔ ﻣـ ﺗ ﻟـ رد ﻓﻌــﻞ‬
.‫اﻟ ﻼ ﺔ ﻷﻋﻠﻰ‬
What's benefit from Hyper static moment:

‫ﻫﻲ ﻣﻔ ة ﻟﻠﻐﺎ ﺔ ﻷﻧﻬــﺎ ﺗﻌ ــﻞ ﻋﻠــﻰ ﺗﻘﻠ ــﻞ اﻟﻌـ وم اﻟ ــﺎﻟ ﺔ اﻷﺻــﻠ ﺔ اﻟ ﺟـ دة وﺗ ـ ﻣـ اﻟﻌـ وم اﻟ ﺟ ــﺔ‬
‫ام ﻧﻔ ـ‬ ‫ﻌ ــﻬ ﻓ ــﻬﻞ ﻣ ـ اﺳ ـ‬ ‫ﻋﻠــﻰ اﻟ ــﻘﻒ و ﺎﻟ ــﺎﻟﻲ ﺗ ﻘــﺎرب ﻗ ـ اﻟﻌ ـ وم اﻟ ﺟ ــﺔ واﻟ ــﺎﻟ ﺔ ﻣ ـ‬
.tendon‫اﻟـ‬
Balance
P +P.e + hyper static

(Primary due to tendons force) (secondary moment due to

deformation resistant )

Balance=Primary+secondry (used for initial and service stages)

Hyper static (secondary moment (used for ultimate stage only)

:‫ﻪ ﻫﺎﻣﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻠ‬

‫ اﻟ ﻗــﻊ‬Moment‫ـ ن ﻣ ــﺎر اﻟ ــﺎﺑﻼت ﻋﻠــﻲ ﺷـ ﻞ ال‬ ‫ ﺣـ‬Hyper static moment ‫ﻻ ﯾ ﻟـ‬

(Support‫ اﻻوﺳـ ـ ـ )ﻓـ ــﻲ ﺣﺎﻟـ ــﻪ ا ازﻟ ـ ــﻪ ال‬Support ‫ ﻋ ـ ـ ال‬Deformation‫ﺣ وﺛـ ــﻪ ﻻن ﻗ ـ ــﻪ ال‬
.‫اﻫ ﺎﻟﻪ‬ ‫ﺟا‬ ‫ن‬ Deformation ‫ﺗ ن ﺻﻔ او اذا ﺣ ث‬

‫ ﻻن ﻣ ــﺎر اﻟ ﺎﺑــﻞ ﻣ ـ ﻘ ﻋﻠــﻲ‬Pre-tension‫ﺣ وﺛﻪ ﻓﻲ ال‬ Hyper static moment‫ﻟ ا ال‬

. Post-tension‫ال‬ ‫ﻋ‬

Eng.
____________________________________________________________________________________
Abdulrhman Kamel 71
‫_____________________________________________________________________________________‬

‫‪Ductility:‬‬

‫ﺔ ‪.%25-20‬‬ ‫ﻋ ﻞ إﻋﺎدة ﺗ زﻊ ‪ redistribution‬ﻟﻠﻌ وم ﺑ‬ ‫•‬

‫ــ ﺢ‬ ‫ﻣ ـ ـ ﻠﺔ وﻫـ ـ ا ﻌ ــﻲ ‪ ductility‬ﻟﻠﻘ ﺎﻋ ــﺎت اﻟ ﺳ ــﺎﻧ ﺔ ﻓ ـ ـ ﻼً‪ :‬اﻟ ﺟ ــﺎج ﻻ‬ ‫• اﻟ ـ ـ د ﻗ ــﺎل ﻣﻔـ ـ‬
‫ﺈﻋﺎدة ﺗ زﻊ اﻟﻌ وم‪.‬‬

‫ﺔ ‪.%25-20‬‬ ‫ﻋ ﻞ اﻟـ‪ ductility‬ﻓﻲ اﻟـ ‪ soft ware programs‬ﺎﻟ‬ ‫•ﺳ‬

‫‪Eng.‬‬
‫____________________________________________________________________________________‬
‫‪Abdulrhman Kamel‬‬ ‫‪72‬‬
_____________________________________________________________________________________

-Post-Tension slab:-

Thickness of Prestressed concrete members

Continuous span Simple span

Beams Span/30 Span/26

One-way slab Span/45 Span/40

Two-way slab Span/40 Span/45

Span/50 (with drop panels)

Thickness of RC Slab= Span/32 Span/40

-Ts (PT Slab) =0.80 Ts (RC Slab)

Eng.
____________________________________________________________________________________
Abdulrhman Kamel 73
 _____________________________________________________________________________________

Eng. Abdulrhman
____________________________________________________________________________________
Kamel 74
‫_____________________________________________________________________________________‬

‫‪-low point:‬‬ ‫ح ﻪ ﻟﻠ ﺎﺑﻞ و ﺿﻊ ﻓﻲ اﻻﻣﺎﻛ ذات اﻟﻌ وم اﻟ ﺟ‬ ‫ﻫ اﻗﻞ ارﺗﻔﺎع ﻣ‬

‫‪-High point:‬‬ ‫ح ﻪ ﻟﻠ ﺎﺑﻞ و ﺿﻊ ﻓﻲ اﻻﻣﺎﻛ ذات اﻟﻌ وم اﻟ ﺎﻟ ﻪ‬ ‫ارﺗﻔﺎﺋ ﻣ‬ ‫ﻫ اﻛ‬

‫ن ﻋ اﻟ ا ﺎت واﻟ ﻬﺎ ﺎت ﻟﻠ ﺎﺑﻼت ‪-Mid point:‬‬ ‫ﻒ اﻟﻘ ﺎع اﻟ ﺳﺎﻧﻲ و داﺋ ﺎ‬ ‫ﻫ ارﺗﻔﺎع اﻟ ﺎﺑﻞ ﻋ ﻣ‬

‫ﻒ اﻟ ﺎﺑﻞ‬ ‫اﻣﻪ ﻓﻲ ﻣ‬ ‫اﺳ‬ ‫اﻟ ﺎﻻت‬ ‫وﻓﻲ ﻌ‬

‫‪Mid point concept:‬‬

‫أﺣ ًﺎﻧ ــﺎ ﯾ ﻟـ ـ ‪ negative moment‬ﻋ ـ ـ اﻷ ـ ـ اف وذﻟـ ـ ﻣـ ـ ﻼً ﻓ ــﻲ ﺣﺎﻟ ــﺔ وﺟـ ـ د ﺣـ ـ اﺋ ﻟﻬ ــﺎ ﺟ ــﺎدة‬
‫ﺟـ ء ﻣـ اﻟﻌـ وم اﻟ ــﺎﻟ ﻪ وأﺣ ًﺎﻧــﺎ أ ً ــﺎ ﻓــﻲ اﻟ ـ ات ﯾ ﻟـ ﻋـ وم ﺳــﺎﻟ ﺔ‬ ‫‪ stiffnes‬ﻋﺎﻟ ــﻪ ﻓ ﻘـ م ـ‬
‫ﺔ اﻟـ ‪ torsional stiffness‬وﻟ ﻟ ﻓﺈﻧ ﺎ ﻧ ﺎف ﻣ وﺿﻊ ‪ tendon‬ﻓﻲ اﻟـ ‪High‬‬ ‫ﻋ اﻷ اف ﻧ‬
‫ث اﻧﻔ ــﺎل ﻟﻠ ﻘــﻪ اﻟﻌﻠ ــﻪ ﻟﻠ ﺳــﺎﻧﺔ ﻧ ــﻪ ﻗـ ﻩ اﻟ ـ اﻟ ـ ﻩ‬ ‫ﺗﻔ ﻗﻊ او‬ ‫‪ point‬ﻷن اﻟ ﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﻣ‬
‫ﻋ اﻻ اف وﻋ م وﺟ د ﻏ ﺎء ﺧ ﺳﺎﻧﻲ ﺎﻓﻲ ‪.‬‬

‫ــﻒ‬ ‫ﻟـ ـ ا‪ :‬داﺋ ً ــﺎ ﺗ ـ ـ ن آﺧـ ـ ﻧﻘ ــﺔ ﻓ ــﻲ اﻟ ﻼ ــﺔ )ﻋ ـ ـ اﻷ ـ ـ اف( ﻫ ــﻲ ‪ Mid point‬ا ﻓ ــﻲ ﻣ‬
‫اﻟ ﻼ ﺔ ﺣ ﻰ ﻟ ﺎﻧ اﻟﻌ وم ﺳﺎﻟ ﺔ‪ ،‬ﻟ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻔ ﺎت‪.‬‬
‫‪-how to calculate these points :‬‬
‫‪*tendon height (slabs) = 19 mm @ 20mm‬‬
‫‪*calculating point height at the center line (c.l.) of the duct‬‬

‫‪Mid. Point:‬‬
‫‪Mid. Point = ts/2‬‬
‫‪In case of slab with drop panel:‬‬
‫‪Mid. Point = ts-td/2‬‬

‫‪Eng.‬‬
‫____________________________________________________________________________________‬
‫‪Abdulrhman Kamel‬‬ ‫‪75‬‬
_____________________________________________________________________________________

Low Point:
In case of bottom mesh in slab :
In X direction:
Low point (from slab soffit) =clear cover (2cm)+mesh ɸ10mm(2cm)+duct
height/2. (1cm) in x-dir. = 5cm

In Y direction:
Low point (from slab soffit) =clear cover (2cm)+mesh ɸ10mm(2cm)+duct
height in x-dir (2 cm) + duct height in y direction/2 (1cm) = 7 cm

Eng.
____________________________________________________________________________________
Abdulrhman Kamel 76
_____________________________________________________________________________________

High Point:
In case of top mesh only in slab :
In Y direction:
high point (from slab soffit) =ts- { top clear cover (2cm)+mesh
ɸ10mm(2cm)+ duct height/2 (1cm) in Y-dir. } = ts-5cm

In x direction:
high point (from slab soffit) =ts - { top clear cover (2cm)+mesh
ɸ10mm(2cm)+duct height in Y-dir. (2cm) +Duct height in X-dir./2(1cm)} =
ts-7cm

Eng.
____________________________________________________________________________________
Abdulrhman Kamel 77
_____________________________________________________________________________________

In case of top mesh +add.Top Rft. in slab :

In Y direction:
high point (from slab soffit) =ts – { top clear cover (2cm)+2 perpendicular
add. bars ɸ12mm (2.4cm)+duct height/2 (1cm) in Y-dir. } = ts-5.4 cm
≈ ts -5.5 cm

In Y direction:
high point (from slab soffit) =ts – { top clear cover (2cm)+2 perpendicular
add. bars ɸ12mm (2.4cm)+ duct height in Y-dir. (2 cm)+ Duct height in X-
dir./2 (1cm) } = ts-7.4 cm ≈ ts -7.5 cm

Eng.
____________________________________________________________________________________
Abdulrhman Kamel 78
_____________________________________________________________________________________

In case of only add.Top Rft. in slab :

*In this case is preferred to take top clear cover = 2.5cm
In Y direction:
high point (from slab soffit) =ts – { top clear cover (2.5cm)+ duct height/2
(1cm) in Y-dir.(duct is along with add.top bars in the same dir.) }
= ts-3.5 cm

In X direction:
high point (from slab soffit) =ts – { top clear cover (2.5cm)+duct height in
Y- dir. (2cm)+ duct height/2 (1cm) in X-dir.(duct is along with add.top bars
in the same dir.) } = ts-5.5 cm

Eng.
____________________________________________________________________________________
Abdulrhman Kamel 79
‫_____________________________________________________________________________________‬

‫*ﻣﻼﺣ ﺎت‪-:‬‬
‫*ﯾ ﺟ )‪ (two low points and two high points‬ﻓﻲ اﻟ ﻘﻒ واﺣ ﻩ ﻟ ﻞ اﺗ ﺎﻩ وذﻟ‬

‫ﻟ ﻔﺎد ﺗﻘﺎ ﻊ اﻟ ﺎﺑﻼت ﻓﻲ وذﻟ ﻟ ﻔﺎد ﺗﻘﺎ ﻊ اﻟ ﺎﺑﻼت ﻣﻊ ﻌ ﻬ اﻟ ﻌ‬

‫ن ﻫ ﺎك اﺗ ﺎﻩ اﻋﻠﻲ ﻣ اﻻﺧ ﻓﻲ ال ‪Low point and high point‬‬ ‫* ﻔ ﻞ داﺋ ﺎ ان‬

‫ن ﻫ ﻧﻔ ﻪ‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ال ‪ Low point‬اﻻﻗﻞ‬ ‫اﻻﺗ ﺎﻩ ﺻﺎﺣ‬

‫ﺻ ﺢ وذﻟ ﻟ ﻬ ﻟﻪ اﻟ ﻔ‬ ‫ال ‪ high point‬اﻻﻗﻞ واﻟﻌ‬ ‫اﻻﺗ ﺎﻩ ﺻﺎﺣ‬

‫ر‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ر اﻛ‬ ‫اﺳ ﺎء ﻫ ﻩ اﻟ ﺎﻟﻪ ﻓﻘ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﻪ اذا ﺎن ﻫ ﺎك اﺗ ﺎﻩ ذو‬ ‫‪-‬‬

‫ن ﻫ ﻧﻔ ﻪ اﻻﺗ ﺎﻩ‬ ‫ال ‪ low point‬اﻻﻗﻞ‬ ‫ن اﻻﺗ ﺎﻩ ﺻﺎﺣ‬ ‫اﻻﺗ ﺎﻩ اﻻﺧ وﻓﻲ ﻫ ﻩ اﻟ ﺎﻟﻪ‬
‫ﻪ و ﺎﻟ ﺎﻟﻲ زﺎدة ال‬ ‫‪ eccentricity‬ﻣ‬ ‫ل ﻋﻠﻲ اﻛ‬ ‫ال ‪ high point‬اﻻﻋﻠﻲ ﻟﻠ‬ ‫ﺻﺎﺣ‬
‫‪ balancing moment‬ﻟ ﻘﺎوﻣﻪ اﻻﺣ ﺎل‬

‫ﻘﺎ ﻟﻠﻌ وم ‪.‬‬ ‫‪-‬ﯾ ﺗ ﯾ اﻣﺎﻛ ال ‪ high points‬وال ‪low points‬‬

‫‪Eng.‬‬
‫____________________________________________________________________________________‬
‫‪Abdulrhman Kamel‬‬ ‫‪80‬‬
‫_____________________________________________________________________________________‬

‫‪*special cases for tendon profile:‬‬

‫‪-Case (1):‬‬

‫‪-‬ﻓ ــﻲ ﻫـ ـ ﻩ اﻟ ﺎﻟ ــﻪ ﻋ ـ ـ اﻟ ﻘ ــﻪ )‪ (A‬ـ ـ ن ‪ profile‬اﻟ ﺎﺑ ــﻞ اﻣ ــﺎ ان ـ ـ ن ‪ mid.Point‬او ﻻ ـ ـ ن‬

‫ـ ـ ل اﻟ ﺎﻛ ــﻪ وﻗ ــﻪ‬ ‫ــﺎ ﻫـ ـ )‪ .. (straight‬و ـ ـ د ذﻟـ ـ ﺣ ـ ـ‬ ‫اﻟ ﺎﺑ ــﻞ‬ ‫ﻫ ــﺎك ا ﺗ ـ ـ ﻞ و ـ ـ‬
‫اﻟﻌ وم ﺑﻬﺎ‬

‫‪Eng.‬‬
‫____________________________________________________________________________________‬
‫‪Abdulrhman Kamel‬‬ ‫‪81‬‬
‫_____________________________________________________________________________________‬

‫‪-Case (2):‬‬

‫‪-‬ﻓﻲ ﻫ ﻩ اﻟ ﺎﻟﻪ ﻋـ اﻟ ﻘ ــﻪ )‪ (A‬ـ ن ال ‪ profile‬اﻟ ﺎﺑــﻞ ‪ high point‬وذﻟـ ﻻن اﻟﻌـ وم اﻟ ــﺎﻟ ﻪ‬
‫ﻪ‬ ‫ﻩ ﻓﻲ ﻋ ض اﻟ‬ ‫ﻫﻲ اﻟ‬

‫ـــ‬ ‫اﻣ ـ ــﺎ ﻓ ـ ــﻲ ﻫـ ـ ـ ﻩ اﻟ ﺎﻟ ـ ــﻪ ﻋ ـ ـ ـ اﻟ ﻘ ـ ــﻪ )‪ (B‬ـ ـ ـ ن ‪ profile‬اﻟ ﺎﺑ ـ ــﻞ ‪ Mid.point‬وذﻟـ ـ ـ ﻻن ال‬
‫اﻟﻌ ـ وم اﻟ ﺟ ــﻪ اﻟ ـ ﻪ وﻣــﻊ ذﻟ ـ ﻻ ﻧ ﻌــﻞ ﻫ ـ ﻩ‬ ‫ﻌـ‬ ‫ـ ﻧ ـ ﺎ ﻓ ﻧـ‬ ‫اﻟﻌ ـ د ﻋﻠــﻲ اﻟ ﺎﺑــﻞ‬
‫ﺔ ﻟ ﻟ ﺗ ن ‪Mid. Point‬‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫اﻟ ﻘ ﻪ ‪ L.P‬ﻻﻧﻬﺎ ﺳ ﻼﺷﻲ ال ‪ H.P‬اﻟ ﺎورﻩ ﻟﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻧﻔ‬

‫‪Eng.‬‬
‫____________________________________________________________________________________‬
‫‪Abdulrhman Kamel‬‬ ‫‪82‬‬
_____________________________________________________________________________________

Tendons Layout:-
Post tension slab types according to tendon distribution :

1-Distributed-distributed Tendons

‫دﻩ ﻓﻲ اﻟ د‬ ‫ﻘﺎ ﻟﻠ ﺎﻓﺎت اﻟ‬ ‫ ﻓﻲ اﻻﺗ ﺎﻫ‬Tendons ‫ﯾ ﺗ زﻊ ال‬

‫اﻣﺎ‬ ‫اﺳ‬ ‫ﻫ اﻟ ﺎم اﻟ ﺎﺋﻊ واﻻﻛ‬

Eng.
____________________________________________________________________________________
Abdulrhman Kamel 83
‫_____________________________________________________________________________________‬

‫‪2-Banded-Distributed Tendons‬‬

‫ﻘــﺎ ﻟﻠ ــﺎﻓﺎت اﻟ ـ دﻩ ﻓــﻲ اﻟ ـ د وﻓــﻲ اﻻﺗ ــﺎﻩ اﻻﺧ ـ ﺗ ـ ن‬ ‫‪-‬ﯾ ـ ﺗ ز ــﻊ ال ‪ Tendons‬ﻓــﻲ اﺗ ــﺎﻩ‬
‫ال‪ tendons‬ﻋ ﺎرﻩ ﻋ ﺣ ﻣﻪ ﺣ ل اﻻﻋ ﻩ‬

‫اﻋﻠﻲ‬ ‫اﻣﻪ اﺣ ﺎﻧﺎ ﻧ ا ﻻﻧﻪ ﻪ ﻧ ﻪ ﺗ ﻓ‬ ‫‪-‬ﯾ اﺳ‬

‫ـ ﻩ ﻓــﻲ اﺗ ــﺎﻩ و ـ ر ﺻــﻐ ﻩ‬ ‫ـر‬ ‫اﻟ ﻼ ــﻪ ﺑﻬــﺎ‬ ‫اﻣﻪ واﻻﺳـ ﻔﺎدﻩ ﻣ ــﻪ ﻓــﻲ ﺣﺎﻟــﻪ اذا ﺎﻧـ‬ ‫)ﯾ اﺳ‬
‫ﻓﻲ اﻻﺗ ﺎﻩ اﻷﺧ (‬

‫ر اﻻﺻﻐ ﻓﻲ اﻟ ﻼ ﻪ ﻫ اﻻﺗ ﺎﻩ ال ‪Banded‬‬ ‫ن اﻻﺗ ﺎﻩ ذو اﻟ‬ ‫‪ -‬ﻔ ﻞ ان‬

‫او اﻻﺗ ﺎﻩ ذو اﻟ ل اﻻﺻﻐ ﻟﻠ ﻼ ﻪ ‪.‬‬

‫وذﻟ ﻟﻌ م ﺗﻘﺎ ﻌﻬ ﻣﻌﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ال ‪ low Point‬ﻓﻲ اﻻﺗ ﺎﻫ‬ ‫ام ﻧﻔ‬ ‫ﺢ ﺎﺳ‬ ‫ﻣ ﻣ اﺗﻪ اﻧﻪ‬

‫‪Eng.‬‬
‫____________________________________________________________________________________‬
‫‪Abdulrhman Kamel‬‬ ‫‪84‬‬
_____________________________________________________________________________________

How to get the amount of pre-stressing :-

1-Balance Load
‫ﺿﻐ ﻣ رﻪ ع اﻟﻘ ﺎع وذﻟ ﻟ ﻘﺎوﻣﻪ‬ ‫ﺎﻗ‬ ‫اﻻﺟﻬﺎد ﻻ ﯾ ﻟ ﻋ وم ﻓﻘ ﺑﻞ و ﻟ ا‬ ‫ﺣﯾ ﺳ‬
‫اﻻﺣ ﺎل اﻻﺻﻠ ﻪ ع اﻟ ﻼ ﺔ واﻟﻌ وم اﻟ ﺎﺗ ﻪ ﻋ ﻬﺎ ﻟ ﻟ ﺗ ن ﻓﻠ ﻔﻪ ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﻪ ﻫ ﻩ اﻻﺣ ﺎل ﺎﻟ ﺎﻟﻲ‬
(60% ⁓ 80%) by P.e (P.e/z)
Own weight Resisted
(20% ⁓ 40%) by P (P/A)
All Dead Load Resisted by (60% ⁓ 80%) by Balance load (P/A+P.e/Z)
Live Load resistance: ‫ح ﻪ ﻓﻲ اﻻﻛ اد‬ ‫ﺢ ﺑ ﺟ د اﺟﻬﺎدات ﺷ ﻓﻲ ﺣ ود اﻟ‬

-
post tension ‫اﻟـ‬ ‫ اﻟ ﺎﻓ ﺔ ﻟﻘ‬w ‫ل ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗ ﺔ اﻟـ ﻞ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎل أردﻧﺎ اﻟ‬

weq L2 8 P.e
\ = P.e weq =
8 L2

Eng.
____________________________________________________________________________________
Abdulrhman Kamel 85
_____________________________________________________________________________________

‫اﻟ ــﻐ اﻟ ﺎﻓ ــﺔ ﻟ ﺎﻓ ــﻪ اﻟ ــﻞ‬ ‫ﺗ ن ﻗـ‬ ‫( ) ﻌ ﻰ‬P) ‫ل ﻋﻠﻲ ﻗ ﻩ اﻟ ﻐ‬ ‫اﻣﺎ ﻟ اردﻧﺎ اﻟ‬-
(2) ‫( ﻣﻊ ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﺔ رﻗ‬1) ‫( ﻓﻘ ﻧ ﺎو ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﺔ رﻗ‬Wow ‫اﻟ ﺟ د ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟ ﻼ ﺔ‬

wow L2 wow L2
\ = P.e P=
8 8*e

But own weight resisted by (60% ⁓ 80%) by P.e

0.75 * wow L2 0.75 * wow L2

\ = P.e P=
8 8*e
‫ ﻛ ﺎ درﺳ ﺎ ﺳﺎ ﻘﺎ‬continuous span ‫اﻣﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ‬-

‫ ﺑــﻞ اﻟﻌ ـ ﻩ‬e ‫ــﺎل‬ ‫ ﻓ ـ ن اﻟ ﻘﺎرﻧــﻪ ﻟ ـ‬post-tensioned tendon ‫اﻟ ـ ا ﻋﻠــﻲ ال‬ ‫ﻘ ــﺎ ﻧﻔـ‬ ‫ﻟـ‬
P*a ‫ن‬ tendon ‫ ا اﻟﻌ م اﻟ ﻟ ﻣ ال‬drape ‫ﺗ ن ﺎل‬

0.75 * wow L2 0.75 * wow L2

\ = P.a P=
8 8* a
a (tendon drape) = e1 + e2/2
no. of strands (amount of pre-stressing)= P(total force) / Aps of one strand

Eng.
____________________________________________________________________________________
Abdulrhman Kamel 86
_____________________________________________________________________________________

EXAMPLE:

Span length= 10 m

Ts =span/40=25 cm takeTs=26 cm

Pj=0.75 Fpu=0.75x1860=1395 n/mm2

Aps=140 mm2

Max spacing = 6xTs=6x26=156 cm ≥ 150 cm then S=150cm

O.W.=0.26x25=6.5 KN/m2

O.W.(for one direction)=6.5/2=3.25 Kn/m2

3.25 x102
M OW = x1.5( Spacing ) = 60.94 kn.m
8

P.e(balance moment ) = 0.60 xM OW = 36.6 kn.m

E=Ts/2 - 5 (cover)=8 cm

P=36.6/0.80=457.5X1000=457500 N

P 457500
Aps = = = 437.3 mm 2
Pj (1 - 25%losses) 1395x0.75

No. of Strands=Total Aps/Aps of one strand ≈3 strands/1500 mm

Eng.
____________________________________________________________________________________
Abdulrhman Kamel 87
_____________________________________________________________________________________

Post tension force (P):

• Post tension force (P) = No. of tendon * No. of strand /tendon

* Force for one strand

• Force for one strand = Area of strand × strength of strand

‫اﻧ اﻟ اﺣ‬ ‫اﻟ ﻐ = ﻋ د اﻟ ون × ﻋ د اﻟ اﻧ × ﻗ ة اﻟ‬ ‫ﻗ ﺔﻗ‬

‫اﻧ اﻟ اﺣ × ﻣﺴﺎﺣﮫ اﻟﺴﺘﺮاﻧﺪ اﻟﻮاﺣﺪ‬ ‫ﻗ ﺔ ﻗ ة اﻟ اﻧ اﻟ اﺣ = اﺟﻬﺎد اﻟ‬

Maximum spacing between tendons (S):

6 ts

Max. Spacing min. of {ECP-203-2018}

1.5 m

8 ts

Max. Spacing min. of {ACI 318-2011}

1.5 m

Eng.
____________________________________________________________________________________
Abdulrhman Kamel 88
_____________________________________________________________________________________

Pre compression (P/A):

P/A ‫( داﺋ ً ﺎ وأﺑ ً ا ﻫﻲ ﻗ ﺔ اﻟـ‬Mid point) ‫ ﻋ ﻣ ﻒ اﻟﻘ ﺎع‬stresses‫ﻫﻲ ﻗ ﺔ اﻟـ‬

.. The value of stress as at mid point high is equal P/A = pre-compression.

ECP limit for P/A:

0.9 N/mm2 ‫( ﻋ‬P/A) ‫ﻒ ﻗ ﺎع اﻟ ﻼ ﺔ‬ ‫اﻻ ﻘﻞ اﺟﻬﺎد اﻟ ﻐ ﻓﻲ ﻣ‬

(ECP-203-2018)

Eng.
____________________________________________________________________________________
Abdulrhman Kamel 89
‫_____________________________________________________________________________________‬

‫‪ACI limit for P/A:‬‬

‫‪ 0.9 N/mm2‬ﻓــﻲ أﺣ ـ‬ ‫اﻟ ـ د اﻷﻣ ــﻲ ﻋﻠــﻰ أن اﻟـ ـ‪ P/A‬ﻓــﻲ أ ﺑﻼ ــﺔ ﻻ ﺗﻘــﻞ ﻋ ـ‬ ‫• ﯾـ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ اﻷﻗﻞ‪.‬‬ ‫اﻻﺗ ﺎﻫ‬
‫‪.. P/A < 0.9 N/mm2‬‬ ‫‪for the main direction‬‬
‫ﺑـ‪ 9‬ﻠ ﺟ ام‪.‬‬ ‫نﻣ ﻐ‬ ‫أ أن ﻞ ‪ 1‬ﺳ ‪ 2‬ﻓﻲ اﻟ ﻼ ﺔ‬

‫ﺣﺔ ‪0.7 N/mm2‬‬ ‫وﻓﻲ اﻻﺗ ﺎﻩ اﻟ ﺎﻧﻲ أﻗﻞ ﻧ ﺔ ﻣ‬

‫‪.. P/A < 0.7 N/mm2‬‬ ‫‪for other direction.‬‬

‫‪P Pj x (1 - 25%losses ) xAps xno.ofstrands‬‬

‫=‬ ‫‪= 0.90 N / mm 2‬‬
‫‪A‬‬ ‫‪SxTs‬‬

‫‪Then Get Spacing & No. of strands‬‬

‫‪Why P/A limite:‬‬

‫اﻟ د ﻗ ﻻ ﺗﻘﻞ ﻋ ﻬﺎ اﻟـ‪P/A‬؟‬ ‫ﻌ ﻲ ﻟ ﺎذا اﺷ‬

‫وذﻟ ﻟ ﻼﺛﺔ أﺳ ﺎب‪:‬‬

‫رة‪.‬‬ ‫اﻟ ﻼ ﺔ ﻣﻌ ﺿﺔ ﻟ ﻐ ﻓ ﺎ ﻌﺎدل اﻟﻘ اﻟ‬ ‫• ﺟ ﻊ اﻟ ﺎرب اﻟ ﺎ ﻘﺔ )ﻋﺎم ‪ (1970‬ﺎﻧ‬

‫ــﺔ ﻟﻸﻋ ـ ة ﯾ ـ ن ﻗـ رة اﻟ ﻼ ــﺔ‬ ‫• ﺟﻌــﻞ اﻟ ﻼ ــﺔ ﻣﻌ ﺿــﺔ داﺋ ً ــﺎ ﻟ ــﻐ ﺧﺎﺻــﺔ أﺟـ اء اﻟ ﻼ ــﺔ اﻟ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺔ اﻟـ‪ Punch‬وﻣ ﺛ ﺗــﺄﻣ ﺑ ﺿــﻊ ﻗـ اﻧ اﻟ ـ‪ Punch‬ﻟ ﻼ ــﺎت اﻟ ـ‪ Post tension‬ﻣﻌ ـ ﯾ‬
‫رة ﺳﺎ ﻘﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ أن اﻟ ﻼ ﺔ ﻣ ﻐ ﺔ ﺎﻟﻘ اﻟ‬

‫إﻟﻰ أﻗ ب ‪.tendon‬‬ ‫• ﺿ ﺎن ﻧﻘﻞ وﺗ زﻊ ﻗ ﺔ ‪1‬‬

‫‪Eng.‬‬
‫____________________________________________________________________________________‬
‫‪Abdulrhman Kamel‬‬ ‫‪90‬‬
‫_____________________________________________________________________________________‬

‫‪In 0.7 Direction:‬‬

‫اﻟ ـ ء‬ ‫ـ ز اﻟ ﻬــﺎون ﻓ ــﻪ واﻟ ﻐﺎﺿــﻲ ﻋ ـ اﻟـ ـ‪ 0.7‬وﺗﻌ ـ‬ ‫• ﻟ ـ اﻟ ـ د ﺗ اﺟــﻊ وﻗــﺎل أن ﻫ ـ ا اﻻﺗ ــﺎﻩ‬
‫ﯾ ﺗ ﻠ ﺢ‪.‬‬ ‫اﻟ ﺎﻗﻲ‬

‫اﻟ ء اﻟ ﻘﻲ ﻣ ﻗ ﺔ اﻟـ‪P/A‬؟‬ ‫ﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟ ﯾ اﻟ ﻠ ب ‪ As‬ﻟ ﻌ‬ ‫ﻒﺗ‬ ‫وﻟ‬

‫ﻞ‬ ‫اﻟـ ‪ 0.7 = P/A‬ﺎن إ ﻪ اﻟﻠﻲ ﻫ‬ ‫ﺎﻧ‬ ‫ﺿﺎ ﻟ‬

‫ﻓ ً‬
‫‪P/A = 0.7‬‬ ‫‪P/A / 0.7 = 1‬‬
‫اﻟـ‪ P/A‬أﻗﻞ ﻣ ‪0.7‬‬ ‫ﺎﻧ‬ ‫•ﻟ‬
‫‪P/A‬‬
‫‪If P/A < 0.7‬‬ ‫∴‬ ‫‪<1‬‬
‫‪0.7‬‬
‫‪P/A‬‬
‫∴‬ ‫‪+ ? =1‬‬ ‫)‪(1‬‬
‫‪0.7‬‬
‫• ﻣﻼﺣ ﻪ‪ :‬ﻓﻲ اﻟ د اﻷﻣ ﻲ أﻗﻞ ﻧ ﺔ ﺗ ﻠ ﺢ = ‪ 0.18%‬ﻣ اﻟﻘ ﺎع‪.‬‬

‫ﻧ ﺔ اﻟ ﻠ ﺢ ﺑ ﺎﻋﺔ اﻟ د‪.‬‬ ‫ﻧﻔ‬ ‫ﺣﺎ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ إذا أﻧ‬

‫‪m act 0.18%‬‬
‫=‬ ‫‪=1‬‬
‫‪m min 0.18%‬‬
‫‪As‬‬
‫= ‪m act‬‬ ‫‪m min = 0.18%‬‬
‫‪Ac‬‬
‫‪m act‬‬ ‫‪As / Ac‬‬
‫\‬ ‫=‬ ‫)‪(2‬‬
‫‪m min 0.0018‬‬

‫اﻟـ‪ P/A‬ﻫﻲ اﻟ ﻌﺎدﻟﺔ رﻗ ‪.2‬‬ ‫ﻓﻲ اﻟ ﻌﺎدﻟﺔ رﻗ ‪ 1‬اﻟﻘ ﺔ اﻟ ﻬ ﻟﺔ ؟ ﻟ ﻌ‬

‫‪P / A As / Ac‬‬
‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪=1‬‬ ‫‪get As‬‬
‫‪0.7 0.0018‬‬

‫‪Eng.‬‬
‫____________________________________________________________________________________‬
‫‪Abdulrhman Kamel‬‬ ‫‪91‬‬
‫_____________________________________________________________________________________‬

‫‪In 0.9 Direction:‬‬

‫• ﻓــﻲ اﻻﺗ ــﺎﻩ اﻷﺻــﻠﻲ اﻟﻠــﻲ ذ ﻧــﺎ ﺳــﺎ ًﻘﺎ أن ﻗ ــﺔ اﻟـ ـ‪ P/A‬ﻻ ﺗﻘــﻞ ﻋـ ‪ 0.9‬ﻟ ـ اﻟ ـ د رﺟــﻊ وﻗــﺎل ان‬
‫ﺗﻌ ض اﻟ ء اﻟ ﺎﻗﻲ ﻣ اﻟ ـ‪ P/A‬ﯾـ ﺗ ــﻠ ﺢ ﻟـ ﻠﻌـ أﻗــﻞ ﻣـ اﻟ ـ‪0.9‬‬ ‫ﺗﻘﻞ ﻋ ‪ 0.9‬وﻣ‬ ‫ﻣ‬
‫زود ﻧ ﺔ اﻟ ﯾ اﻟ ﻧ ﺎ ‪ min. Rei‬وﺟﻌﻠﻬﺎ ‪ 0.2%‬ﻣ اﻟﻘ ﺎع ﺑ ﻻً ﻣ ‪.0.18%‬‬
‫‪P / A As / Ac‬‬
‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪=1‬‬
‫‪0.9‬‬ ‫‪0.002‬‬
‫ﻋ ‪0.7 N/mm2‬‬ ‫ﻪ‪ :‬ﻔ ﻞ ان ﻻ ﻘﻞ ﻗ ﺔ ‪ P/A‬ﻓﻲ اﻻﺗ ﺎﻫ‬ ‫ﻣﻠ‬

‫‪Eng.‬‬
‫____________________________________________________________________________________‬
‫‪Abdulrhman Kamel‬‬ ‫‪92‬‬
_____________________________________________________________________________________

EXAMPLE:

Span length= 10 m

Ts =span/40=25 cm takeTs=26 cm

Pj=0.75 Fpu=0.75x1860=1395 n/mm2

Aps=140 mm2

Max spacing = 6xTs=6x26=156 cm ≥ 150 cm then S=150cm

P Pj x(1 - 25%losses ) xAps xno.ofstrands

=
A SxTs

For P/A =0.9 n/mm2

P 0.75 X 1395x140 xno.ofstrands

= = 0.90n / mm 2
A 1500x260
No. of strands =2.4 take Ns=2 strands

But better put No. of strands =2 and get new spacing

P 0.75 X 1395x140 x 2
= = 0.90n / mm 2
A Sx 260
S=1250 mm

Take 2 strands tendon /1250 mm

Note:

2S & 4S ‫م‬ ‫ ﻧ‬15.2 mm ‫اﻻﻛ‬ ‫ﻏﺎﻟ ﺎ ﻣﻊ اﻟﻘ‬

3S & 5S ‫م‬ ‫ ﻧ‬12.7 mm ‫اﻻﺻﻐ‬ ‫وﻣﻊ اﻟﻘ‬

Eng.
____________________________________________________________________________________
Abdulrhman Kamel 93
‫_____________________________________________________________________________________‬

‫‪How arrange tendon location:‬‬ ‫ﻣﻼﺣ ﺎت رص اﻟ ﺎﺑﻼت ‪:‬‬

‫اﻟ ـ‪ tendon‬ﻻ ﺗ ـ ﻋـ )‪ 1.5m‬أو ‪ (8ts‬أﯾﻬ ــﺎ أﻗــﻞ ﻟﻠ ـ د اﻻﻣ ــﻲ و)‪ 1.5m‬أو‬ ‫)‪ (1‬اﻟ ﺎﻓﺎت ﺑـ‬
‫د ﻻﺑ ﻣ اﻻﻟ ام ﺑﻬﺎ‬ ‫ووﻫ ﻩ ﻗ ﺔ‬ ‫‪ (ts6‬اﯾﻬ ﺎ اﻗﻞ ﻟﻠ د اﻟ‬
‫‪For slab = 22cm‬‬

‫‪* Spacing = 8*(22) = 1600‬‬ ‫‪> 150 cm‬‬ ‫‪take it 150 cm‬‬

‫)‪ (2‬ﻞ ‪ tendon‬ﻟﻪ ﻣ ﻘﺔ ﺧ ﻣﺔ ﻣ ‪CL to CL‬‬

‫إ ﻌـ ـ ـ ــﺎد أول اﻟـ ـ ـ ـ ـ‪ tendon‬ﻋـ ـ ـ ـ ـ‬ ‫ــــ‬ ‫ـ ـ ـ ـ ات ﺣ ﻓ ـ ـ ـ ــﺔ او ـ ـ ـ ـ ات داﺧﻠ ـ ـ ـ ــﻪ‬ ‫)‪ (3‬ﻓـ ـ ـ ــﻲ ﺣﺎﻟـ ـ ـ ــﺔ وﺟـ ـ ـ ـ ـ د‬
‫ـ ف اﻟ ـ ات‬ ‫ﻧ ﺎول ان ﻧ ﻌـ ﻋـ‬ ‫ذﻟ‬ ‫ﻟ ﻌ ﻪﺗ ﻘ‬ ‫ﻩ وﻟ‬ ‫ال‪ compression flange‬ﻟﻠ‬
‫(‬ ‫ﺎﻓﺔ ﻻ ﺗﻘﻞ ﻋ ‪) 75cm‬وﻫﻲ ﻣ ﻘﺔ ﺧ ﻣﺔ اﻟـ‪ tendon‬ﻣ أﺣ اﻟ ﺎﻧ‬ ‫ﻋ ﺎ‪.‬‬

‫ـ اﻟ ﻼ ــﺔ و ـ‬ ‫ــﺎﻋ ﻋﻠــﻰ‬ ‫ﻘﺔ اﻟﻬﺎ ﻋ ﯾ ﻣ اﻟﻌ ب ﻣ ﻬﺎ‬ ‫‪ tendon‬ﻓﻲ ﻫ ﻩ اﻟ‬ ‫‪-‬اذا وﺿﻌ‬
‫ﻘــﻪ ﻔ ــﻞ ان‬ ‫اﻟ ﺧ ﺳ ًءا ﻷﻧﻪ ﯾﻼﺷﻲ و ﻘﻠﻞ ﻣﻬ ﺔ اﻟ ـ ة وﻟ ـ اذا وﺿــﻊ ‪ Tendon‬ﻓــﻲ ﻫـ ﻩ اﻟ‬
‫ن ‪ Mid-point‬ﺎﻧ ﻣ ﻒ اﻟ ﻩ‪.‬‬
‫اﻟﻔﺎﺋ ة ﻷن اﻟﻔ اﻗـ اﻟ ﺟـ دة ﻓــﻲ اﻟ ـ‪ live end‬ﺗ ـ ن‬ ‫ﻋ‬ ‫ﻟﻪ ﻋ ‪ 5‬ﻣ‬ ‫ﻘﻞ‬ ‫)‪ (4‬اﻟـ‪ tendon‬اﻟ‬
‫ﻛ ة‪.‬‬

‫ﺎﻓﺔ ‪ 30cm‬إﻟﻰ ‪75cm‬‬ ‫أول ‪ tendon‬ﻣ ﻼً‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫)‪ (5‬ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ اﻟ اف ﺑ ون‬

‫ﺗ ن ‪ 50‬ﺳ ﻣ ﻼ‪.‬‬

‫ﺎﻓﺔ ‪.30cm‬‬ ‫ﻣﻬﺎ و ﻌﺎد اﻟـ‪tendon‬‬ ‫أن ﺗ‬ ‫ة‬ ‫)‪ (6‬ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﻔ ﺎت اﻟ‬

‫أن ﯾ ﻌ ـ ـ اﻟـ ـ ـ‪ tendon‬ﻋ ﻬـ ــﺎ ع اﻻﻗـ ــﻞ‬ ‫ــ‬ ‫)‪ (7‬ﻓـ ــﻲ ﺣﺎﻟـ ــﺔ اﻟﻔ ـ ــﺎت اﻟ ـ ــﻐ ﻩ ‪ ducts‬ﻓـ ــﻲ اﻟ ﻼ ـ ــﻪ‬
‫ﺎﻓﺔ ‪ 15‬ﺳ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺗ ن رﻗ ﺻ ﺢ ﻣ ﻼً ‪ 1.25‬أو ‪1.35‬‬ ‫اﻟـ ‪tendon‬‬ ‫اﻟ ﺎﻓﺎت ﺑ‬ ‫)‪ (8‬ﻔ ﻞ ان ﯾ ﺗﻘ‬

‫اﻟ ﻼ ــﻪ‬ ‫)‪ (9‬اول ‪ tendon‬ﯾ ﻌـ ﻋـ اﻟ ــﺎﺋ اﻟ ــﺎﻧ ﻣ ــﺎﻓﻪ ‪ 75‬ﺳـ وﻓــﻲ ﺣﺎﻟــﻪ وﺟـ د ـ ر ﻓــﻲ ﻧـ‬
‫ﻧ ﺎول ان ﻧ ﻌ ﻣ ‪ 30‬اﻟﻲ ‪ 50‬ﺳ ‪.‬‬

‫‪Eng.‬‬
‫____________________________________________________________________________________‬
‫‪Abdulrhman Kamel‬‬ ‫‪94‬‬
‫_____________________________________________________________________________________‬

‫)‪ (10‬ﻋ ـ ـ ﺗ ز ــﻊ اﻟ ـ ـ‪ tendon‬ﻓ ــﻲ اﻟ ـ ـ ا ﺎت ﻫ ــﺎك ﻣ رﺳ ــﺔ ﺗﻘـ ـ م ﺑ ﺿ ــﻊ ‪ 2 tendon‬ﻋ ـ ـ اﻷﻋ ـ ـ ة‬
‫ﺎﻓﺎت ‪ 25 cm‬ﺛ ﻌ ذﻟ رص اﻟ ﺎﺑﻼت ﻓﻲ ﻞ ﺎﻛ ﻪ ع ﺣ ا ‪.‬‬

‫ا ﺗ ـ ن اﻟ او ــﻪ ﺑ ـ ﻬ ‪90‬‬ ‫ﻣ ﻌﺎﻣ ﯾ ﻋﻠــﻲ ﻌـ‬ ‫ن ال‪ Tendons‬ﻓﻲ اﻻﺗ ﺎﻫ‬ ‫ان‬ ‫)‪(11‬‬
‫ﻋ ‪ 20‬درﺟﻪ‪.‬‬ ‫اﻻ ﯾ‬ ‫درﺟﻪ واﻗ ﻲ اﻧ اف ﻓﻲ ﻫ ﻩ اﻟ او ﻪ‬

‫)‪ (12‬ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎل اﻟـ‪ Banded distributed‬ﻔ ــﻞ ان ـ ن اﻻﺗ ــﺎﻩ ذو اﻟ ـ ر اﻻﺻــﻐ ﻓــﻲ اﻟ ﻼ ــﻪ‬
‫ﻫ اﻻﺗ ﺎﻩ ال ‪Banded‬‬

‫ـ ـ ــﻪ اﻟ ـ ـ ــﻞ اﻻﺧ ـ ـ ـ ان ـ ـ ـ ن اﻻﺗ ـ ـ ــﺎﻩ‬ ‫او اﻻﺗ ـ ـ ــﺎﻩ ذو اﻟ ـ ـ ـ ل اﻻﺻـ ـ ــﻐ ﻟﻠ ﻼ ـ ـ ــﻪ واﻻﻓ ـ ـ ــﻞ ﻫ ـ ـ ـ ﺗ‬
‫ﻞ ﻟﻠ ﻼ ﻪ ودراﺳﺔ اﯾﻬ ‪more economic‬‬ ‫ال‪ banded‬ﻫ اﻻﺗ ﺎﻩ اﻟ‬

‫ـ‬ ‫ﻣﻊ اﻷﺧ ﻓــﻲ اﻻﻋ ــﺎر ﺗﻔ ـ ﻞ اﻻﺳـ ارﺔ ﻟﻼﺗ ــﺎﻩ ال‪distributed‬ﻋـ اﻻﺗ ــﺎﻩ ال‪ banded‬ﻟ‬
‫ﻣ ﻠﺔ اﻟ ﻘ ﻊ وﻋ م ﻋ ﻞ اﻟـ‪.van box‬‬
‫‪Live end & Dead end Notes:-‬‬

‫ف‬ ‫اﻟـ‪ strand‬ﻣ أ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ن ‪ Dead‬أو ‪ Live‬أ‬ ‫ف أن‬ ‫ﻷ‬ ‫• اﻷﺻﻞ أﻧﻪ‬

‫اﻻﺗ ــﺎﻩ ﻌ ــﻰ أﻧــﻪ ﻔ ــﻞ‬ ‫ــﻊ اﻟـ ـ‪ tendons‬ﻣ ـ ﻧﻔ ـ‬ ‫ﻣ ـ اﻟ ﻔ ــﻞ وﺿــﻊ اﻟـ ـ‪ live end‬ﻟ‬ ‫• ﻟـ‬
‫اﻟ ﺟ اج )‪.(staggered‬‬ ‫وﺿﻊ اﻟـ‪ live end‬ﻟﻠـ‪ tendons‬ﻋ‬

‫‪.live end‬‬ ‫ﻗ ﯾ ﻋ ﻞ اﻟ ﻓ‬ ‫ﻣ ‪ 35‬ﻣ‬ ‫• ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ‪ span‬أﻛ‬

‫ﺔ ﻟﻠـ‪ tendon‬اﻟ اﺣـ ‪ :‬ﻟـ ا ــﺎن ــﻪ ﻣـ ﻼً ‪ 3‬ﺳـ اﻧ ﻔ ــﻞ ﻋـ اﻟ ــﻲء ﻋ ــﻞ اﻟ ﺎﺛــﻞ ﻌ ــﻰ ﯾـ‬ ‫• ﺎﻟ‬
‫ًﺎرا‪.‬‬ ‫ًﺎ ﺛ اﻷﻗ ﻰ‬ ‫ﺷ اﻟـ‪ strand‬اﻷﻗ ﻰ‬

‫وﺟ ـ د‬ ‫ـ‬ ‫ـ ف ﻣـ أ ـ اف اﻟـ ـ‪ tendon‬ـ ـ‪live end‬‬ ‫اﻷﺣ ــﺎن ﯾ ﺟـ ﺻــﻌ ﺔ ﻋ ــﻞ أ‬ ‫• ﻌـ‬
‫ﻋ ﻞ ‪.van box‬‬ ‫ﺣﺎﺋ أو ﻣﺎ ﺷﺎ ﻪ ﻓﻲ ﻫ ﻩ اﻟ ﺎﻟﺔ‬

‫• ﻓــﻲ ﺣــﺎل اﻟ ﻼ ــﺎت ذات ـ ل < ‪ 45‬ﻣ ـ ﯾـ ﻋ ــﻞ ‪ temperature analysis‬و ـ ﺗﻼﺷــﻲ‬
‫ـ ﻋ ــﻞ ‪ pour strip‬وﻫــﻲ ﻋ ــﺎرة ﻋـ ﺑﻼ ــﺔ ﻋﺎد ــﺔ ﻌـ ض ‪ 1‬ﻣ ـ او ‪ 80‬ﺳـ ﻣـ ﻼً‬ ‫ذﻟـ ﻋـ‬
‫ﻣ ﺷ ﻪ اﻟ ﻘﻒ‬ ‫ﻌ ذﻟ و ن ﺑﻬﺎ ﺷ ﻪ ﺗ ﻠ ﺢ اﻛ‬ ‫م ﻓﻲ ﺷ اﻟ ﺎﺑﻼت وﺗ‬ ‫وﺗ‬

‫‪Eng.‬‬
‫____________________________________________________________________________________‬
‫‪Abdulrhman Kamel‬‬ ‫‪95‬‬
_____________________________________________________________________________________

‫• ﻓــﻲ ﺣﺎﻟــﺔ وﺟ ـ د ﺣــﺎﺋ ﺳــﺎﻧ او ـ ر ﻓــﻲ اﺣ ـ اﻟ ﻬﺎ ــﺎت واﺿ ـ رﻧﺎ ﻟ ـ ﺟ ــﻊ اﻟ ــﺎﺑﻼت ﻣ ـ ﻫ ـ ا‬
. ‫ﻌ ﻋ ﻠ ﺔ اﻟ‬ ‫ﺎ وﺗ‬ ‫ ا‬pour strip ‫ﯾ ﻋ ﻞ‬ ‫اﻟ ﺎﻧ‬

Minimum Reinforcement:

For PT slab with un-bonded pre-stressing steel

According to (Ecp-203-2018)

Eng.
____________________________________________________________________________________
Abdulrhman Kamel 96
_____________________________________________________________________________________

Eng.
____________________________________________________________________________________
Abdulrhman Kamel 97
_____________________________________________________________________________________

For PT slab with bonded pre-stressing steel

According to (Ecp-203-2018)

Eng.
____________________________________________________________________________________
Abdulrhman Kamel 98
_____________________________________________________________________________________

For PT slab with un-bonded pre-stressing steel

According to (ACI-318-08)

Eng.
____________________________________________________________________________________
Abdulrhman Kamel 99
_____________________________________________________________________________________

For PT slab with bonded&un-bonded pre-stressing steel

According to (ACI-318-14)

Eng.
____________________________________________________________________________________
Abdulrhman Kamel 100
_____________________________________________________________________________________

Deflection calculations:
According to ACI-318

Allowable value for long term deflection (L.T.D):

For ACI code: Span / 240 (‫)ﻛ ات واﻟ ﻼ ﺎت‬

ECP Code : Span / 250
:L.T.D ‫ﺎب اﻟـ‬ ‫ﻘﺔ اﻟ د اﻷﻣ ﻲ ﻟ‬

:‫اﻟ ﻌﺎدﻟﺔ اﻟ ﺎﻟ ﺔ‬ ‫ ﻋ‬Sustain deflection ‫ ﻌﻠ ﻣ ﺔ اﻟـ‬L.T.D ‫• ﯾ ﺣ ﺎب اﻟـ‬

L.T.D = (1 + λ ) x Sustain deflection
e
λ = ‫ﺣ‬
1 + 50.r

‫(ﻧ ﺔ اﻟ ﻠ ﺢ اﻟ ﻘﺎوم ﻟﻠ ﻐ‬Comp. RFT) (r )

(for 5 years) 2 = ( ξ )
.. Ex.: assume sustain deflection = 2cm.
Calculate long term deflection =
L.T.D. = (1 + λ ) * 2
‫اﻟﻘ ﺎع ﻻ ﯾ ﺟ ﻪ ﺗ ﻠ ﺢ ﻣﻘﺎوم ﻟﻠ ﻐ‬ ‫ﺳ ف ﻧﻌ‬
= 2 for 5 years.
e 2
\l = = =2
1 + 50 * r 1
.. L.T.D. = (1 + 2) 2 = 6 cm.
:‫اﺳ ﺎج‬

‫ـ ﻣ ﺎﺷـ ة ﺿـ ب ﻗ ــﺔ اﻟ ـ‬ ‫ و‬3 = (1 + ) λ ‫ وﺗ ـ ﺢ اﻟﻘ ــﺔ‬2 ‫ أﻗ ــﻰ ﻗ ــﺔ ﺑﻬــﺎ ﺗ ــﺎو‬λ ‫ﻗ ــﺔ اﻟ ـ‬
.‫ ﻣ ﺎﺷ ة‬L. T. D ‫ل ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗ ﺔ اﻟـ‬ ‫ ﻟﻠ‬3 × suction

Eng.
____________________________________________________________________________________
Abdulrhman Kamel 101
_____________________________________________________________________________________

Deflection stages for Pt:

• Short term deflection(S.T.D):

S.T.D =D+L+Balance
• Sustain Deflection(S.D.):

‫ﻣ ﺟـ دة داﺋ ً ــﺎ‬ ‫• وﻫﻲ اﻟ ء اﻟ ﻘﻲ ﻣ اﻷﺣ ﺎل اﻟ ــﺔ ﻌ ــﻰ أﻧــﻪ ﯾ ﺟـ ﻧ ـ ﺔ ﻣـ اﻷﺣ ــﺎل ﻓــﻲ ﺣـ‬
.‫ﻣ ﺟ دة‬ ‫ﺔ اﻟ ﺎﻗ ﺔ أﺣ ًﺎﻧﺎ ﻣ ﺟ دة وأﺣ ًﺎﻧﺎ ﻏ‬ ‫ك ﺑ ﺎ اﻟ‬ ‫وﻻ ﺗ‬

=‫ﺔ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ وﺗ‬Sustain ‫ﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺔ اﻟ اﺋ ﺔ ﻣ اﻟ ﻞ اﻟ ﻲ دﻩ ﺑ‬ ‫• اﻟ‬

0.25 : For RC Slabs
0.50 : For PT Slabs
S.T. =D+0.50 L+Balance
• long term deflection(L.T.D):

.Sustain ‫ ﻋ ﺎرة ﻋ ﺛﻼث أﺿﻌﺎف اﻟـ‬L.T.D‫• أﺛ ﺎ ﺳﺎ ًﻘﺎ أن اﻟـ‬

.. L.T.D = 3 (D + 0.5 L + PT).
L.T.D. = 3D + 1.5 L + 3 PT Combination for L.T.D
Incremental Deflection:

.Sustain Deflection‫ واﻟـ‬L.T.D‫اﻟـ‬ ‫• ﻫ اﻟﻔ ق ﺑ‬

PT‫ ﻋﻠ ﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟ ﻼ ﺎت ال‬check ‫ﻧﻔ م ﻌ ﻞ‬

.. Incremental Deflection.
= L.T.D – sustain Deflection.
= (3D + 1.5L + 3pt) – (D + 0.5L + PT)
= 2D + L + 2PT
.. Incremental Def. = 2 D + L + 2 PT
Allowable incremental deflection:

span
Should be £ ACI code
480

Eng.
____________________________________________________________________________________
Abdulrhman Kamel 102
_____________________________________________________________________________________

Deflection calculations:
According to ECP-203-2018

Allowable value for long term deflection (L.T.D):

Span / 250 (two way slabs & Beams)

Span /450 (Cantilevers)
:‫اﻟ ﻌﺎدﻟﺔ اﻟ ﺎﻟ ﺔ‬ ‫ ﻋ‬Immediate deflection ‫ ﻌﻠ ﻣ ﺔ اﻟـ‬L.T.D ‫• ﯾ ﺣ ﺎب اﻟـ‬
L.T.D = Immediate deflection + a (sustained deflection)

= ( D Di + D Li ) + a (D Di + 0.25 xD Li ) =
e
a = ‫ﺣ‬
1 + 50.m /

‫(ﻧ ﺔ اﻟ ﻠ ﺢ اﻟ ﻘﺎوم ﻟﻠ ﻐ‬Comp. RFT) (a )

(for 5 years) 2 = ( ξ )

‫ﻪ اﻻﺣ ﺎل اﻟ ﻪ‬ ‫اﻟ ﺧ ﻧ‬ : D Di

‫ﻪ اﻻﺣ ﺎل اﻟ ﻪ اﻟ ﻠ ﺔ‬ ‫ اﻟ ﺧ ﻧ‬: D Li

Long term cracked Def. ‫ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﻪ ال‬Ieff ‫ام‬ ‫ﺎﺳ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ D Di & D Li
Long term un-cracked Def. ‫ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﻪ ال‬Igross ‫ام‬ ‫ﺎﺳ‬ ‫وﺗ‬

. L.T.D = (3D Di + 1.5D Li )

. L.T.D = (3D Di + 1.5D Li + 3PT ) (PT Slabs)

Eng.
____________________________________________________________________________________
Abdulrhman Kamel 103
‫_____________________________________________________________________________________‬

‫‪Immediate Deflection Due to Live Load:‬‬

‫ﻠــﻪ ﻌ ﺎﺻـ ﻏ ـ اﻧ ــﺎﺋ ﻪ ﻻ‬ ‫ﻲ اﻟ ﺎﺗﺞ ﻋ اﻻﺣ ﺎل اﻟ ﻪ ﻟﻠ ﻼ ﺎت واﻟ ـ ات واﻟ‬ ‫ﻫ اﻟ ﺧ اﻟﻠ‬
‫ﺎﻟ ﺧ‬ ‫ﺗ ﺎﺛ‬

‫‪D L = D Di + Li - D Di‬‬
‫‪Allowable deflection:‬‬

‫‪span‬‬
‫‪Should be £‬‬
‫‪360‬‬
‫‪Incremental Deflection:‬‬
‫ﺎت‬ ‫ـ ـ ث ﻋـ ـ اﺿ ــﺎﻓﻪ اﻟﻌ ﺎﺻـ ـ ﻏ ـ ـ اﻻﻧ ــﺎﺋ ﻪ ﻣ ــﻞ اﻟ ـ ـ‬ ‫ﻫـ ـ اﻟ ـ ـ ﺧ اﻟ ﻠ ــﻲ اﻻﺿ ــﺎﻓﻲ اﻟـ ـ‬
‫ﻟﻼرﺿ ﺎت واﻟﻘ ا ﻊ‬

‫‪D incr . = ( D Di + D Ls ) x(a1 - a 2 ) + D Li - D Ls‬‬

‫ﻪ اﻻﺣ ﺎل اﻟ ﻪ اﻟ اﺋ ﻪ‬ ‫‪ : D LS‬اﻟ ﺧ ﻧ‬

‫‪ : a1‬ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ اﻟ ﺧ ﻣﻊ اﻟ ﻣ اﻟ ﻠﻲ )‪(2 after 5 years‬‬

‫اﻧ ﺎﺋ ﻪ )اﻻرﺿ ﺎت واﻟ اﺋ (‬ ‫‪ : a 2‬ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ اﻟ ﺧ ﻣﻊ زﻣ اﺿﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﻌ ﺎﺻ اﻟﻐ‬

‫)‪(1.2 after 6 month & 1.4 after 12 month‬‬

‫‪Allowable incremental deflection:‬‬

‫‪span‬‬
‫‪Should be £‬‬ ‫)اﻟ اﺟﻬﺎت اﻟﻘ ﻔﻪ ﻣ ﻞ اﻟ ﺟﺎج(‬
‫‪480‬‬
‫‪span‬‬
‫‪Should be £‬‬ ‫)اﻟ اﺟﻬﺎت ﻣ اﻟ ب(‬
‫‪240‬‬

‫‪Eng.‬‬
‫____________________________________________________________________________________‬
‫‪Abdulrhman Kamel‬‬ ‫‪104‬‬
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‫‪If deflection unsafe:‬‬

‫ﻓـ ــﻲ اﻟـ ـ ـ ‪ Deflection‬ﻫ ـ ــﺎ اﻟـ ـ ـ )‪ (L.T.D‬واﻟـ ـ ـ‬ ‫ﻋﻠ ﻬـ ــﺎ ﺣـ ــﺎﺟ‬ ‫• أ ﺑﻼ ـ ــﺔ ‪ PT‬ﻓـ ــﻲ اﻟ ـ ـ ﻧ ﺎ ﺑ ـ ـ‬
‫ﻣ ﻼً‪:‬‬ ‫)‪ (Incremental Def.‬ﻓﺈذا ﺎن أﺣ ﻫ ‪ unsafe‬ﻓ‬

‫ﻋ د اﻟـ‪. stand‬‬ ‫‪-‬ﻧ‬

‫اﻟـ ‪.tendon‬‬ ‫‪ -‬ﻧﻘﻠﻞ اﻟ ﺎﻓﺎت ﺑ‬

‫اﻟ ﻼ ﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ -‬أزود ﺳ‬

‫ة ‪.provide beam‬‬ ‫أﺣ‬ ‫‪-‬ﻣ‬

‫ام ال‪ pre-stressing concrete‬ﻗ ــﻞ ﻣ ــﺎ ﻧﻌ ــﻞ اﻟ ـ ـ‪ PT‬ﻋﻠ ــﻰ‬ ‫ﻓﻌﺎﻟ ــﻪ اﺳـ ـ‬ ‫ـ ـ ﺗ ﯾـ ـ ﻣـ ـ‬ ‫•‬
‫اﻟ ـ دل ﻋﻠــﻰ اﻟـ ـ‪ RAM‬واﻟ ـ ‪ Adapt‬ﻼ ــﺔ‬ ‫اﻟ ﻧــﺎﻣﺞ ﻧﻌ ــﻞ ‪ Check‬ﻋﻠــﻰ اﻟ ـ‪ L.T.D‬ﻌ ــﻰ ﻫـ‬
‫ﻋﻠــﻰ اﻟـ ـ‪ L.T.D‬وﻧﻘﺎرﻧــﻪ ﺎﻟ ـ ح ‪ Span/240or250‬ﻓــﺎﻟﻠﻲ ﻫ ﻠــﻊ ﻣﻌــﺎك ﺣﺎﺟــﺔ ﻣ ـ‬ ‫ﻋﺎد ــﺔ وﻧ ـ‬
‫ﺛﻼﺛﺔ‪:‬‬

‫ﺑ ﻬـ ج وﺣـ ام‬ ‫• ﻟ ﻣـ ﻼً اﻟ ﻧــﺎﻣﺞ ﻠــﻊ اﻟ ـ ‪ 30mm = Def.‬واﻟ ـ ‪ 30mm = allow‬ﯾ ﻘــﻰ أﻧـ‬
‫ﺗﻌ ﻞ اﻟ ﻘﻒ دﻩ ‪.PT‬‬ ‫ﻋﻠ‬

‫• ﻟـ ﻣـ ﻼً اﻟ ﻧــﺎﻣﺞ ﻠــﻊ اﻟ ـ‪ 40mm = Def.‬واﻟ ـ ‪ 30mm = allow‬آﻩ ﯾ ﻘــﻰ ﻣﺎﺷــﻲ اﻟ ـ‪PT‬‬

‫ﻬﺎ وﺗ ﻔﻊ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗ‬

‫• ﻟـ ﻣ ـ ﻼً اﻟ ﻧــﺎﻣﺞ ﻠــﻊ اﻟ ـ‪ 60mm = Def.‬واﻟـ ـ ‪ 30mm = all‬ﻓــﻲ اﻟ ﺎﻟــﺔ د ﻻ ﻣ ـ‬

‫‪.‬‬ ‫ﻫ ﻔﻊ ﻻزم ﺗ ود اﻟ‬

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-Softwares for design post-tensioned slab

1-Ram Concept
2-Adapt Builder
3-CSI Safe

Design Strips:
‫ اﻟﻲ‬Design strip‫ﻋ ض ال‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻲ ان ﺗ ﻘ‬ ‫( ﺗ‬RC Slabs) ‫ﻓﻲ اﻟ ﻼ ﺎت اﻟﻌﺎد ﻪ‬

Column strip ‫ و‬Field strip

Strip‫ﻋﻠﻲ ان ﻋ ض ال‬ ‫( ﺗ‬PT Slab)‫اﻣﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ اﻟ ﻼ ﺎت ﺳﺎ ﻘﻪ اﻻﺟﻬﺎد‬

Column Strip ‫ﻛﻠﻪ‬

Design strip in Ram Concept Span Segment

Design strip in Adapt Builder Support Line
Design strip in Safe Design Strip

Eng.
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Abdulrhman Kamel 106
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‫ﺧ ات ﺗ ﻔ اﻟ ﻼ ﺎت ال‪-: Post-Tension‬‬

‫اﻟ ﻘﻒ(‬ ‫ﻪ ﻟﻠ ﻘﻒ )ﺗ‬ ‫‪-1‬وﺿﻊ اﻟ ات اﻟ‬

‫ﻪ واﻻﺿﺎﻓﻲ(‬ ‫‪-2‬وﺿﻊ اﻟ ﯾ اﻟ ﻔﻠﻲ ﻟﻠ ﻼ ﻪ )اﻟ‬

‫‪-3‬ﺗ ﯾ اﻣﺎﻛ اﻟ ﺎﺑﻼت )‪(tendons‬ﻋﻠﻲ اﻟ ﻘﻒ‬

‫‪-4‬ﺗ ﯾ اﻣﺎﻛ اﻟ اﺳﻲ ﻋﻠﻲ اﻟ ﻘﻒ وارﺗﻔﺎﻋ ﻬﺎ ﻣ ﻟ ﺣﻪ اﻟ ب درواﯾ ﺞ‬

‫ا اﻟﻬﺎ‬ ‫‪-5‬ﺗﻘ ﻊ اﻟ ات)‪ (Strands‬ﻋﻠﻲ ﺣ‬

‫اﻟ ات ﺎﻋ ادﻫﺎ داﺧﻞ اﻟ اﻛ ﺎت ﻏﺎﻟ ﺎ ﻣﺎ ﺗ ن ﻣ اﻟ ﺎج‬ ‫‪-6‬ﺗ‬

‫)‪(Galvanized steel‬‬
‫ــﻠ‬ ‫اﻣﺎﻛ ﻬــﺎ ﻋﻠ ــﻲ اﻟﻠ ﺣــﻪ ور ﻬــﺎ ﺎﻟ اﺳــﻲ‬ ‫‪-7‬ﺗ ز ــﻊ اﻟ ـ اﻛ ﺎت ﻋﻠــﻲ اﻟ ــﻘﻒ ﻋﻠــﻲ ﺣ ـ ـ‬
‫رﺎ ﻣﻊ اﺣ ام اﻟ وﻓﺎﯾﻞ اﻟ ﺎص ﻞ داﻛ‬

‫ﻞ( ال‪Dead end‬‬ ‫ﻞ ﻟﻌ ﻞ ﻓﻼور اﻟ ﻬﺎ ﺎت )اﻟ‬ ‫ام ﺟﺎك اﻟ‬ ‫‪-8‬اﺳ‬

‫ﻲ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ال‪ Live end‬وﺗ ﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟ‬ ‫اﻻﻧ رات ﻓﻲ ﺑ ا ﻪ ﻞ داﻛ‬ ‫‪-9‬ﺗ‬

‫ﻒ(‬ ‫ﻞ داﻛ )اﻟ ا ﻪ واﻟ ﻬﺎ ﻪ واﻟ‬ ‫ﻓ ﺎت اﻟ ﻘ‬ ‫‪-10‬ﺗ‬

‫ـن‬ ‫ﻻن ـ ل اﻟـ اﻛ‬ ‫ﻟ ــﻊ وﺻـ ل اﻟﻠ ــﺎﻧﻲ ﻟـ اﺧﻞ اﻟـ اﻛ‬ ‫ــﻞ داﻛـ‬ ‫‪-11‬ﻋ ــﻞ ـ ﻠ ﺑـ‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﺣ ود ‪ 5‬اﻣ ﺎر‬

‫ﻪ واﻷﺿﺎﻓﻲ(‬ ‫)اﻟ‬ ‫‪-12‬وﺿﻊ اﻟ ﯾ اﻟﻌﻠ‬

‫ﺧ ﺳﺎﻧﻪ اﻟ ﻘﻒ‬ ‫‪-13‬ﺻ‬

‫ام ﺟـ ـ ــﺎك اﻟ ـ ـ ـ وذﻟ ـ ـ ـ ﻋ ـ ـ ـ ﻣﺎ ﺗ ـ ـ ــﻞ اﻟ ﺳـ ـ ــﺎﻧﻪ اﻟـ ـ ــﻲ ﻣﻘﺎوﻣ ﻬـ ـ ــﺎ‬ ‫‪-14‬ﺷ ـ ـ ـ اﻟ ـ ـ ــﺎﺑﻼت ﺎﺳ ـ ـ ـ‬
‫اﻻﺑ اﺋ ﻪ)ﺣ اﻟﻲ ‪ 3‬ا ﺎم(‬

‫ﻪ‬ ‫‪-15‬ﻗ ﺎس اﻻﺳ ﺎﻟﻪ اﻟﻔﻌﻠ ﻪ وﻣﻘﺎرﻧ ﻬﺎ ﺎﻻﺳ ﺎﻟﻪ اﻟ‬

‫‪--16‬ﺣﻘ اﻟ وت داﺧﻞ اﻟ اﻛ ﺎت ﻣ ﺧﻼل ﻓ ﺎت اﻟ ﻘ ﻟﻌ ﻞ ال‪Bond‬‬

‫ﻪ‬ ‫ﻧﻪ اﺳ‬ ‫)‪(Anchors‬‬ ‫اﻣﺎﻛ اﻟ‬ ‫‪-17‬ﻗ ﻊ اﻻ ال اﻟ اﺋ ﻩ ﻣ اﻟ ﺎﺑﻼت وﺗﻠ‬

‫‪Eng.‬‬
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‫‪Abdulrhman Kamel‬‬ ‫‪107‬‬
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References:
-Dr.Mashhour Ghoniem (Design of reinforced concrete Volume III)
-Eng. Mahmoud EL-Sakkar
-Dr.Tharwat Sakr
-Eng.Ezz El-din Mostafa
-dr. Bijan O. Aalami
-ECP 203
-ACI 318

Eng.
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Abdulrhman Kamel 108