LITERATURE REVIEW: POTENTIAL ENERGY STORAGES FOR

INDONESIA’S FUTURE RENEWABLE ENERGY

Muhammad Fachrian Hafizh Refinur Amir Muhammad

Energy Systems Engineering Energy Systems Engineering
Universitas Indonesia Universitas Indonesia
2006543522 2006543541
Email: muhammad.hafizh@pgn.co.id Email: refinuramir.03@gmail.com

ABSTRACT
This study aimed to focus on how the role of energy storages are important for future
energy systems. Indonesia is one of the largest Country in the world with approximately 250
million people. Therefore, energy is an essential commodity for social and economic growth.
However, the energy sector currently faces new challenges in the context of sustainable energy.
But, turning from fossil energy to renewable energy is not that easy, as we know that renewable
energy in other hand is intermittent energy. So, it is so hard to connecting the supply and
demand of load electricity. In this paper, we are going to review about potential energy storages
as the answer of this challenges considering that Indonesia has huge potential renewable energy
sources, such as; Geothermal, Wind, Solar, Biomass, Ocean, etc.
Keywords: storages, future, renewable energy
1. Introduction
This study aimed to focus on how
the role of energy storages are important for
future energy systems. In this work, an
overview of the most important energy
storage methods available or under
development today is carried out.
Indonesia is the largest country in
consuming energy in ASEAN which
consume more than 36% of the ASEAN’s
demand and consuming 66% more energy
than its second largest consumer, Thailand.
Indonesia’s demand of electricity is
growing rapidly due to economic and
population growth. The electricity demand
increased from 134.5 TWh in 2008 to 203
TWh in 2015 which growth about 6% per
year. In the same way, household
electrification growth from 68% in 2010 to
88,3% in 2015. Therefore, Indonesian
Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources
issued an Electricity Supply Business Plan
(Rencana Umum Penyediaan Tenaga
Listrik, or RUPTL), in order to achieve an
Indonesia electrification rate of 100% by
2026. To achieve this level, Indonesia at
least must construct about 77.9 GW of
power plants by 2026[1].
In other hand, Indonesia has
committed to a renewable energy through
its Nationally Determined Contribution
with a target of 23% by 2025 for national
energy mix. For this reason,
implementation of renewable energy is
crucial to achieving Indonesia’s energy and
climate goal[1].
2025 Indonesia's Energy
Mix
22% 30%
23%
25%
Coal Oil
Renewable Energy Natural Gas
Figure 1. National Energy Mix by 2025[1]
2. Indonesia’s Potential of
Renewable Energy
Indonesia is promising country with
all due renewable energy potential,
including geothermal, hydropower,
biomass, wind, and solar. With a total
approximately technical potential of more
than 273 GW (exclude ocean energy), only
about 4% of renewable energy that have
been utilized. Hydropower is the highest
source of renewable energy with an
estimated capacity of 75 GW and only
about 11% of its potential or 811 MW that
has been used. In the second place, biomass
with 32 GW of potential and only 5% of
that source which has been utilized for
electricity generation. Due to its location in
the middle of equator and ring of fire,
Indonesia has a huge potential for
geothermal and solar energy. About 40% of
global geothermal potential, located in
Indonesia, accounting for more than 28 GW
and with an average solar radiation of 4.8
kWh/m2/day and only about 71 MW of
solar energy systems that have been
installed. In other hand, Indonesia has small
of potential in wind energy, with low
speeds from 3 to 6 m/s[2].
Table 1. Renewable Energy Resources in ASEAN region[3]

Table 2. Renewable Energy Resources in Indonesia[4]


3. Intermittent Energy Challenges
Switching from fossil energy to
renewable energy is not that easy. The
biggest problem of intermittent energy is a
supply and demand thing. If demand is low,
then we need to reduce the amount of
energy going into the grid. That’s okay with
controllable energy generation like gas but
is a problem for things like wind and solar.
For example, wind turbines. If the wind is
blowing so high but the demand is low, the
frequency rises too high. If the demand is
high but the wind blowing slow, the
frequency of the grid falls too low and we
begin to experience blackouts. These
fluctuations caused by intermittency can, if
not properly managed, can cause a lot of
damage to the grid infrastructure, which
would be extremely costly to repair.
It seems to be clear that system
operators have always faced difficulties in
adjusting production to demand; however,
this has always occurred more intensely
(except in electric accidents) due to
fluctuations on the demand side (economy,
climate and other specificities). At present,
with exacerbated effects, the difficulties of
adjustment between supply and demand
have become more intense due to the
intermittence of renewable sources and
whose resources cannot be stored such as
coal, oil, gas and hydroelectricity[5].
Besides that, there is some studies
that proves the violation of the voltage
limits during the peak load and the peak of
intermittent generation periods and
concluded that the load or the power
generation leads to a poor voltage quality or
even to equipment failure[6].
The share of sustainable but
intermittent energy sources is likely to
increase as new plants become operational.
However, they cannot be used for baseload
power generation as their output is
relatively volatile and depends on the sun,
water or wind[7]. If not managed properly,
uncertainties result in energy imbalance,
which induces mismatch between demand
and supply[8]. Furthermore, other factors
including weather conditions, temperature,
number of occupants, holidays and regional
events may affect the end user's behavior,
which mainly contribute to electrical and
thermal load
Some countries may go a little
further, but without sufficient storage
systems in place or with viable costs there
will still be limits and the industry will
persist for a long time to come depending
on fossil fuels[5].
Large-scale storage and retrieval of
renewable electricity becomes a priority as
the share of renewables increases in the
electricity mix. Given the intermittency of
these energies, doing so will require
significant storage capacity. Storage can
take a main form: the use of batteries, which
will be facilitated by the development of
electric mobility. However, such storage is
costly given the current state of technology
and yields relatively low returns[9].
4. Energy Storages
Energy storage systems has positive
effect of the associated economic and
environmental aspects. It shows that the
combination of energy storage systems and
renewable energy sources can be perfect
option for increasing energy independency
and decarbonizing, while achieving
economic, energy and environmental
sustainability. Energy storage systems can
take part in handling the fluctuations
associated with uncertainties. The energy
storage systems not only provide the
solution of load-generation imbalances, but
also play a key in reducing the total energy
cost of the system through energy arbitrage
and by selling energy back to the grid.
Energy storage systems are utilized to serve
as countermeasures for the mismatch
between the day-ahead scheduling and real-
time demand[8].
• Energy Storages in Smart Grid Systems
Smart grids begin to connect into a
network attached storage. This technology
of electricity grids will be self-balancing,
self-healing networks, which optimize the
energy production using demand response
algorithms and sophisticated prediction
models.
Smart grids and connected grid
energy storage will allow electricity
producers to send excess supply to
temporary storage sites that become energy
producers when electricity demand is
increase, optimizing the production by
storing off-peak power for use during peak
times. Intermittent energy producers would
not need any local storage devices, but
Figure 2. Future Smart Grid Scheme[7]
The applications for long-term
energy storage include counterbalancing
the intermittency of renewable energy
sources like wind and solar power, levelling
the loads (‘load balancing’) and time-
shifting periods of peak demand on the
grid[7].
would be connected directly to the grid,
which effectively becomes a giant battery.
Solar energy could be stored for the night’s
use, while wind power could be stored for
calm times.
On the demand side, grid operators
and utilities in numerous countries plan to
roll out smart metering devices in every
household. This development would allow
the harnessing of valuable information
regarding the consumption habits of end-
users and consequently optimize the flows
between baseload and intermittent power
plants, as well as smart grids and connected
storage facilities[7].
• Energy Storages in Wind Sector
Wind power is an efficient source of
energy which is good for the environment
because its generation does not cause the
emission of carbon dioxide and other
harmful greenhouse gases. The use of right
tools for efficiently harnessing this clean
energy resource can make this green source
of energy a solution to the world’s concern
of finding renewable sources of energy to
supply the needs of every individual, every
home[11].
In wind energy application, energy
storages technology aspects are heavily
researched, such as; optimal management
and coordination of battery energy storages
and demand response programs, optimal
sizing of energy storages system, and
optimal onshore wind power integration.
Moreover, an analysis on the impact of the
(a)
Figure 3. (a). Energy Storage Coupled to the DC bus; (b). Energy Storage Coupled to the AC bus through
AC/DC converter[10]
• Energy Storages in Photovoltaic Sector
The development of new and cost-
effective methods to harness renewable
energy has become crucial to maintain the
energy supply that underpins our society,
and solar power is one of the main
candidates to make a substantial
contribution to fulfil our future energy
wind systems type, both fixed speed and
variable speed, wind field size on the
capacity of the storages for wind power
plant and design and dynamic power
management of storage system for wind
plant energy storage systems are being
studied by energy researcher around the
world[10].
The Fig. 3(a) and (b) shows two
popular topologies for locating the energy
storage system in wind power generation
systems. Comparison between demand
response programs, power smoothing and
power ramp control, sensitivity analysis on
locations of energy storage and power
fluctuation alleviation using cascade
STATCOMs in wind power generation
systems incorporating energy storages are
other key aspects worth mentioning here[10].
(b)
requirements[14]. The same way as wind
energy applications, there are many
researched that being developed for PV
energy storage systems, such as; optimal
allocation of PV and energy storage
systems in a given power network
configuration, the use of PV power plants
oriented east, west and south with energy
storage system for electricity generation in
different time intervals is analyzed, and a
cascaded photovoltaic system integrating
segmented energy storages. Two circuit
configurations of PV-battery-storage power
conditioning systems are shown in Fig. 4(a)
and (b)[10].
Moreover, the bigger picture of
Stochastic-based scheduling in a Micro
Grid having integrated wind turbines,
photovoltaic cells, energy storages and
(a)
Figure 4. (a). AC-Linked PV-battery-storage power conditioning system; (b). DC-Linked PV-battery-storage
power conditioning system[10]
5. Conclusion
Indonesia is one of the biggest
Country that blessed with an enormous
renewable energy potential, in contrast,
electrification rate in Indonesia is still a
huge market to penetrate. The other hand,
government has committed to the Paris
Agreement or COP 21 which concern in
CO2 emissions and climate change. There is
no greater answer than increasing the use of
renewable energy. But, combining those
concern is not that easy. Making renewable
energy, as we know that renewable energy
is an intermittent energy, as the main
energy brings up new challenge. It would
be difficult to match generating capacity to
the peaky demand profile due to respond to
swings in supply and demand. In order to
handle that, researcher around the world are
responsive loads which is being researched,
is the more likely scenario of a future power
network[10].
The basic concept was to collect solar
energy using a large satellite (which would
be able to capture the full strength of the
solar radiation continuously), and transmit
it to the ground using microwave radiation.
The receiving station would then convert
the microwave radiation into electric
energy to be made available to the users[14].
(b)
developing energy storage, a new kind of
technology that will answer those
imbalance problems. Energy storages in
smart grid systems play a key role in energy
storage development. The systems will be
self–balancing and optimize energy
production using supply and demand
algorithms. So, the use of energy storages
could be seen as an essential feature in
regard to future power networks. But, in
order so many limitations in this paper,
author suggest that further research of
engineering and technology aspects are
needed.
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