DOI NEr VE DAY
- HOC
- THEO PHONG CACH HOC
- TAP
- .
1. Thu$t ngU'"Phong each hQC t$p" (Leaming style)
chi moixuathi$n vao nhli'ng nam 50 cua the kl XX khi
Thelen (1) neu ra m(>t trong cac dieu ki$n t6 cht!c
ho9t d<)ng thao lu$n nh6m trong qua trlnh d9Y hQc
(DH) la can phai dlfa vao phong each hQc t$p (PCHT)
cua hQc sinh (HS). '
TCt d6 den nay, tren the gi6'i da c6 rat nhieu ngvoi
nghien ctru ve PCHT cua ngvoi hQc (NH), hau het cac
nghien cvu deu kh~ng djnh r~ng PCHT la m(?tyeu to
quan trQng g6p phan t90 nen SL! thanh cong cua HS
trong hQc t$p. Do v$y, yeu cau doi voi ngl10'i giao vien
(GV) la can phai hieu dvqc PCHT cua HS, baivl theo
Tomlinson (2), cung m<)t nc)i dung kien thvc nhllng
moiHS se llfachQn cachtht!ctiep c$n khacnhau, v$n
dt..mg nhling kien thvc da c6 khac nhau amoi ngvoi
vao vi$c Chiem linh tri th Ve moi. Tren ca SO d6 de biet
each xac djnh cac Chien ll1Q'C, kithu$t OH phu hqp voi
nh6m PCHT cua NH trong 16'p.
2. Phong each hQC t~p
• 1)Khaini~m.C6ratnhieu djnh nghia,quan ni$m
khac nhau ve PCHT:
-Theo Atkin (3), nhU'ng each khac nhau cua vi$c
hQcva~o ra nghia cua thong tin gQila PCHT. "PCHT" ·
lien quan den sathich cua NH voi mc)t soho9t dc)ng
h9ct$p sov6icac ho9tdc)ng khac,. M(?tPCHT cua HS
laphai lam v6i each ma HS d6xvlithong tin dehQc va
ap dt..mg n6.
. . - Theo.Rose (4), PCHT la cac each tiep c$ri cua
cac bi$n phap h<;>c t$p khac nhau. M<?t so NH d9t hi$u
qua thong qua quan sat, so khac thl b~ng l~ng nghe
vamc)tsokhacthl b~ng each tiep c$n thlfC hanh.
-Doi voi Smith (5), tac gia cho r~ng moi NH b~ng
nhieu phvang phap khac nhau va khong c6 ai c6
each hQC giong nhau mc)t each chinh xac ca. Trong
qua trlnh hQC t$p, hQ finh hQi Va slJy nghi, dong thcJ'i
cung tvang tac voi cac nguon tai nguyen, pht.rang
phap va moitrVO'ng xung quanh. NhU'ng XU hV6'ng Va
sa thich b~t nguon tlt kinh nghi$m cua hQ se mang
cho hQ phong each hQc rieng bi$t.
- Felder (6), chi r6 r~ng moi NH c6 phong each
hQC khac nhau, diem m9nh va SO thich khac nhau
trong vi$c xvii thong tin. M<)tsoNH c6 khuynh hu6'ng
t$p trung VaO thl!C te, dt11i$U Va thu$ttoan; sokhac thl
l9i thich Ii thuyet, mo hlnh toan, h~c. Vai nguO'i thl rat .
(ki 2 - 12 I 2013)
ThS. NGUYEN TH! HONG CHUYEN*
thich hqp voi hinh thvc tn/c quan cua thong tin, vi dt,J
nhV hinh anh, S(j do; SO khac thJ l9i thich hQ'p VOi di§n
d~t (vie't ho~c giai thich b~ng IO'i n6i). M9t so ngvO'i thl
l9i thich hQC b~ng each ho9tdc)ng Va tllang tacvOi mQi
ngvoi, so khac l9i muon tl! hQC. Trong cac ho9t d(?ng
ng~n hi$u qua doi hoi Chung ta phai ap dt,Jng th$t tot
tat ca cac PCHT khac nhau.
-Theo Keefe (1979) thi PCHT la nhLing d~c diem
nh$n thvc, xuc cam sinh Ii tvang doi 6n djnh cho thay
I
NH tiep nh$n, tvang tac va phan U'ng v6'i moi trvong
hQC t$p nhll the nao (7).
-Tac gia Nguy§n Cong Khanh (8) cho r~ng: "PCHT
la mc)t cau true phU'c hqp da m~t. da thanh to. D6 la t6
hQP nhling pham chat/net nhan each, nang lt,J'c/1<l nang
the hi$ri dlJQ'C cai rieng, CO tinh 6n djnh Ve cac Chien
lvqc hQc, thai de), d(?ng ca, ht!ng thu hQC, phuangphap
giang d?Y dVQ'C Va thich cua NH nh~m clap Vng cac
I
nhi$m Vl,J nh$n thtJC, tUC1ng tac Va thoa man CaC yeu
cau Cua moi trVcJ'ng hQC t$p".
T6m l?i, tu nhling djnh nghia tren cho thay: -PC HT
CO the Xem la CaC phVang phap hQC t$p rieng bi$t ma
moi ca nhan chc;in llfa de tiep nh$n thong tin, n6 lien
sa
quan den thich cua moi NH doi voi cac kieu ho9t
dc)ng hQC t$p khac nhau; - Khi NH hieu dVQ'C PCHT
CUa minh thi se CO khuynh hlJOng hQC t$p tot han,
gianh diem cao han, c6 thai de? tot han trong hQc t$p,
cam !hay tl! tin han Va ap dl,mg dlJQ'C kien thlrC trong
qua trinh hQC t$p cung nhlf dOi song.
2) Phan lo?i PCHT. C6 rat nhieu each de xem xet
PCHT, c6 theke den each phan lo9i PCHT cua cac
tac gia: Asselin va Mooney, Felder-Silverman; David
Kolb, Charles Smith, v.v ... Bai viet nay gi6'i thi$u mc)t
vai each phan lo9i ca ban ve PCHT sau:
Cac nha Ii lu~n
Celli Sarasin Thinh oiac
D~c di~m cua NH
Thi oiac Xucgiac
Tu~n tl,lf Ngau nhien/
Gregore/Butler
Tn:ru tuc;mg C1,1 th~
C1,1 th~
Sims& Sims Nh~n thuc cam oiac Hanh vi
McCarthy Phan tich Hinh anh Nang a<;>ng
* Khoa Giao d~c tieu hQc, Trll'ong B~i hQc so' ph~m-DH Thai Nguyen
T1:1p chi Giao d'.lc so 324 I29
 3. Tam quan trQng cua vi~c DH theo PCHT
cuaHS
Cac nha nghien ct.Iu khoa hQc giao dlJc hi$n dq.i
cho r~ng, GV can phai biet moi HS cua ,hQ la mqt ca
the cho nen dieu quan tr9ng phai hieu rang cai khac
biet cua moi NH d6 chinh la PCHT. GV hieu dLtO'c
PCHT cua NH tuc la hieu dLtO'C cac hanh vithlfc hi~n
cua HS khi trai nghi~m hQc t~·p, khi giai quyetvan de,
danh gia hQC t~p Va khi V~n dt,mg kien thUC ki nang
Vlra hQC VaO t]nh huong ITTOi trong CUQC song.
-Theo Sheal (1989), m9t trong nhU'ng trach nhi$m
quan tr9ng cua ngLtoi DH hi~n nay la phaitlm hi~Ll cai
. gl dang di~n ra trong tLt duy, suy nghi cua NH; phai
no IL!c de hieu HS tV duy nhi.r the nao; thay SL! quan
tr9ng cua vi~c hieu bietve PCHT cua HS; ngLtOi dq.y
lien quan nl'llt the nao voi SL!thanh c6ng cua NH; d~c
bi~t, lam the nao de V~n chuyen kien th Uc khoa hQC toi
NH ma phu hqp v&i PCHT (9).
- Theo Anderson (1995), Slf tLtO'ng tac gilia each
dq.ycua GV voi PCHT cua HS chinh la nhan to ca ban
d§n toi slt thanh c6ng cua qua trinh DH (9).
-O'N.ei(1990) dachira r~ng, DH phaic6tinh tich
CL!C, hLtong den PCHT cua HS, d~t tr9ng tam vao
nhling the m9nh cua NH (9). · each hQ thttOrig DH ra sao. Tiep theo d6, GV can tlm
-8oi voi McKeachi, tac gia da cho biet: "Tll'30 den
40 narn tro l9i day, m9tsoluqng Ion nhU'ng ngttO'i lam
giao d1,1c da cho r~ng DH se hi$u qua han neu GV
hieu duqc PCHT cua moi NH. Nghive cac PCHT c6
th~ d§n GV suy nghi ve nhling each khac nhau cua
viec DH va d6 la dieu tof'...
· -Theo Nguy~n TheL9c (1 O), PCHT c6the xem la
cac phLtO'n~ p~ap hQC t~p rieng bi~t ma moi Ca nhan
chQn IL!a de tiep nh~n thong tin. Moi phong each hQc
dttqc xac djnh c6 moi lien quan den nhu cau hQC. Biet
duqc phong each hQC cua NH, ngVO'i d9y c6 the hieu
dvqc m~t m?nh , m~t yeu cua NH, chQn IL!a phlIO'ng
phapd9yphu hqp degiup NH phat huycac m~tm9nh
cling nhv cai thi$n cac m~t yeu kem.
• Trong tai li$u "Ca satam Ii ~QC giao dye", tac
gia f)~ng Thanh Hung (11) cho rang vi~c thiet kebai
hQc trong qua trinh DH can phai dL!a vao nhieu can
cu: nqi dung DH, m6i truO'ng hQc t~p ... , nhlfng cho
dlfa cotyeu nhatvadang tin c~y nhat la NH.•trong d6
c6 PCHT. Chinh vlv~y, tac gia nh~n djnh rang ngvOi
GV can phai c6 chien lvqc DH thich t.'.rng voi PCHT
cua NH de vi$c hQc d?t hi~u qua cao.
Tll' nhling d§n chung tren cho ta thay, de DH d?t
hi$u qua thi nguO'i GV can hieu biet tinh da d9ng ve
PCHT cua HS; phai tlm cau tra IO'i cho cau hoi "each
tht!c HS linh hQiva tiep c~n thong tin nhvthe nao?", tll'
d6 xac dir.~ chien lvqc va~J thu~t DH phu hqp.
30 I T~p chi Giao dye so 324
D?Y hQcdt!a vao PCHT giup GV l~p keho9ch bai
hQC Va chVO'ng trlnh giang d9y VOi mlJC dich lam the
nao de HS c6thehQc tot nhat. Ngvoi GV khi da hieu
ve PCHT cua NH thl can phai s~n sang thay d6i chien
lvqc va ki thu~t DH cua mlnh. Phai darn bao r~ng
nhU'ng phlIO'ng phap, phVO'ng ti$n Va hQC li$u mlnh
chu&n bj Va Slr d1,1ng trong bai hQC phU hqp VOi con .
dLtO'ng nh~n thuc cua HS va c6 kha nan_g toi da h6a
tiem nang nh~n thuc cua NH. Tll' d6, h6 trq HS d?t
dVqc ket qua hQC t~p tot hO'n Va Cai thi$n thai dQ Cua
cac em doi voi viec hoc.
Bong thOi,m¢tyeu.tog6p phan quan tr9ng trongvi$c
DH theo phong each d~t den Slfthanh c6ng d6 chinh la
m6itru0ng hQC tich Cl/C. NH phaicam thaythoai mai, an
toan, ht.'.rng khOidetich Cl/Ctham gia trcli nghi$m, tiep thu
thong tin, kien tht!c, khru ni$m khoa hQC.
NhLt v~y. ta c6 the thay vi$c DH dap ung phong
each c6 gia tr! het sue tot d~p. kh6ng chi giup cho rn6i
NH d9tdvqc thanh c6ng ma con giup cho lop h9c, ca
kh6a hoc dat dvac muc tieu de ra.
4. L~m the n~o d~ DH thee PCHT c6 hi~u qua?
·svocdautien deDH theo PCHTc6hi$u qualangay
ban than GV cling can phai hieu hQ hQC nhv the nao,
hieu each hQC cua moi HS va giUp d6'cho NH hieu each
hoc chinh ban than mlnh. Cuoi cung, ngvOi GV c6the
DH hi$u quahO'n b~ng each tim ra bi~ phap phu hQP v6i
PCHT cua NH vagiup d6'HS hQCt$p tothan.
1) Biet ban than minh co each hqc nhv the'
nao. Trvoc khi co g~ng hieu va dap t.'.rng PCHT cua
HS , GV can hieu phong each hQc cua chinh minh.
Nhv nhling nguoi khac, m6i GV cling c6 rn¢tphvang
phap hQc t~p rieng bi$t, sv dl,lng ki thu~t d~c trvng de
linh hQi va XVIi thong tin kien thuc. Vi$c hieu each hQC
cua chinh ban than c6 vai tro quan tr9ng, boi theo
m¢tcach tl,f nhien ta thvang c6xu hv6'ng DH phu hqp
V6'i chinh each hQC CUa minh. Th~m chi, Chung ta con
b~tchvoc each DH cua nhU'ng thay,c6giao maminh
lla thich trong suet thO'i kl con la HS, sinh vien tren
ghe nha trvO'ng. ·
Khi GV hieudvqc PCHT cua minh thi hQsehv6'ng .
den viec tim hieu NH hoc nhll the nao.
2) Phai hieu ta d~y nhLT the' nao? Cac Chien
lvqc ma ngl!O'i GV thvO'ng sv d1,1ng de DH la nhling
Chien llIQ'C ma ngvoi d?Y thay phu hqp nhattrong tlnh
huong hQC t~p. Neu XU hv6'ng nh~n tht!c cua GV thien
vethinh giac, chien IL!Q'C DH cua h9se nhan m?nh ve
nghe, n6i. Neu XU hvong nh~n thuc cua GV thien ve
thj giac, chien IVQ'c DH thien ve hinh anh. Neu XU
hllong nh~n tht!c cua GV thien ve v~n dqng, chien
lvqc DH set90 cahqicho HS duqc sO'rn6, v~n dqng.
(ki 2 - 12 I 2013)
 Tuy nhien, c6 nhCrng phLIO'ng thuc DH cua GV University, Raleigh, December 1996. Pp 18-23.
khong phai luc nao cung phu hqp vO'i tat ca NH. (7) Reid, J.M. Perceptual learning style preference
3) GV phai tim hieu PCHT cua NH (NH hqc questionnaire. http ://Jookingahead .heinle.com/,
nhu the'nao). Sau khi xem xet each hQC, each d~y 1984.
cua GV xong, bv6'c tiep theo ta can chu tr9ng vao vi~c (8) Nguyen C6ng Khanh. Nghien cuu phong each
hrc cua sinh vien Truong Dr;zi hrc Khoa hrc xa h~i
tim hieu xem HS thong qua each hQc nao se d~t hi~u
va NMn van va Truong Dr;zi hrc Khoa hrc tf( nhien.
qua tot nhat, biet dl!qc dieu nay de thuc day qua trinh D~ tai Nghien cli'u khoa h9c.
d~y-hqc d~thi~u quahO'n. £>oiv6'i HS, cac em c6the (9) Lynne Celli Sarasin. Learning style perspective
v~n d1,mg nhling kien thLi'c da hqc khong chi d~ gianh impact in the classroom. USA, 2006.
lay Sl/thanh Cong trong kh6a hQC, bai hQC ma con biet (10) Nguyen Th€ L¢c. Dr;zy theo phong cdchh9c. T?p
v~n dt,mg thich hqp trong dai song. J chi Phat trien va H¢i nh~p. s6 7 thang 10/2010.
Trang tai li~u Kham pha PCHT cua HS, tac gia (11) D~ng Thanh HlITlg. Giao trlnh CO' s& td,m Ii hrc
Mariaemma Willi,M.S va Victoria Kindle Hodson, M.A giao dµc, 2012.
da chi ra nhCrng nQi dung ma ngLIO'i d~y can tim hieu SUMMARY
NH de c6 cai nhin tong theve PCHT cua HS nhvcac This article introduces about learning styles and
finh Vl/C: Ve tai nan_g (nang khieu), Ve hung thu, Ve the advantage of teaching with learning styles. Knowing
tr~ng d~c trung m6i ca nhan (thi giac, thinh giac, xuc students' learning styles and making students aware
giac), ve m6itrl!O'ng, ve khuynh hl!6'ng ho~t d¢ng (v~n of their own learning styles increases teachers ' .a nd
students' understanding about the students' learn-
dc)ng, to chlJ'c, kham pha, tLIO'ng tac va sang t~o). ing process, allows teachers to provide better sup-
4) Lam the'nao de'dap Ling PCHT ctia NH? C6 port for their students, and has therefore high po-
the,n6i r~n~, vi~9 D~ kh6 c6 thethanh cong neu GV tential to enhance teaching and learning.
thieu sl.,( hieu biet ve PCHT va khong c6 St/ phu hqp
giva cac chien luqc DH v&i PCHT. Tuy nhien, kh6ng ,.., n' · 7 r ,..?

c6 nghTa la v6'i cung m¢t n¢i dung GV phai chuan bi SU'. can thiet phai phat trien...
20 each khac nhau de DH. Trong qua trinh DH, GV (Tiep theo trang 9)
'• can phat hi~n ra PCHT cua m6i HS va ghep cac em
c6 net tLfO'ng dong v6'i nhau ve phong each vao m¢t -Theo phuang thLI'c dao t~o theo HCTC, thai gian
nh6m va xay dlfng bi~n phap, ki thu~t DH tich ClfC, Va CO' SO V~t chat CUa nha trLfOng (giang dLIO'ng, lap
phu hqp v6icac nh6m PCHTcua HS nh~m thuc day, h9c, loa dai ... ) dvqc t~n d~ng toi da cho cac hoc;it d¢ng
h6 trq m6i NH phat huy kha nang hQc tot nhat. dao tqo nen vi$c ren luy~n cac KN H8XH g~p kh6ng
*** it nhling kh6 khan.
Nhieu nghien cLru khoa hQc da chi ra r~ng, HS Tv nhling Ii do tren, chUng toi nh~n thay vi$c
dl!qc d~y each SU d1,mg cac Chien llfqc hQC t~p phu phattrien nang ll.,(c H£>XH cho SV cac trvang dc;ii hQC
hqp voi PCHT cua minh va vi~c GV sLl' d1.,mg cac sl.t ph9m trong dao tc;io theo HCTC la mQt van de
phl!O'ng phap, kT thu~t DH thich Lmg voi PCHT cua cap thiet. D
HS c6 vai tro trong vi~c nang cao thanh ti ch, hi~u qua
DH, dap Lmg yeu cau ngay cang cao cua xa hQi. D Tai li~u tham kbao
I. BO GD-DT. Quy.che dao qw d11i h9c va cao ding h~
chinh quy theo he th6ng tin chi ban hanh theo Quye't
(1) Thelen, H. Dynamics ofgroups at work. University djnh s6 43/2007/QD- BGDDT, ngay 15/8/2007.
of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 1954. 2.Vucmg Diem My. "Si nh vien ngay nay dang Jang
(2) Tomlinson, C . A. How to differentiated instruction phi nhi~u tht1" trfch website http://dantri.com.vn//
in mixed-ability classrooms (2 00 edition). Afoxandra, sinh-vien-ngay-nay-dang-lang-phi-nhieu-thu...
VAASCD, 2001.
(3) Atkin A.M. What is learning style? http :// SUMMARY
www.ncsu.edu/, 28 Aug 2006. P. l. Nowadays, in the condition ofindustrialization,
(4) Rose C. Accelerated learning. Chaminade college, modernization and the development ·of market
1998. P.1. economy, education has to face huge challenges to
meet the requirements ofsociety. Derived from ah uge
(5) Smith. C. Sensory learning styles: Visual, Auditory
role of social activities and practical requyrements
and Kinesthtic learning style in grappling.' http:// for students ofpedagogical universities, we find that
www.whitebelt.org, 25 April 2005. Pp 1-7. develop capability of sociBI activities for pedagogical
(6) Felder R.M. Matter of st)de,;-North Caroling State students is an urgent demand.

T~p chi Giao dye so 324 j 31

L_ (ki 2 - 12 I 2013)