AND

Certificate
This is certify that I, Bholashankar
Kendrapara has succesfully complete the
Biology investigatory project as prescribed
by All India Senior Secondary Certificate
Examination(AISSCE) for the academic
year 2021-2022 .

DATE:-

_______________

PRINCIPAL SIGNATURE

_______________ ___________________

SIGNATURE OF EXTERNAL EXAMINER SIGNATURE OF INTERNAL

EXAMINER
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT:-
I WOULD LIKE TO EXPRESS MY SPECIAL THANKS OF
GRATITUDE TO MY SUBJECT TEACHER (Mr.BK VERMA)
AS WELL AS OUR PRINCIPAL WHO GAVE ME THE
GOLDEN OPPURTUNITY TO DO THIS WONDERFULL
PROJECT ON THE TOPIC- VACCINATION AND
IMMUNISATION WHICH ALSO HELPED ME TO DO LOT OF
RESEARCH I CAME TO KNOW ABOUT SO MANY NEW
THINGS .
THANKS AGAIN TO ALL THOSE WHO
SUPPORTED.
 CONTENT
TOPIC PAGE NO
 INTRODUCTION
 VACCINATION -
I. The First Vaccine.
II.Vaccine Effectiveness.
III.Vaccine Types.
IV.Advanced Technology.
V.Benifits of vaccination.
 INTRODUCTION
Vaccination: The act of introducing a vaccine into the
body to produce protection from a specific disease.
Immunization: A process by which a person becomes
protected against a disease through vaccination. This
term is often used interchangeably with vaccination or
inoculation.
 VACCINATION:-
Vaccine, suspension of weakened, killed, or
fragmented microorganisms or toxins or other biological
preparation, such as those consisting of antibodies, lymphocytes, or
messenger RNA (mRNA), that is administered primarily to prevent
disease.
A vaccine can confer active immunity against a specific harmful agent
by stimulating the immune system to attack the agent. Once
stimulated by a vaccine, the antibody-producing cells, called B cells
(or B lymphocytes), remain sensitized and ready to respond to the
agent should it ever gain entry to the body. A vaccine may also
confer passive immunity by providing antibodies or lymphocytes
already made by an animal or human donor. Vaccines are usually
administered by injection (parenteral administration), but some are
given orally or even nasally (in the case of flu vaccine). Vaccines
applied to mucosal surfaces, such as those lining the gut or nasal
passages, seem to stimulate a greater antibody response and may be
the most effective route of administration. (For further information,
see immunization).
 The first vaccines :-
The first vaccine was introduced by British physician Edward Jenner,
who in 1796 used the cowpox virus (vaccinia) to confer protection
against smallpox, a related virus, in humans. Prior to that use,
however, the principle of vaccination was applied by Asian physicians
who gave children dried crusts from the lesions of people suffering
from smallpox to protect against the disease. While some developed
immunity, others developed the diseases .While some developed
immunity, others developed the disease. Jenner’s contribution was
to use a substance similar to, but safer than, smallpox to confer
immunity. He thus exploited the relatively rare situation in which
immunity to one virus confers protection against another viral
disease. In 1881 French microbiologist Louis Pasteur demonstrated
immunization against anthrax by injecting sheep with a preparation
containing attenuated forms of the bacillus that causes the disease.
Four years later he developed a protective suspension against rabies.
Vaccine effectiveness:-
After Pasteur’s time, a widespread and intensive search for new
vaccines was conducted, and vaccines against both bacteria and
viruses were produced, as well as vaccines against venoms and other
toxins. Through vaccination, smallpox was eradicated worldwide by
1980, and polio cases declined by 99 percent. Other examples of
diseases for which vaccines have been developed include mumps,
measles, typhoid fever, cholera, plague, tuberculosis, tularaemia,
pneumococcal infection, tetanus, influenza, yellow fever, hepatitis A,
hepatitis B, some types of encephalitis, and typhus—although some
of those vaccines are less than 100 percent effective or are used only
in populations at high risk. Vaccines against viruses provide especially
important immune protection, since, unlike bacterial infections, viral
infections do not respond to antibiotics.
 Vaccine types:-
The challenge in vaccine development consists in devising a
vaccine strong enough to ward off infection without making the
individual seriously ill . To that end , researchers have devised
different types of vaccines. Weakened, or attenuated, vaccines
consist of microorganisms that have lost the ability to cause serious
illness but retain the ability to stimulate immunity. They may
produce a mild or subclinical form of the disease. Attenuated
vaccines include those for measles, mumps, polio (the Sabin vaccine),
rubella, and tuberculosis.
Inactivated vaccines are those that contain organisms that have
been killed or inactivated with heat or chemicals . Inactivated
vaccines elicit an immune response, but the response often is less
complete than with attenuated vaccines . Because inactivated
vaccines are not as effective at fighting infection as those made from
attenuated microorganisms, greater quantities of inactivated
vaccines are administered.
Another type of vaccine is a subunit vaccine, which is made from
proteins found on the surface of infectious agents. Vaccines for
influenza and hepatitis B are of that type.
Advance Technology
In the late 20th century, advances in laboratory techniques allowed
approaches to vaccine development to be refined. Medical
researchers could identify the genes of a pathogen (disease-causing
microorganism) that encode the protein or proteins that stimulate
the immune response to that organism . That allowed the immunity-
stimulating proteins (called antigens) to be mass-produced and used
in vaccines. It also made it possible to alter pathogens genetically
and produce weakened strains of virus. In that way, harmful proteins
from pathogens can be deleted or modified, thus providing a safer
and more-effective method by which to manufacture attenuated
vaccines.

Recombinant DNA technology has also proven useful in

developing vaccines to viruses that cannot be grown successfully or
that are inherently dangerous. Genetic material that codes for a
desired antigen is inserted into the attenuated form of a large virus,
such as the vaccinia virus, which carries the foreign genes
“piggyback.” The altered virus is injected into an individual to
stimulate antibody production to the foreign proteins and thus
confer immunity. Vaccines against human papillomavirus (HPV) are
made from virus like particles (VLPs), which are prepared via
recombinant technology. The vaccines do not contain live HPV
biological or genetic material and therefore are incapable of causing
infection.
 Benefits of Vaccination:-
In addition to the development of memory B cells, which are
capable of triggering a secondary immune response upon exposure
to the pathogen targeted by a vaccine, vaccination is also beneficial
at the population level. When a sufficient number of individuals in a
population are immune to a disease, as would occur if a large
proportion of a population were vaccinated, herd immunity is
achieved.

Adverse reactions:-
Vaccination carries some risk of reaction, though adverse effects
typically are very rare and very mild. The most common reactions to
vaccines include redness and soreness around the vaccination site.
More severe adverse reactions, such as vomiting, high fever, seizure,
brain damage, or death, are possible for some vaccines. Such
reactions are exceptionally rare, however— occurring in less than
one in a million people for most vaccines. Severe reactions also tend
to affect only certain populations, such as persons whose immune
systems are compromised by pre-existing disease (e.g., HIV/AIDS) or
who are undergoing chemotherapy.
 IMMUNISATION
Immunizations, or vaccines as they’re also known, safely and
effectively use a small amount of a weakened or killed virus or
bacteria or bits of lab-made protein that imitate the virus in order to
prevent infection by that same virus or bacteria.
When you get an immunization, you’re injected with a
weakened form of (or a fragment of) a disease. This triggers your
body’s immune response, causing it to either produce antibodies to
that particular ailment or induce other processes that enhance
immunity.
Then, if you’re ever again exposed to the actual disease-
causing organism, your immune system is prepared to fight the
infection. A vaccine will usually prevent the onset of a disease or else
reduce its severity.
Why Should Someone Get
Immunized?
The goal of public health is to prevent disease. It’s much easier
and more cost-effective to prevent a disease than treat it. That’s
exactly what immunizations aim to do.
Immunisation protect us from serious diseases and also prevent
the spread of those diseases to others. Over the years immunizations
have thwarted epidemics of once common infectious diseases such
as measles, mumps, and whooping cough. And because of
immunizations we’ve seen the near eradication of others, such as
polio and smallpox.
Some vaccines need to be given only once; others require
updates or “boosters” to maintain successful immunization and
continued protection against disease.

How Effective Are Immunizations?

Vaccines are very effective at preventing disease, but they
don’t work all the time. Most of the recommended childhood
immunizations are 90%-100% effective, according to the CDC.
However, for reasons that are not completely understood,
sometimes a child will not become fully immunized against a disease
after receiving a vaccine. This is all the more reason to get children
vaccinated. Children in whom the vaccine is 100% effective protect
those few who have not been completely immunized – lessening
everyone’s chance of exposure to the disease.
Which Immunizations Do My Children
Need?
Because proof of immunization is often a prerequisite for
enrolment in school or day care, it’s important to keep your children
up to date on their vaccines. The benefit of doing so is that your
children will be protected from diseases that could cause them
serious health problems. The recommended immunizations for
children 0-6 years of age include:
 Hepatitis B
 Rotavirus
 Diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis
 Haemophilus influenza type B
 Pneumococcal
 Poliovirus
 Influenza
 Measles, mumps, rubella
 Varicella (chickenpox)
 Hepatitis A

It’s important to keep your child’s immunizations on

schedule and up to date, but if your child misses a scheduled dose
they can “catch up” later.
What About Immunization Side Effects?
Today, vaccines are considered safe. As with any
medication, they can have side effects. In most cases these are
usually mild. Most common minor reactions to an immunization are:
 Soreness or redness around the injection site
 Low-grade fever
Side effects like these usually disappear in a few days. In
extremely rare instances a high fever, in excess of 104 F, can occur
with a vaccine. Fevers like this will not harm your children, but they
can make them uncomfortable and upset.
Children have also been known to have serious allergic
reactions to a vaccine. These usually happen very soon after getting
the vaccine, and doctors’ offices are well equipped to handle such
reactions. If you think your child has or may have an allergy to any
component in a vaccine, be sure to share that information with your
doctor.
Medical providers agree that the proven preventive benefits of
vaccines far outweigh the risks of the minimal side effects associated
with them.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
 WWW.GOOGLE .COM
 WWW.WIKIPEDIA .ORG
 WWW.SLIDESHARE.COM