11 SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

BASIC CALCULUS
Quarter 4 – Module 3
Application of Antidifferentiation
Basic Calculus – Grade 11
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 4 – Module 3: Application of Antidifferentiation
First Edition, 2020

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 11

Basic Calculus
Quarter 4 – Module 3
Application of Antidifferentiation
 I

LEARNING COMPETENCIES:

▪ Solve problems involving antidifferentiation

▪ Solve situational problems involving exponential growth and
decay…

OBJECTIVES:
K: Recall the techniques of integration;
S: Solve problems involving antidifferentiation and
situational problems involving exponential growth and decay;
A: Show appreciation on the application of antidifferentiation
in solving real-life problems.

PRE-ASSESSMENT
Multiple Choice. Answer the following problems and write the letter of the correct answer in
your activity sheet/notebook.
2
1. Evaluate ∫ 𝑑𝑦.
3𝑦
2 2 2 1
A. 3 𝑦 −1 + 𝐶 B. 3 𝑙𝑛|𝑦| + 𝐶 C. 3 𝑦 −2 + 𝐶 D. 3𝑦2 + 𝐶

2. What is the solution of ∫ 𝑑𝑥 ?

A. 𝑑𝑥 + 𝐶 B. 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝐶 C. 𝑥 + 𝐶 D. 𝐶

3. Find the solution of ∫ 𝑒 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥.

1
A. 𝑒 3𝑥 + 𝐶 B. 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝐶 C. 𝑒 3𝑥 + 𝐶 D . 3𝑒 3𝑥 + 𝐶
3

2
 Lesson Separable Differential Equations
1

’s In

A differential equation (DE) is an equation that involves x, y and the derivatives of y.

The following are examples of differential equations:

𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑥
1. = 2𝑥 + 5 2. = −𝑦 3. 𝑦” + 𝑦 = 0
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

The order of a differential equation pertains to the highest order of the derivative that
appears in the differential equation.
The first two examples above are fist-order DEs because they involve only the first
derivative, while the last example is a second order DE because 𝑦” appears in the equation.

A solution to a differential equation is a function y = f(x) or a relation f(x,y) = 0 that

satisfies the equation. (Balmaceda J.M.P, et al.)

𝑑𝑦
Example 1. The solution of = 2𝑥 + 5 is y = x2 + 5x + 1 because if we are to
𝑑𝑥
differentiate the solution of 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 + 1, we get

𝑑 𝑑 2
(𝑦 ) = (𝑥 + 5x + 1 )
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑑
(𝑦) = 2𝑥 + 5
𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦 𝑥
Example 2. The solution of = − 𝑦 is the relation 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 1 because if we differentiate
𝑑𝑥
the relation implicitly, we get
𝑑𝑦
2𝑥 + 2𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = 0

𝑑𝑦
2𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = −2𝑥

𝑑𝑦 −2𝑥
=
𝑑𝑥 2𝑦

𝑑𝑦 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
= −𝑦

3
Example 3. The solution of 𝑦” + 𝑦 = 0 is 𝑦 = sin 𝑥 because if we differentiate 𝑦 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥
we get,
𝑦’ = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥
then,
𝑦” = − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥
thus,
𝑦” + 𝑦 = (− sin 𝑥 ) + sin 𝑥
= 0

’s New

Solving a differential equation means finding all possible solutions to the Differential
Equation (DE).

A differential equation is said to be separable if it can be expressed as f(x) dx = g(y) dy

where f and g are functions of x and y respectively. The left-hand side of the equation involves
only x while on the other side is purely in terms of y.

If it is possible to separate the variables, then we can find the solution of the differential
equation by simply integrating f(x) dx = g(y) dy written as
∫ 𝑓 (𝑥 )𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑔(𝑦)𝑑𝑦

For this form, we can apply appropriate techniques of integration. So,

∫ 𝑓 (𝑥 )𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑔(𝑦)𝑑𝑦

𝐹 (𝑥 ) + 𝐶1 = 𝐺(𝑦) + 𝐶2

𝐹 (𝑥 ) = 𝐺 (𝑦) + 𝐶2 − 𝐶1

𝐹 (𝑥 ) = 𝐺 (𝑦 ) + 𝐶 ; (C2 – C1 = C)

𝑦 = 𝐺 (𝑦 ) + 𝐶

4
 𝑑𝑦 2
Example 1. Solve the differential equation 𝑑𝑥 = 3 𝑦 2 .
𝑑𝑦 2
Solution: 𝑑𝑥
= 3 𝑦2
3𝑑𝑦
= 𝑑𝑥 separating the variables
2𝑦 2
3𝑑𝑦
∫ 2𝑦2 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥 integrating both members
3𝑦 −2 𝑑𝑦
∫ = ∫ 𝑑𝑥 moving y2 to the numerator
2
3𝑦 −1
+ 𝐶1 = 𝑥 + 𝐶2 evaluating the integrals
2(−1)
3
− 2𝑦 = 𝑥 + 𝐶 by simplification
3
− 2(𝑥+𝐶) = 𝑦 expressing y in terms of x.
3
− 2𝑥+2𝐶 = 𝑦
3
𝑦 = 2𝑥+𝐶 2C = C

Example 2. Solve the differential equation 2𝑦𝑑𝑥 – 3𝑥𝑑𝑦 = 0

Solution:
2𝑦𝑑𝑥 – 3𝑥𝑑𝑦 = 0
2𝑦𝑑𝑥 = 3𝑥𝑑𝑦
2𝑦𝑑𝑥 3𝑥𝑑𝑦
= dividing each member by xy to separate the variables
𝑥𝑦 𝑥𝑦

2𝑑𝑥 3𝑑𝑦
= cancelling common factors
𝑥 𝑦

2𝑑𝑥 3𝑑𝑦
∫ = ∫ integrating both members
𝑥 𝑦

2𝑙𝑛|𝑥 | + 𝐶1 = 3𝑙𝑛|𝑦| + 𝐶2
2𝑙𝑛|𝑥 | = 3𝑙𝑛|𝑦| + 𝐶 (𝐶2 – 𝐶1 = 𝐶3 )
2𝑙𝑛|𝑥 | − 𝐶3 = 3𝑙𝑛|𝑦|
2𝑙𝑛|𝑥 | + 𝐶 = 3𝑙𝑛|𝑦| −𝐶3 = 𝐶
𝑙𝑛|𝑥 |2 + 𝐶 = 𝑙𝑛|𝑦|3 by the power rule of logarithm
2 +𝐶 3
𝑒 𝑙𝑛|𝑥| = 𝑒 𝑙𝑛|𝑦| introducing base e to each member
2
𝑒 𝑙𝑛|𝑥| 𝑒 𝐶 = |𝑦|3 by e raised to the ln power
3
± √𝑥 2 𝐴 = 𝑦 where 𝑒 𝐶 = 𝐴 is any positive constant
For trivial solution y = 0 for 2ydx – 3xdy = 0
3
y = B √𝑥 2 where B is any real number.

5
 2
Example 3. Solve the equation 𝑥𝑦 3 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = 0.
Solution:
2
𝑥𝑦 3 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = 0
2
𝑥𝑦 3 𝑑𝑥 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑦 2
2 + 2 =0 dividing both members by 𝑦 3 𝑒 𝑥 to separate the variables
𝑦3𝑒𝑥 𝑦3𝑒𝑥

𝑥𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
2 + 𝑦3 = 0 cancelling common factors
𝑒𝑥

2
𝑥𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑦 −3 𝑑𝑦 = 0 transforming to an integrable form
2
∫ 𝑥𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑦 −3 𝑑𝑦 = 0 integrating both members
1 2
− 2 ∫ 𝑒 −𝑥 (−2𝑥)𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑦 −3 𝑑𝑦 = 0

1 2 𝑦 −2
− 𝑒 −𝑥 − +𝐶 =0 evaluating the integrals
2 2

𝑦 −2 1 2
− = 2 𝑒 −𝑥 − 𝐶
2
2
𝑦 −2 = −𝑒 −𝑥 + 2𝐶 expressing y in terms of x. (-C = C)
1 2
= −𝑒 −𝑥 + 2𝐶 reciprocal of 𝑦 −2
𝑦2

1
2 = 𝑦2
−𝑒 −𝑥 +2𝐶

1
±√ 2 =𝑦 solving y in terms of x. (A = 2C)
−𝑒 −𝑥 +𝐴

6
 is It

Notice that in the previous examples, a constant C is always present after integration. We
call this solution a family of curves meaning the solution of the DE forms infinite number of
𝑑𝑦
curves that satisfy the equation. Like the solution of = 2𝑥 + 5 is y = x2 + 5x + C
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
because the derivative of y is = 2𝑥 + 5 for any arbitrary constant C. The graphs below
𝑑𝑥
x2
satisfy the equation y = + 5x + C. They differ only with the value of the arbitrary constant
C with the same derivative and one of the graphs shown is the graph of y = x2 + 5x + 1 others
are y = x2 + 5x + 5, y = x2 + 5x + 10, and y = x2 + 5x – 8.

If the solution passes through a point and the coordinates are known, then we solve C
and get a particular solution to the DE.

𝑑𝑦 1
Example 1. Find the particular solution that passes through (0,100) of = 4 𝑦.
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 1
Solution: = 4𝑦
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 1
= 4 𝑑𝑥 separating the variables
𝑦
𝑑𝑦 1
∫ = 4 ∫ 𝑑𝑥 integrating both sides
𝑦
1
𝑙𝑛|𝑦| + 𝐶1 = 4 𝑥 + 𝐶2 evaluating the integrals
1
𝑙𝑛|𝑦| = 4 𝑥 + C C2 – C1 = C
1
( )𝑥+𝐶
𝑦=𝑒 4
1
𝑦 = 𝑒 (4)𝑥 𝑒 𝐶

By substituting 𝑥 = 0 and 𝑦 = 100, we cansolve for C.

Solving C
100 = 1𝑒 𝐶 by substitution
1
So 𝑦 = 100𝑒 (4)𝑥 particular solution.
7
Example 2. Find the particular solution of 2ydx – 3xdy = 0
that passes through the point (1, 1).

Solution:
2ydx – 3xdy = 0
3
± √𝑥 2 𝐴 = 𝑦 the solution to example 2 of What’s New
Solving for A,
3
± √1𝐴 = 1 by substitution
A=1
So,
3
± √𝑥 2 = 𝑦 is the particular solution

’s More

Activity 1: Lets try it out…

𝑑𝑦 𝑥2
1. Find the general solution to the differential equation = 𝑦+3.
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
2. Find the particular solution of 𝑑𝑥 = 6𝑒 3𝑥 + 1, and f(0) = 0.

8
 Lesson Application of Differential Equations
2 involving exponential growth and decay

’s In

Let y = f(t) be the size of a certain population at time t, and let the birth and death
𝑑𝑦
rates be the positive constants b and d, respectively. The rate of change in the population y
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑦
with respect to time t is given by = 𝑘𝑦, where k = b – d.
𝑑𝑡

𝑑𝑦
If k is positive, that is when b > d, then there are more births than deaths and 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑦
denotes growth. If k is negative, that is b < d, then there are more deaths than births and 𝑑𝑡
denotes decay.

Example 1: Suppose that a colony of lice grows exponentially. After 1 day, 50 lice are
counted. After 3 days, 200 were counted. How many are there originally? What is the
exponential growth equation for the colony?

Solution:

Recall the exponential growth equation 𝑦 = 𝑦0 𝑒 𝑘𝑡 and identify the information

given in the problem that will help answer the question.
𝑑𝑦
= 𝑘𝑦
𝑑𝑡

𝑑𝑦
= 𝑘𝑑𝑡 separating the variables
𝑦

𝑑𝑦
∫ = ∫ 𝑘𝑑𝑡 integrating the DE
𝑦

𝑙𝑛|𝑦| = 𝑘𝑡 + 𝐶 evaluating the integrals

𝑒 𝑙𝑛|𝑦| = 𝑒 𝑘𝑡+𝐶 solving for y involving ln

|𝑦| = 𝑒 𝑘𝑡 𝑒 𝐶 by simplification

𝑦 = 𝑦𝑜 𝑒 𝑘𝑡 𝑒 𝐶 = 𝑦𝑜 constant

Now,

y1 = 50 means that 50 = 𝑦𝑜 𝑒 𝑘∙1 Eq. 1

y3 = 200 means that 200 = 𝑦𝑜 𝑒 𝑘∙3 Eq. 2

9
 Solving these two equations by substitution will give us the values for the two unknowns,
yo and ek

50 = 𝑦𝑜 𝑒 𝑘∙1 equation 1
50
= 𝑦𝑜 equation 3 (other form of equation 1)
𝑒𝑘

50𝑒 −𝑘 = 𝑦𝑜 expressing 𝑦𝑜 in terms of e

200 = 𝑦𝑜 𝑒 𝑘∙3 equation 2

200 = (50𝑒 −𝑘 )𝑒 𝑘∙3 substitute equation 3 in equation 2

200 = 50𝑒 3𝑘−𝑘 by law of exponent in multiplication

200 = 50𝑒 2𝑘 by simplification

200
= 𝑒 2𝑘 dividing both members by 50
50

4 = 𝑒 2𝑘 by simplification

4 = (𝑒 𝑘 )2 power rule

2= 𝑒 𝑘 by simplification

Substituting this in equation 1

50 = 𝑦𝑜 𝑒 𝑘∙1

50 = 𝑦𝑜 (2)

25 = 𝑦𝑜 Thus, there were originally 25 lice in the colony.

The exponential growth equation for the given problem is y = 25(2 t).

(Balmaceda J.M.P, et al.)

10
 ’s New

DECAY PROBLEM

Example:
The rate of decay of radium is said to be proportional to the amount of
radium present. If the half-life of radium is 1690 years and there are 200 grams
on hand now, how much radium will be present in 845 years?

Solution:
𝑦 = 𝐶𝑒 𝑘𝑡 The exponential decay equation
𝑘𝑡
𝑦 = 200𝑒 since there are 200 grams present at the start
𝑘(1690)
100 = 200𝑒 a half-life of 1690 years means that the initial
amount of 200 grams of radium will reduce
to half.
100
= 𝑒 𝑘(1690) dividing both members by 200
200
1
= 𝑒 𝑘(1690) by simplification
2
1
1 ⁄1690
( 2) = 𝑒𝑘
Substituting this in 𝑦 = 200𝑒 𝑘𝑡
1⁄ (𝑡)
1 1690
𝑦 = 200 (2)
𝑡⁄
1 1690
𝑦 = 200 ( )
2
845⁄
1 1690
𝑦 = 200 ( ) in 845 years
2
1⁄
1 2
𝑦 = 200 (2)
y ≈ 141.4 there will be 141.4 grams of radium left after
845 years.

(Balmaceda J.M.P, et al.)

11
 is It

Bounded Growth

Let y = f(t) be the size of a certain population at time t. We say that the
type of growth y has is called bounded growth if y satisfies the differential
𝑑𝑦
equation = 𝑘 (𝐾 − 𝑦), 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 K > 0 is the carrying capacity (limiting quality).
𝑑𝑡

Example:

A certain pawikan breeding site is said to be able to sustain 5000

pawikans. One thousand pawikans are brought there initially. After a year, this
increased to 1100 pawikans. How many pawikans will there be after 5 years?
Assume that pawikans follow the limited growth model.

Solution:

Given: K = 5000
yo = 1000
C = K – yo = 5000 – 1000 = 4000
𝑑𝑦
= 𝑘 (𝐾 − 𝑦)
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑦
(𝐾−𝑦)
= 𝑘𝑑𝑡 separating the variables d and t
𝑑𝑦
− ∫ (𝐾−𝑦) = ∫ 𝑘𝑑𝑡 integrating both sides
-ln (K – y) = kt + C evaluating the integrals
ln (K – y) = - kt + C multiplying both sides by -1 and -C = C
ln (K – y) − kt + C
𝑒 = 𝑒 introducing e to both sides
− kt 𝐶
(K – y) = 𝑒 𝑒 by law of exponent
− kt
K–y= 𝑒 𝐶 𝑒𝐶 = 𝐶
y = K – C𝑒 − kt transposition
− kt
y = 5000 – 4000𝑒 by substitution
The population after 1 year, y 1 = 1100, means we can substitute y with 1100
and t with 1 to obtain 𝑒 − k .

1100 = 5000 – 4000 𝑒 − k by substitution

4000 𝑒 − k = 5000 – 1100 transposition
3900
𝑒− k = solving for 𝑒 − k
4000
𝑒 − k = 0.975

12
From y = 5000 – 4000𝑒 − kt
y = 5000 – 4000(0.975)𝑡 by substitution
after 5 years, t = 5
y = 5000 – 4000(0.975)5
y = 5000 – 4000(0.881)
y = 1476
Therefore, there will be approximately 1475 pawikans in the breeding site.

(Balmaceda J.M.P, et al.)

’s More

Activity 2: Let’s try this

A sort of “decay”

Suppose that newly-baked cupcakes are taken out of the oven which is set at 100
degrees. Room temperature is found to be 25 degrees, and in 15 minutes the cupcakes are
found to have a temperature of 50 degrees. Determine the approximate temperature of the
𝑑𝑦
cupcakes after 30 minutes. [hint: use the Differential Equation = −𝑘 (𝑦 − 25)]
𝑑𝑡

aa
I Have Learned

Activity 3: Reflection

Write a short reflection in your notebook.

1. I have learned that_____________________.
2. I will apply_______________________.

13
 I Can Do

Activity 4: Let’s do this

Logistic Growth

Let y = f(t) be the size of a certain population at time t. We say that the type of growth y
𝑑𝑦
has is called logistic growth if y satisfies the differential equation = 𝑘𝑦(𝐾 − 𝑦), where y is
𝑑𝑡
the size of the population. (Balmaceda J.M.P, et al.)
Problem:
Ten Philippine eagles were introduced to a national park 10 years ago. There are now
23 eagles in the park. The park can support a maximum of 100 eagles. Assuming a logistic
growth model, when will the eagle population reach 50?

Activity 5
I. Determine whether each of the following differential equations is separable or not, if it is
separable, rewrite the equation in the form g(y)dy = f(x)dx.
𝑑𝑦
1) =𝑦+3
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
2) = 𝑥 2 𝑦 − 𝑥𝑦 + 3𝑦
𝑑𝑥

II. Find the general solution of the following differential equations.

𝑑𝑦 𝑥+1
1) = − 2(𝑦+3)
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
2) = 𝑦 2 (1 + 𝑒 𝑥 )
𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦 𝑥
III. Find the particular solution of the differential equation 𝑑𝑥
= 𝑦−4 and f(3) = 7.

Activity 6: Challenge yourself

Application of Differential Equation:

In a farm, there were initially 10 rabbits. After three months, there are already 20
rabbits. Assuming that the growth is exponential and no rabbit dies in the process, at what
time will there be 100 rabbits?
14
 15
Pretest
1. b
2. b
3. c
What’s More
Activity 1.
𝑦2 𝑥3
1. 2 + 3𝑦 = 3 + 𝐶
2. 𝑦 = 2𝑒 3𝑥 + 𝑥 − 2
Activity 2.
After 30 minutes, the cupcakes’ temperature will be approximately 33.33 degrees.
References

Department of Education-Bureau of Learning Resources (DepEd-BLR). Basic Calculus-

Grade 11:Teacher’s Guide for Senior High School.2016, pp. 259-279

Gordon, Berchie W., Yunker, Lee E. , and et al. Advanced Mathematics Concepts. Merill
Publishing Company. Westville Ohio. 1994.pp. 939-942.
Ortega, Oreste M., Pilar-Arceo, Carlene P. Teaching Guide in Basic Calculus.
Waner, Stefan, and Steven R. Costenoble. 1997. Integrals of Trigonometric Functions. The
Trigonometric Functions.
Retrieved: https://www.zweigmedia.com/RealWorld/trig/trig4.html

16
For inquiries or feedback, please write or call:

Department of Education – Schools Division of Negros Oriental

Kagawasan, Avenue, Daro, Dumaguete City, Negros Oriental

Tel #: (035) 225 2376 / 541 1117

Email Address: negros.oriental@deped.gov.ph
Website: lrmds.depednodis.net