The Improvement of Worker Safety Management in Construction

Site, Klang Valley, Selangor

TEONG MEEN

This report submitted as a partial requirement for the degree

of

Bachelor of Science (HONS) IN QUANTITY SURVEYING

Faculty of engineering and quantity surveying

Inti International University

(August, Year 2020)

 DECLARATION OF SUPERVISOR

“We hereby declare that we have read this thesis, and, in our opinion, this thesis is
sufficient in terms of scope and quality for the award of the Degree of Quantity
Surveying”

—————————————

Name of Supervisor :
Date :

1
 DECLARATION BY THE CANDIDATE
I Teong Meen, I18014747 confirm that the work in this report is my own work and the
appropriate credit has given where references have been made to the work of other researchers.

(Student’s signature)

Student Name: Teong Meen

Student ID: I18014747

Date: 18/9/2020

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I want to expose my sincere gratitude to my supervisor, Madam Siti Azira, for being there from
the start until the finish of the final year project. With all guidance and bits of advice given by
him, I could complete on time. I am incredibly grateful to him to guide me to the right path.

I want to thank my examiners for their valuable suggestions and comments during the research
proposal presentation and accepting the way I work with patience and grace.

Finally, I also wish to express my gratefulness to my family members who support my

studies and friends for their assistance and support on various occasions.

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ABSTRACT

Accidents happen alongside construction sites around the world, notwithstanding various
occupational safety and health laws, jurisdictions, and guidance. There is an international
inclination away from guiding compliance with safety laws approaching a performance
approach. Contractors are allowed flexibility to choose the means and methods to perform their
operations safely. The construction industry is one of the high-risk industries and is the common
developing sectors when compared to all countries. In the construction industry, when
construction safety management is not implemented and improve systematically, accidents will
always happen, and this can affect the economic growth of the country. So, the workers must be
aware of the hazards and safety programs to prevent construction accidents because the safety
issue of workers has been much more critical in the construction industry. Usually, the site
accidents are obliged to happen when there are lacking organisation arrangements, risky
practices, and weak frames of mind of development workforce, low administration
responsibility, and deficient wellbeing information and preparing of labourers. The purpose of
this study is to develop the level of safety management on construction site and classify the
process of the source that causes of construction accidents and chances for improvement of
safety management and highlight the importance of safety management in the construction site in
the Klang Valley, Selangor, Malaysia.

Keyword: Accident, safety management, improvement, construction site, Malaysia

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 Table of Content

Abstract………………………………………………………………………………………...1

Chapter 1.0 Introduction

1.1 Introduction to topic................................................................................................................

1.2 Problem Statement...................................................................................................................

1.3 Aim and Objective...................................................................................................................

1.4 Important to Study....................................................................................................................

1.5 Limitation of Study.......................................................................................................7

Chapter 2.0: Literature Review..................................................................................................9

2.1 Introduction for Literature Review...................................................................................... 9

2.2 Factor Affecting Improper Safety Management in Construction Site

2.2.1 Proper Training.........................................................................................................................

2.2.2 Innovation.................................................................................................................................

2.2.3 Communication.......................................................................................................................

2.2.4 Supervision..............................................................................................................................

2.2.5 Availability of Safety Equipment............................................................................................

2.3 Common risk causes the accident in the construction site

2.3.1 Introduction.............................................................................................................................

2.3.2 When Moving Object/ Equipment..........................................................................................

2.3.3 Highly Sonance.......................................................................................................................

2.3.4 Working at Height Level.........................................................................................................

2.3.5 Fall, Slip, Trip.........................................................................................................................

2.3.6 Building/ Structure Collapse...................................................................................................

2.3.7 Improper or Failure use of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)……………………...12

2.4 Construction Authority and Stakeholder related to Workers……………………………...13

2.4.1 The Department of Occupational Safety and Health (DOSH) .................................13

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 2.4.2 Construction Industry Development Board (CIDB) ..................................................13

2.4.3 The National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) .........................14

2.4.4 The Social Security Association (SOCSO)..................................................................15

2.5 Conclusion ………………………………………………………………………………...16

3.0 Chapter 3: Research Methodology

3.1 Introduction……………………………………………………………………………….17

3.2 Research Procedure……………………………………………………………………….18

3.3 Research Methodology…………………………………………………………………….19

3.4 Data Collection Technique…………………………………………………………………20

3.5 Data Analysis………………………………………………………………………………20

3.6 Conclusion…………………………………………………………………………………21

3.7 References…………………………………………………………………………………22

List of Figure

Figure1.2.1: (The Star, News. Diyana PFORDTEN)……………………………… …....Page 5

Figure 3.1 Flow chart of research procedure………………………………………………Page 18

List of Table

Table 3.2 Method used for research objectives…………………………………… …. Page 20

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 Chapter 1: Introduction

1.1 Introduction to topic

An accident is an unplanned event that usually causes injury or destruction, thereby

interrupting the regular performance of an activity. Before an accident, there are always
unsafe habits of employees or dangerous conditions in the workplace . The construction
industry is one of the high-risk industries. The construction industry is considered one of
the most dangerous industries in the world (Hinze, 2008), because of the
disproportionately high rate of accidents and deadliness that occur on construction sites
around the world (The Business Roundtable, 1983; Churcher and Alwani-Starr, 1996;
Brown, 1996; Rowlinson, 2000; Smallwood and Haupt, 2000. The industry has made a
considerable contribution to the country's economic growth. However, if construction
safety management not systematically implemented, accidents will always happen on-site,
which will affect the country's economic growth. Therefore, safety management during
construction is dangerous to the performance and success of the project. Construction
safety management can define as the practical and effective implementation of policies
that must meet the safety of employees in construction company management. Besides,
construction safety management focuses more on the management of construction site
services and product distribution processes. (Bernold et al., 1993).

According to Khalid (1996), reasonable safety procedures will reduce injustices on

construction sites. It will also minimise construction costs, increase productivity and
profitability, and most importantly save the lives of workers on site. Therefore, these will
make positive contributions to the construction industry and the country. In addition to
causing operational delays, accidents also directly or indirectly lead to increased costs
(Bakri et al., 2006). Therefore, according to the requirements of the Occupational Safety
and Health Act 1994 (OSHA), all construction companies must provide health and safety
officers with more than 20 million ringgits for the project.

The Malaysian Cabinet decided in November 2018 to include the social security
protection of foreign workers in SOCSO from 1 January 2019. According to the
provisions of the Minister of Human Resources M. Kula Segaran (2019), employers
employing foreign workers with valid documents (including foreigners) must register to
provide SOCSO to their employees by the Employees' Social Security Act of 1969 (Act

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 No. 4) And contribute to the "Work Injury Insurance Plan". And rehabilitation, and a
repatriation fee of RM6,500 (including funeral expenses).

1.2 Problem Statement

Accidents, incidents, injuries and fatalities continue to occur unabated on construction sites
around the world at consistently high rates (Hinze, 1997; Center to 9 Protect Workers
Rights, 1995; Berger, 2000). This situation persists despite various regulatory systems and
standards in the construction industry in most countries. In the construction industry, most
construction companies do not effectively implement safety management. Therefore, in
Malaysia, accidents that occur on construction sites are always highlighted. According to
other information from the Social Security Organization (SOCSO) in the construction
sector, 143 deaths and 8,191 accidents recorded from January to November 2018, but
records show that there were 120 deaths from January to November 2017 and 7,870
throughout the year. Accident. Compared with 2017, the number of work-related
accidents and deaths in the construction industry increased in 2018.

In the 2006 “Construction Safety Benchmarking” study conducted by Abd Hamid and
Abd Majid, they concluded that most construction companies only conducted
investigations during the initial stages of the implementation of safety plans. They hardly
follow the final safety plan driven by a safe working environment and culture.

Based on this department, the Department of Occupational Safety and Health (DOSH),
together with stakeholders in the construction sector, has developed a more
comprehensive approach to ensure safety in hazardous work environments. The
"Construction Industry Occupational Safety and Health (Management) Initiative"
launched in 2017 provides practical guidance for clients, designers and contractors in the
safety, health and welfare management of construction projects. In 2017, the death rate of
construction workers was 14.57 per 100,000 workers.

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 Figure 1.1: (The Star, News. Diyana PFORDTEN)

OSH showed in 2019 that the fatal accident rate in construction workplaces dropped by
16%, that is, the accident rate per 100,000 workers was 11.28, compared with 13.44 per
100,000 workers in 2018. The drop in fatal accident rates clearly shows that employers
and employees are beginning to realise the importance of ensuring a safe and healthy
workplace. “Human Resources Minister Datuk Seri M Saravanan said.

This researches to reduce the accident that happens in the construction site. This research
is to know the importance of safety on the site and investigate the way to improve the
management of safety in the construction site in Malaysia.

1.3 Aim and Objectives

This research aims to evaluate the importance and improvement of safety management
for the worker at the construction site and the needs of the element to construction's
performance and successes. To achieve the aim, the objective of this research are as
follow:
1. To identify the of improper safety management in construction.
2. To investigate the importance of safety management on-site to improve.
3. To evaluate the importance of improvement of the safety management system in the
construction company.

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 1.4 Important of the study

The critical point of this research is that the contractor or site manager will have more
experience in safety management and will improve with the adoption of safety measures.
All parties will benefit from the project work, can improve their safety reputation, can
improve the quality and quantity of the project, and can prevent any financial problems
due to accidents. This research will improve the quality of safety management. The
comparison with small, large enterprises adopts a more comprehensive range of security
policies and practices. Improved security will improve competitiveness. The results of the
research will benefit not only the company but also employees. Since the risk of the
problem will notice through the exact number and level, the workers will work intuitively,
thus improving the safe working conditions and preventing any accidents at the
construction site are very important.

1.5 Limitation of Study

The scope and limitation of this research are how to improve the safety management of
workers on the construction site. This study will explain the safety management of the
construction industry, which is one of the essential factors that affect project performance and
success. The research will focus on construction projects in Klang, Malaysia. The study will
also emphasise the awareness and importance of safety management in the construction
industry.

1.6 Research Methodology

For this report, primary and secondary research methods can collect data and generate reports
containing reliable information. The main source of data will be base on the distribution of
online questionnaires to contractors, site supervisors, safety supervisors, site managers, site
engineers and site staff to achieve the research goals of this study. Once the information
collects from the interviewees, data analysis will be performing on the study. By analysing the
results, we can identify the reasons for incorrect safety management during construction,
investigate the importance of on-site safety management to improve safety management and

10
evaluate the importance of improving safety to the safety management system of construction
companies.

The targeted respondent for primary research will base on G6 and G7 contractor firm, and site
workers which located at Klang Vally, Selangor, to limit the distribution of questionnaire and
enable to obtain the perception of respondents in Klang Vally area about the improvement of
Worker Safety Management in Construction Site.

The questionnaire includes three parts which are:

 Section A: related to respondent information, working experience

 Section B related to the importance of safety management on-site to improve

 Section C relates to an improvement in the safety management system in the

construction company.

Secondary data sources provided with articles or journals through online databases. By
using auxiliary data, it can make me understand the importance of safety management on
construction sites. This will support my literature review to achieve the research goals of this
research.

1.7 Target Respondents at Klang Vally Area

G6, G7 Contractors Firm Through the Construction Industry

Development Board (CIDB) website to
obtain email for Grade6 and Grade 7
Contractors.

Figure 1.2 Target respondents

In this research, the reason targeted respondents selected from Klang Vally area is

because they have more construction activities is undergoing, which is including infrastructure

and building projects. Besides that, the sample size will base on the confident level of the

population in every different profession to improve the accuracy and reliability of my research

analysis.

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1.8 Proposed contents for each chapter
Chapter 1: Introduction

This chapter will highlight the improvement of safety management in the construction site. This

research, with a brief introduction explaining to ensure the content is present clearly in this

chapter.

Chapter 2: A literature review

In this chapter, it will explain the background study related to safety management and any

related literature research which carried out that allows more understand. Concrete. Detailed

literature reviews able to carry out and find out the cause and the way to improve safety

management. The information for this report will mainly base on the secondary research

methodological like articles, journey.

Chapter 3: Proposed Research Methodology

Outline of the research methodology for the improvement of safety management in the

construction site will highlight in this chapter which states the reason why safety management is

essential.

Chapter 4: Data Collection & Analysis Focus on analysis and interpreting the information and

result obtained from a correspondent from different sector and developer through the

questionnaires survey form. Based on the data collected, we will able to identify improper safety

management in construction.

Chapter 5: Conclusions/ RecommendationIn the last chapter, I will consist of the overall

summary of the research findings, the problem I face during the research for this report and any

future recommendation. Hoping this researchable to allow another researcher and other people

have a better understanding of safety management in the construction site.

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 Chapter 2- Literature Review

2.0 Literature Review

The purpose of chapter 2 is to guides our general understanding of the importance of safety
management to the site worker in the construction site. Through this literature review, it
helps to collect different perspective of view and information to generate this report.

This section will carry out to study the construction will be carried out to determine whether
the aim and objective of this research will be achieved.

Besides, this chapter will implement the improvement of the safety management system in
the construction company.

2.1 Introduction

Construction site safety management can be defined as practical and useful

implementation, which means that the safety strategies and tasks of construction company
employees and managers must be met. Construction safety management mainly focuses on
the careful management of the production and distribution of products and services at the
construction site (Bernold et al., 1993). Logistics, procurement, inventory management
and evaluation control activities are usually related to the safety management of
construction sites. The most concern is the efficiency and effectiveness of the process.
Therefore, construction site safety management includes the analysis and management of
internal processes (Blackmon et al., 1995).

In most construction sites in Malaysia, we can see that the most common scenery is
"safety first". However, some workers did not follow the safety guidelines established by
the government. Therefore, the proportion of accidents at the construction site is still
increasing. Williams (2000) proposed that as construction projects become more complex
and almost doubled, site safety should be a strength. The construction site is crowded with
workers who undertake many high-risk tasks (such as working height and outdoor
activities), as well as heavy machinery and equipment (Tam et al., 2004). There is a
positive correlation between the expectation of safety and the harm to the poor, which is
the primary key to promoting safety.
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 Besides, the negative impact of work-related accidents requires the repositioning of
management roles in safety practices. Although accidents caused by uncertain
environments cannot be avoided, it is possible to standardise and improve current safety
management by instilling positive employee behaviours driven by an effective
management system to protect workers from the hazards associated with manual work
(Bottani et al. (2009) And Krause, 1993). As emphasised by Wilson and Koehn (2000),
safety management is a method of manipulating site safety policies, practices related to
operations, and procedures related to construction projects. It requires a dynamic process
that can adjust the size of on-site operations so that workers can generally work without
encountering unexpected interruptions to construction projects. The focus is on how to
reduce the occurrence of project accidents through effective safety management

Human error is also one of the leading causes of accidents and maybe a core component
of various safety problems in high-risk facilities (Jacobs and Haber, 1994; Llory, 1992). It
is possible to link human performance with safety (Bottani et al., 2009). The distraction
theory of Hinze (1996) shows that workers who are distracted by physical danger or
mental diversion have an increased risk of accidents. Mitropoulos and Cupido (2009)
proposed that production practices can prevent production errors. Therefore, it can be
considered that if safety practices can be affected by the guiding principles and their
related strategies (to avoid construction accidents and errors), human error can be
prevented, thereby reducing the possibility of accidents.

2.2 Safety Management

‘Safety' is the absence of danger from which harm or loss could result (Jacques 1996) or
"freedom from hazards". However, it is practically impossible to eliminate all hazards.
Safety is the relative protection from exposure to danger. Safety Management is the same as
many other management activities, such as planning, organising, controlling and
communication.

2.2.1 Planning

Planning is the first and most critical element of hazardous waste site activities. By
anticipating and taking steps to prevent potential hazards to health and safety, work at

the site can proceed with minimum the risk, especially the safety to workers and the public.

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 A profitable planning operation involves a few steps. Firstly, the safety supervisor must
forecast the needs of the safety department for the coming year. This involves reviewing the
records of successes and failures as well as all the resources used in the east. This
forecasting of coming need or predicting when will occur is a result of looking at the past
and studying in future. Once the forecasts are made, the safety supervisor must then
anticipate the resources needed to meet those demands and make the requests accordingly. A
proposed safety standard that will be coming into effect may require unusual demands as
will the planning. The safety supervisor will not wait for incidents to occur, but instead
anticipates and plans to deal with problems and prevent before the accident happen.

2.2.2 Organising

A pure worker position manages safety. The meaning of this penetrate safety are affect the
operation in the organisation. In understanding the management in safety, there are two types
which are line position and staff position.

I. Line Position
Line positions is the position that carrying out the primary functions of the
organisation—for example, site supervisor, project manager.
II. Staff Position
Staff positions are charged with supporting or helping the line positions. Staff
positions have no real authority over line activity, and the staff members only assist
and advise the line officers.

Any authority from staff position are given the assisting or advising to line manager such as
safety managers, safety engineer, safety professional, safety technicians. Their job is to
monitor safety, compare what they slight against existing standards, and give the advice the
line management as to any corrective actions that need to taken from a safety standpoint.

2.2.3 Controlling

Controlling can have many sub-function, such as, monitoring the situation to know what is
happening to the organisation, comparing the observations to establishing standards, and
taking the appropriate corrective actions. This situation is careful to monitor through
inspections, audits, record reviews, interviews with employees and supervisors, and what is
happening in the organisation. Besides, controls also need to establish perception, so they
must be subjective, involving the observer and the event being measure. The control must
also be a focus on results, which shows that inspection and record-keeping are essential

15
safety management functions. The two factors of measurement and information are true,
factors that constitute control. In order to give safety managers control, we must establish
controls with individual specifications. We can obtain many specifications from legislative
safety standards.

2.2.4 Communications

Communication is one of the essential issues of construction safety. Employees must be

able to speak and listen to opinions in a way that management and employees understand.

This requires knowledge in accounting, economics, modern production and quality theory.

Strong interpersonal skills and relevant language skills are essential for any successful, safe

job. Safety practitioners will cooperate with senior management and frontline workers. He

needs to have the personality and ability to connect with these two groups effectively.

2.3 Improvement of Safety Management at Construction Site

2.3.1 Proper Training

The U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) and other
organisations are releasing resources to train their new workers on standard safety and
security measures, including worksheets, training videos, brochures, and on-site training
opportunities. Experienced workers should be expecting to update their standard safety
knowledge by attending regular training courses on time within a year. These training
courses can discuss some simple things, including fall prevention and the proper use of
ladders, but the purpose is to ensure that everyone is properly trained. After leaving the
training class, workers should know the safety measures to be taken in the event of an
accident. In addition, on-site safety training skills will help construction workers enforce
safety rules. Practising construction site safety training skills on-site will force workers to
practice these skills in safety-critical environments and ensure they are trained.

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2.3.2 Innovation

If it were not for the unwillingness to allocate additional resources to allow employees
to work safely, the accident rate would be higher than today. These additional resources
not only reduce the incidence of workplace accidents and injuries but also help maintain
new ideas to develop construction site workers safely. New practices that can improve
security development should always be encouraged, and companies should avoid talking
about legislation aimed at improving security agreements. If there is enough innovation,
all construction sites can maximise the safety practices of their construction sites.

2.3.3 Communication

Communication is an essential thing that needs to resolve at the construction site.

When workers cannot understand the expected results, accidents are likely to occur. For
example, migrant workers, their pronouns are not standard enough, or they do not
understand the meaning. In addition, construction companies will wisely equip workers
with devices such as walkie-talkies, headsets, and smartphones to allow quick and
effective communication between all workers. Without everyday communication between
workers on the construction site, workers will not know what will happen. Simple and
clear communication with everyone can not only make the project faster but also make
everyone aware of the situation. Notify the staff and make sure that what everyone is
doing is to communicate and make sure they understand the safety of the construction site.

2.3.4 Experiences Site Supervision

In every construction site, there must be experienced and strong supervisors who are
capable and willing to enforce safety standards without any exceptions. Supervisors must
always guide workers in and out in time and need to correct them when they fail to follow
and implement correct construction safety procedures. In addition, supervisors can assist
sufficient workers who do not want to follow the guidelines after warning.
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2.3.5 Availability of Safety Equipment

Safety equipment is necessary to perform work safety in the workplace; otherwise,

accidents may occur during construction. Duncan and Bennett (1991) reviewed the
performance of various fall protection systems. They concluded that both active measures
could be taken, such as measures to prevent the guardrail from falling, such as guardrails,
or passive measures can be taken to prevent workers from falling. For example, safety
nets, hard hats., Safety shoes are beneficial in reducing fall injuries. In addition, a
meaningful connection found between the cause of the fall and the incident. They were
falling related to lack of unattended openings, compliant scaffolding, removal of protective
devices, improper protective devices.

2.4 Common risk causes the accident in the construction site

2.4.1 Introduction

The construction site is due to the nature of the work, that is, the dangers of the equipment
been use on it. The probability of accidents at construction sites is high, and the industry
has the highest rate of fatal accidents. During most of the day, workers must work at a very
high level, carrying heavy equipment or carrying heavy tools, and maintaining loud noises
to put them in a dangerous state. If workers do not wear safety equipment correctly, it is
easy to cause accidents or death. Therefore, construction workers must receive proper
training to understand the most common hazards at the construction site. The following are
common risks that often occur in construction sites.

2.4.2 When moving the object/ equipment

In most cases, the construction site is filled with excavators, supply trucks and lifting
equipment, all working on uneven surfaces. Workers must fully understand the
18
surrounding environment and take the necessary precautions to ensure that they are in a
safe state. Workers must keep a certain distance when moving objects and equipment,
wear high-visibility jackets and wear helmets.

2.4.3 Very Noise

As a result, many machines, vehicles and tools will be operated on the construction site,
making the environment too noisy, and if workers are exposed to noise for a long time, it
will cause damage to the ears and cause deafness. Therefore, it is imperative to cover the
ears with personal protective equipment.

2.4.4 Working at the height level

At the construction site, workers will use ladders or scaffolding to climb straight and work
at high altitudes, so there is a risk of falling and related injuries. For example, workers
must have a fall prevention system, and when using scaffolding systems, they must be
equipped with guardrails to minimise risks. In addition to this, the equipment should
always be appropriately inspected and maintained.

2.4.5 Falls, Slips and Trips

The construction site is on the mesh of the ground, building completion, scaffolding,
stored materials and equipment at all stages. Every worker must be conscientious and must
wear safety shoes to prevent slippage.

2.4.6 Building/ Structure Collapse

Every year, excavations and collapses occupied. Seriously injured people work in them.
Preventive measures need to be planned before starting work. In addition, some buildings
collapse because of weak buildings or structures.

2.4.7 Improper or Failure use of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE).

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Working without wearing any personal protective equipment (PPE) may significantly
increase the possibility of accidental injury. Many workers refuse to wear PPE for various
reasons. For example, they feel uncomfortable with gears when working on-site and think
that this is a hindrance to their work output. The International Labour Organization (1996)
revealed that some workers feel uncomfortable when wearing any type of personal
protective equipment, which indirectly reduces their job performance. During the
emergency accident happen, Personnel protective equipment (PPE) can protect our body and
will minimise the injured. PPE may divide as follows:

- Head Protection
- Hearing protection.
- Respiratory protection.
- Eye and face protection.
- Hand protection.
- Foot protection.
- Protective clothing.

2.5 Construction Authority and Stakeholder related to Workers

All agencies and stakeholders are involved in the work of construction safety, and
they each have their responsibilities and roles in the construction industry to ensure
monitoring, control and safety implementation—for example, contractors, customers,
consultants, architects, workers, insurance companies. In addition, according to regulations,
current safety regulations and orders available in the industry, contractors and safety law
enforcement officials, most contractors and safety law enforcement officials, have more
persuasive authority. The authority such as CIDB, DOSH, NIOSH, MPK.

2.5.1 The Department of Occupational Safety and Health (DOSH)

The Department of Occupational Safety and Health (DOSH) is a department under the
Ministry of Human Resources. This department is responsible for ensuring the safety,
health and welfare of staff, and protecting others from safety and health hazards brought by
the field of activity. As a government agency, the department is responsible for the

20
management and enforcement of laws related to occupational safety and health in the
country. Its vision is to become an organisation that leads the country in establishing a safe
and healthy work culture, thereby contributing to the improvement of national occupational
safety and health—quality of work life.

The function of (DOSH) is research and review occupational safety and health policies and
regulations. Enforce the following legislation:

- The Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1994 and its regulations.
- The Factory and Machinery Act of 1967 and its regulations.

- Part of the Petroleum Act (Safety Measures) of 1984 and its regulations. Conduct
research and technical analysis on occupational safety and health issues in the
workplace. Develop promotional and publicity plans for employers, workers and the
public to cultivate and raise awareness of occupational safety and health. Become
the Secretariat of the National Assembly on occupational safety and health.

2.5.2 Construction Industry Development Board (CIDB)

It was established by Act 520 of Lembaga Pembangunan Industry Pembinaan Malaysia

Act 1994 in July 1994 as a statutory body under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Works
Malaysia. The aim is to develop, enhance and enhance the competitiveness of the
Malaysian construction industry and develop the construction industry and make it one
of the main contributors to the national economy, capable of producing and delivering
high-quality construction projects that are valued for money and can meet the needs of
the country. Safety is the recognition and certification of skilled construction workers
and construction supervisors. With this function, the board of directors has the right to
carry out the "Introduction Course on Safety and Health of Construction Workers
(SICW)". After completing the above courses in Malaysia, the board of directors will
recognise and certify skilled construction workers and construction site supervisors by
issuing the so-called "CIDB Green Card", and then allow them to be qualified to enter
and work on the construction site. Green card holders can also obtain Islamic insurance
coverage based on the terms and conditions of the insurance. The card should
complement all the "NIOSH Security Passports" issued by the National Institute of
Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). In addition to the above, one of the board's
activities is to recognise outstanding participants in the construction industry by
21
 holding the so-called "Malaysian Construction Industry Excellence Awards (MCIEA)"
every year.

2.5.3 The National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)

NIOSH was officially established in December 1992 as a Company Limited by

Guarantee, under the Malaysian Companies Act, 1965. The central vision of this institute
is to be the 'Leading Centre of Excellence' in Occupational Safety and Health.

The function of NIOSH is to directly or indirectly provide training, consulting services,

information dissemination and research and development for employees, employers and
responsible persons in the field of occupational safety and health. As stated in the
Memorandum and Articles of Association, NIOSH aims to contribute to the promotion
of occupational safety and health (OSH) by developing and providing courses and
training plans for workers and employees, employers, and those who implement OSH
in the workplace. Assist industry, business and other organisations to solve OSH-
related issues and provide the person in charge of OSH with the latest information in
the field of local and overseas OSH. NIOSH has also conducted short- and long-term
research in OSH-related fields, which will benefit the country and bring benefits.
Disseminate information about research results and become a reference centre in the
field of occupational safety and health. Organise and participate in various exhibitions,
seminars and conferences held across the country, and provide advice and support for
the safety and health movement of the industry. Since information is essential to
achieving a safe and healthy working environment, NIOSH actively carries out
information dissemination activities to disseminate it to the public to install a safe and
healthy work culture. Information dissemination is one of the critical goals of NIOSH,
and NIOSH has become a demand of the industry.

2.5.4 The Social Security Association (SOCSO)

The Social Security Association was built up as one of the government offices beneath
the services of human assets to manage, execute and implement the Employees’ Social

22
Security Act 1969 and the Employees’ Social Security (Common) Controls 1971. On 1
July 1985, SOCSO’s status was changed to a Statutory Body and since 1 January 1992,
SOCSO has executed it possess compensation framework known as the (System Saraan
Baru, PERKESO).

The functions and roles of SOCSO Social Security Protection are based totally on
the thought of joint duty via the pooling of resources, sharing of hazard and substitute of
income. Social safety is a simple want that ought to be fulfilled as agreed upon in the
International Labour Organisation (ILO) Convention 1952, namely, Convention 102:
Minimum Standards for Social Security. In assembly, the goal, the
fundamental feature of SOCSO is to supply social protection safety to personnel and their
dependants via the Employment Injury Scheme and the Invalidity Scheme.

2.6 Important of safety management

A safe workplace is one of the most critical responsibilities of a construction project

manager. In addition to the obvious ethical issue of protecting workers from harm,
unsafe workplaces also bring huge costs. As a manager, you can play a real role in this
critical area. Besides, safety is essential for completing projects within or within
budget. The cost of downtime is high, and when you cannot find your job after an
accident, the same is true for finding replacement workers. Workers' compensation
claims and lawsuits may increase your insurance costs. Focusing on safety can help
reduce costs.

2.6.1 Safety at the construction site to protect the public

The safety of the construction site can protect not only your workers but also ensure
public safety. The construction site is located in a busy area with frequent public traffic.
Insufficient security protocols may cause objects to fall on innocent bystanders, and
even put people who are not connected to the project at high risk.

2.6.2 Safely reduce work-related accidents Construction site

safety can not only reduce the risk of injury to the public but also reduce the risk of
work-related injuries and accidents. OSHA estimates that nearly a quarter of all work-
related deaths occurred in the construction industry, and many more injuries that did

23
not result in death also occurred. Falling, being hit by an object, electrocution or being
caught between equipment are the four most common causes of accidental death and
other injuries. Establishing a safety culture can reduce the risk of such accidents.

2.6.3 Reduce time and money loss after an accident

When an accident that causes personal injury or death occurs, work stops. The severity
of these accidents needs to investigate, and work cannot continue while the research is
in progress. The construction site accident also increased the overall cost of the project.
Equipment or consumables are often damaged, and your expenses will increase. For
injured workers, workers' compensation claims may increase total operating costs. If
the injured person does not belong to the construction company, a lawsuit may be filed.
Ensuring the safety of the construction site helps reduce this risk, so your project can be
completed on time and budget.

2.6.4 Committed to safety and improving compliance

Even if there are no accidents, unsafe workplaces are dangerous. OSHA and other
regulatory agencies require specific safety standards to established at the federal and
state levels. If you do not comply with these regulations, you will put the company at
risk, because if your failure is discovered, an unsafe working environment may result in
fines and fines. Following and exceeding current safety guidelines can prevent you
from this real risk.

2.7 How to establish a safety culture on construction sites

The benefits of focusing on safety are apparent, and now is the time to take a closer
look at the construction site to see if you are doing your best to protect the company. To
establish a safety culture, make safety requirements a condition of employment.
Receive regular training to ensure that everyone understands your safety advice and
reward workers who regularly put safety first. The safety of the construction site is
crucial to protecting workers, protecting the public and keeping work on time. By
establishing a safety culture in your company, you can protect yourself and your
customers from these risks.

24
2.8 Conclusion

In the construction, the management of safety in construction is vital because the only
way we will dispose of workplace injuries, illnesses and fatalities are if we remain on this
path of continuous improvement. The e-book of this report marks an important
milestone alongside our journey of change and improvement. This is no longer the
endpoint of the process put in place to enhance safety; in fact, there is a lot to do. Safety
is not a static issue; it's continuously changing as workplaces and applied sciences evolve
and only in partnership can we continue to enhance safety outcomes.

25
 Chapter 3- Research Methodology

3.1- Introduction

This chapter discusses the methods that will use to conduct the research. The research
methodology is a way to solve the research problem. It enables the researcher to select the most
suitable procedure and method to carry out the research (Kumar, 2011). The research techniques
can be divide into qualitative research and quantitative research. To obtain the data, the
researcher will use qualitative research to increase an understanding of opinion. Observation,
participants and group discussion can conduct qualitative research. Quantitative research
generates data to quantify the problem. Quantitative data collections are including forms of
survey, interviews, online polls and others (DeFranzo, 2011). In this research, the quantitative
method will use to collect the data based on the researcher's research objective. The
questionnaire will be distributed to the respondents via a google form. The contractor companies
in Klang are selected to give feedback to the questionnaires in this research.

3.2 Research Procedure

Firstly, the topic of the research the importance of worker safety in site construction. The
literature review is carried out to gain more understanding of the topic.

Stage 2 is to find out the problem statement of the topic. After settling on the problem statement,
the researcher should set up the objectives that are needed to achieve in this study.

The survey limitation allows the researcher to focus on an area. The next stage consists of the
technique used to collect data which is questionnaire and literature review. After collecting the
data, the researcher must analyse the data collected. In the final stage, it should include the
results, findings and recommendations of the study.

26
 Research topic selected

Literature review

Identify the problem statement

of the topic.

Set the aim and objective of

the research

Define the limitation of the

research

Research technique used

Data Collection

Primary Data Secondary

Data

Data Analysis

Finding, Result, and

27
Recommendation
 Prepare Final Report

Figure 3.1 Flow chart of the research procedure

3.3 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

. Quantitative method is the method that collects information through a large number of

population, and the most popular method is the questionnaire survey method. Aim of the

quantitative method is to collect feedback or opinion. For this research, the questionnaire is used

to gather information from respondents. The questionnaire allows the researcher to gather data

from the public. Feedback can be collected in a short period. I will send questionnaires to

contractor firm and site workers, which located in Klang Valley, Selangor.

One of the advantages of using a questionnaire is that it is a very economical way of gathering
data. The questionnaire provides a cheap and efficient solution to the need to obtain a large
amount of data from a large sample of people (McLeod, 2018). It is easy to compare the answers
of the different respondent, and the answer is easy to analyse (SurveyAnyplace, 2018).
Moreover, the researcher can distribute the questionnaire to a targeted sample of people and will
be able to collect result quickly and easily, through online or electronic gadgets (Debois, 2016).

Another advantage of the questionnaire is that there will be no geographical obstacle when it
comes to collecting data from all around Klang Valley. For a relatively low cost, the researcher
can distribute his or her questionnaire to all around Klang Valley, with only one condition, that
there must be internet connection (Debois, 2016).

This research uses a closed-ended question and open-ended question. The closed question does
not allow the respondent to give a free-form answer. Respondent is only allowed to answer with
'Yes' or 'No' or with a limited set of possible answer (Farrell, 2016). It can answer by an ordinal,
multiple-choice, interval and ratio questions and allow the respondent to answer easily and
quickly. Analysis can also be done easily as every answer provided by the respondent has a
given number or value; hence statistical interpretation can be assessed (Colostate, 2018).

28
An open-ended question allows the respondent to provide a full answer which can use their
knowledge, understanding and feeling. It does not contain a set of limited answer (Bhat, 2018).

Objective Method
Objective 1:  Literature Review
To identify the of improper safety  We are distributing the questionnaire
management in construction. to work relating to the completion of
safety equipment at the site.
Objective 2:  Literature Review
To investigate the importance of safety  Distribution of questionnaire to the
management on-site to improve. contractor and worker the percentage
of accident happen in a site.
Objective 3:  Literature Review
To evaluate the importance of improving the  Distribution of questionnaire to the
safety management system in the construction workers that the condition of safety
company. management in the site.
Table 3.2 Method used for research objectives

3.4 DATA COLLECTION TECHNIQUE

Data will be obtained thru the literature review and questionnaire. For the literature
review, the researcher will find out the data from journal, article, website and another relevant
book. From this method, the more relevant the document review, the more information gained.
The sampling selected to take part in this questionnaire is 100 personnel from contractor firm.
This personnel are select from Klang Vally, Selangor. The questionnaire will use the survey
monkey and distribute to selected respondents by email.

3.5 Primary Sources

29
 Primary sources are information obtains first-hand sources which were gathered by those
authors through field survey. This information will usually base on their own experiences, point
of views and opinion about the factors to be discussed. Usually, this method will collect the data
through face to face, interview, case studies or questionnaires. However, primary sources are
quite costly, and time-consuming to collect analyses and evaluate the data (Naoum S. G., 2007)

3.6 Secondary Sources

Secondary sources data is gathering from other existing resources from online or book
such as journals, reference book and articles as long the information is collected through other
party research. The advantage of secondary sources is the information and data can obtain
quickly and consume lesser time to get the required information. During the literature review,
most of the data and information are collected through secondary sources.

Some of the secondary sources data is not accurate due to everyone able to write articles or
journals and post on the internet, therefore in this research secondary source data with quality is
important to generate a quality report. In this case, the secondary sources data that I collect must
have the publisher to prove that the information is valuable and accurate.

3.7 Sampling Frame

The sampling frame will be structured in such a way to represents the total population, so
the result from questionnaire survey obtain via email have enough external validity to be applied
to the total population at Klang Vally, Selangor. The selection respondents for G6 and G7
Contractor firm and site workers at Klang Vally, Selangor area, will base on Construction
Industry Development Board Malaysia (CIDB) official website to get an approximate population
of the Klang Valley, Selangor area.

3.8 Target Respondent

Targeted respondents for this research drawn from the Construction Industry
Development Board Malaysia (CIDB) for G6 and G7 Contractor firm. The Contractor firm will
be mainly focusing on G7 Contractor firm with tendering capacity more than 10 Million Ringgit
Malaysia because G7 Contractor will involve more infrastructure works and high-rise building
works. This help to improve the accuracy of data collected for data analysis.

30
 Besides, Klang Valley, Selangor is one of the most construction activities in Malaysia,
including infrastructure works and building works. Most of the construction activity nowadays
requires concrete material to complete the project.

Sample sizes generally lead to increased precision when estimating unknown parameters
replicates. In this report, the sample size is the number of completed responses to my survey to
receive. The reason it called a sample is that it only represents part of targeted responded in
Klang Valley, Selangor since there is a total of 290 numbers of contractor firm.

3.9 QUESTIONNAIRES DESIGN

Questionnaire form will be distributed through an online survey with Google docs via
email to 100 targeted respondents from two different background respondent which is G6 and
G7 Contractor and site workers located in Klang Vally, Selangor area.

In this research, the quantitative approach will be chosen, and the question will base on
the literature reviews conducted in Chapter 2. This is because quantitative data obtained through
online questionnaires survey able to provide statistically numerical data and generalised to some
larger population which a specified degree of confidence level.

There are 100 sets of questionnaires that will be distributed to respondents, and the target
of respondents' feedback is 70%. This is because 70% of feedback will be able to provide an
accurate result for this study.

In this report, my questionnaires will be including 3 part of the question:

Part 1 is designed to collect the respondent’s information such as name, working experience and
the company background. In this part, the responses are answered with a fill in the blank
question. Part 2 of the questionnaire is to access the cause of an accident happens during working
at a construction site. The open-ended question is used in this part. Respondents must answer by
using their knowledge and opinion.

Part 3 of the questionnaire is a way to improve the safety management system in construction.
There are a total of 10 questions contained in this part. Respondent is required to answer this part
by using the Likert Scale, which has the scoring of 1 (Strongly Disagree) to 5 (Strongly Agree).

31
3.10 DATA ANALYSIS

To analysis, all the information collects from all target respondents in Klang Vally,
Selangor area, statistical analysis method able to summarise and describe the quantitative data
analysis for this research because it can express the importance of different factors base on mean
and standard division. The data collected from Part 1 of the questionnaire, which is respondents'
general information, will be presented in a pie chart. There are a few pie charts which will be
presented, which is present the work experience, job position, and CIDB contractor grade. The
data collected from part 2 will be also be presented in a pie chart form. The data collected from
part 3 and 4 will be critical to the SPSS software to process the data. After producing the result,
it will present in a table form. The table form will be sorted by the higher mean to lower mean to
determine the significant level.

3.11 CONCLUSION

This chapter allows respondents to answer the question in the questionnaire through
distribution via email created by Google docs. Due to time-consuming, the qualitative method of
the research strategy is suitable for this research. Besides that, open-ended question allows
respondents to give their own opinion and understanding and open-ended question in the
questionnaire able to fulfil the third objective to identify the importance of improving the safety
management system in the construction company. This chapter provides the methodology to
achieve the research objective. The research will be conduct by using literature review and
questionnaire to achieve the research objective. The data collected will use the quest to produce
the result. The results will be analysed in the next chapter.

32
 Chapter 4 – Data Analysis & Discussion of Finding

4.1 INTRODUCTION

In the past few weeks, the data information collected through an online survey
questionnaire form will be carrying out data analysis in this chapter to analysis and summarise
the result of this research. Base on the calculated sample size, the online survey questionnaire
was sent to 100 numbers of targeted responded in Klang Vally, Selangor area by email and the
data collected will be focused on contractor firm and site workers firms. However, there are only
75 numbers of respondent out of 100 of the total target responded replied to the online survey
because due to the CMCO in Klang are.

The implications of these findings and the resulted recommendations will also be discussing this
chapter. The questionnaires that are distributed to the contractor firm are returned with the
required answer for this study. There are 100 sets of feedback to analyse. In this chapter, the data
of part 1, which is respondents' personal information, will be presented with a pie chart. Part 2, 3
will be presented in table form to analyse the data.

4.2 Respondents Feedback

There are 100 sets of questionnaires sent out and target of 70%, which is 70 sets. However, it is
75 sets feedback returned. Therefore, the 75 sets of questionnaire’s data will discuss in this
chapter.

Item Number Percentage

Total questionnaire sent 100 100%
Total response received 75 75%
33
 Unresponsive 25 25%
Expected outcome 70 70%
Table 4.1 Number of respondents

4.3 Respondent Background

In this section of the respondent, the background is to identify the respondent's information such
as company-grade and working experience in their own industry. This is to identify the opinion
from the different working environment and understand which factors give the most impact on
the construction industry.

4.4 PERSONAL INFORMATION OF RESPONDENTS

The personal information of respondents is collected to make sure they are the target sampling of
this study. The target sampling of this study is the contractor firm in Klang Valley.

4.5 Job Position

Job Position

19%
30%

16%

16%
15%
2%

Contractor Site Engineer Site Supervisor

Safety Supervisor Site Manager Site Worker
34
 Figure 4.2 Job Position

This pie chart shows the job position of respondents. There are 3% of respondents currently
working as a safety supervisor and 15% of respondents currently working as a site supervisor in
contractor firm. There are 16% of respondents currently working as a site manager, and 17% of
respondents work as a site engineer. There are 16% of respondents working as a contractor and
site workers occupy the most in this survey, which is 30% of respondents.

4.6 Working Experience

Working Experience

21%
28%

51%

Below 5 years 6 to 10 years 11 years above

Figure 4.3 Working Experience

The pie chart shows that the respondents with below than 5-year working experience is 28%,
51% of respondents are 6 to 10 years working experience in this industry, 21% of respondents

35
with 11 years above. This means most of the respondents have 6 to 10 years of working
experience which that they can provide more reliable results in the survey.

4.7 Company CIDB Grade

CIDB Grade

92%

8%

Grade 6 Grade 7

CIDB Grade

36
 Figure 4.4 CIDB Grade

Construction Industry Development Board (CIDB) was established under the CIDB Act 1994
(Act 520) to develop, regulate and facilitate the construction industry. This pie chart shows the
CIDB contractor grade of respondents’ company. There are 8 %of respondent comes from CIDB
grade 6 and 92% of the respondent that is from CIDB Grade 7 company.

4.8 Do your construction site have proper safety management?

Figure 4.5 Do your construction site have proper safety management.

37
The pie chart shows that most respondents have proper safety management at the construction
site, which is 89.3%. However, there are 10.7% of respondent don’t have the proper safety
management when there are working at the site. The survey from the 10.7% respondent is most
of the company did not provide the complete set of safety equipment to the workers, however,
some is saying that the worker lazy to wear the safety equipment properly and the workers don't
want to follow the safety guide.

4.9 Have you attend any proper training about safety before entering this industry?

Figure 4.6 Have you attend any proper training in safety.

38
The pie chart shows that most respondents have attended the proper safety training before
working at the construction site, which is 82.7%. However, there are 17.3% of respondent do not
attend the safety training before there are working at the site.

4.10 During the working, had you accident at the site before?

39
 Figure 4.7 During the work, had you accident before.

The pie chart shows that 50.7% of respondents never has an accident at the construction site.
However, there are 49.3% of respondent are happen an accident when working at the site.

40
4.11 What because you faced an accident before?

Cause of Accident
4%
3%
2%
3%

37%

50%

When moving equipment Very noise Working at high level

Falls, Slip and Trip Improper to use PPE Contact with electricity and machinery

Figure 4.8 What because you accident before.

The pie chart shows that 50% of the respondent happen accident is caused by improper to use
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE), and 37% of the respondent is caused by contact with
electricity and machinery. There are 5% of respondent's accident when moving the equipment,
3% is very noise during the working period, 3% falls, slip and trips and 2% in an accident when
working at a high level at the construction site. In the feedback survey from the respondent, we
can see that most of the workers are accident because of the company did not provide the
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) to them, it causes when the accident happens the worker is
nothing to protect their body.

41
No Description Strongly Disagree Moderately Agree Strongly
Disagree Agree
1 Organisational safety 44% 31%
policy
2 Safety Training 47% 28%
3 Safety Meeting 52% 23%
4 Availability of safety 51% 24%
equipment
5 Safety inspections 53% 22%
6 Safety incentives and 15% 10% 30% 21%
penalties
7 Workers attitude towards 51% 24%
safety
8 Compliance with safety 50% 25%
legislation
9 Establish a Safety 51% 24%
Management System
(SMS)
10 Safety and health officer 48% 27%
are employed to ensure
safety
11 Safety signboards at the 49% 26%
workplace is put at the
Construction Site

4.12 The way to improve the safety management system in construction

42
 Table 4.1 The way to improve the safety management system in construction

The data are collect from the respondents who work in contractor firm in Klang Valley to
identify the way to improve the safety management system in construction. The data is
presented at the table above. It is ranked from the highest mean to lowest mean. Most of the
respondent are agree to the above way to improve the safety management at the construction site.
However, in the Safety incentives and penalties, 15% of the respondence from site workers is
disagreeing to have the penalty when they not following the safety guide because they said the company
did not provide the full set of safety equipment to them to wear.

4.7 CONCLUSION

In the data analysis, the researcher has achieved the first objective, which is the to evaluate the of
improper safety management in construction in Malaysia firm. The researcher has collected the
data on the proper using safety management in construction. Other than that, the second
objective is to investigate the importance of safety management on-site to improve. Lastly, the
third objective of the research is to evaluate the importance of improving the safety management
system in the construction company. In conclusion, based on the questionnaire with the
contractor firm and site workers. By comparing the findings, several conclusions can be made to
comment about the currents practice of construction safety management at the project site.

43
According to the investigation, the presence of security officials was rated as number one. This
shows that the company has hired safety and health officials for this project. On the other hand,
according to the conversations with the on-site engineers, the on-site security officers have no
security capabilities. This is because to become a competent safety and health officer, and the
person should receive Green Paper training. The company has not implemented it. One of the
reasons is due to the payment of fees and salaries for safety supervisors. Secondly, based on the
construction site at Klang Vally, Selangor, most of the labour did not wear Proper Protective
Equipment (PPE) at the construction site. According to the company's site engineers, the
security enforcement on site is not strict. During the construction period, site workers are not
allowed to wear personal protective equipment during work. One of the reasons for allowing
workers to enter is because if managers take any measures against workers, the progress of the
site will slow down. After all, most workers are not wearing Personnel protective equipment
(PPE). The reason they did not follow the safety instructions was that the company did not
correctly introduce its safety policies to the site workers. On the other hand, the workers
themselves do not care about and understand the company's safety policies. Because of this
issue, the safety committee must take strike action to ensure that all workers understand the
importance of complying with the safety policy, the company’s current practices and the
procedures implemented.

44
Figure 4.9 The site worker did not wear the proper PPE during the working period.

45
Figure 4.10 The worker did not wear a proper safety helmet.

46
Figure 4.11 Worker did not wear a safety helmet when working at a high level.

47
Figure 4.12 The worker didn’t wear full body harness when doing the construction activity at
height more than 6 feet

48
Figure 4.13 The site supervisor did not wear the safety shoe when have the site meeting with
foreign worker.

49
 CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

5.1 INTRODUCTION

In this chapter, the conclusion was derived from the findings of this study in Chapter 2 and
Chapter 4. The conclusion will base on research objectives, research questions and research
purpose of the study. The three objectives of this study have been achieved through the literature
review and the questionnaire survey. The implications of these findings and resulted
recommendations will also be discussing on this chapter.

5.2 FINDINGS

5.2.1 Identify and investigate the of improper safety management in construction

To achieve the objective of this research, which is to identify and discuss the factors

improper of safety management in construction, results obtained from data analysis in Chapter 4

will be concluded in this section. From this study, the following conclusion has been made base

on the objective of this study and data analysis from the online questionnaire surveyor form.

From the data analysis in Chapter 4, there are few significant factors in the opinion of

responses of Klang Valley, Selangor area will be discussed. Therefore, in this chapter, I will

discuss which factors are significant and give some explanation for it. Figure 4.8 shows that

most of the respondent's feedback the main issue not have the proper safety management is most

of the company did not provide the complete set of Personnel protective equipment (PPE) to

workers and the workers dun wan to follow the safety guidelines in the construction site.

Therefore, in conclusion, I will discuss which factors will cause improper safety management in

the construction site as bellow:

In the perspective of Constructor Firm:

1. Site workers do not want to follow the safety guide.

2. The site workers lazy to wear the full set of Personnel protective equipment (PPE)
50
In the perspective of site workers:

1. Company does not provide the full set of Personnel protective equipment (PPE)

2. The PPE is already broken and did not change to the new.

3. Personnel protective equipment (PPE) is not enough to used.

5.3 Recommendation

As a recommendation, company management must implement the company's performance in

safety management because they play an essential role in this area. Things. One way is to
reorganise the safety management team. This is to ensure that the person in charge handles
safety matters. Besides, the government should grant privileges to small construction
companies. A systematic construction safety management system has been established. In
addition, the government Free green paper training should provide to workers. So, this will
enhance the company's ability to control the safety affairs of the construction site.

Based on the research done, it can be concluded that: Construction projects need to be further
improved and monitored effectiveness. Based on the investigation of the case study, it can be
considered the members of the project team Construction project. However, many
improvements need to be considered to ensure effectiveness

5.4 RESEARCH LIMITATION

The limitation of this study is the research only be carried out in the Klang Valley area. The data
collected is infeasible to the area out of Klang Valley. Most of the journals are based on the
whole of Malaysia and other countries. Therefore the data is not similar when compared to
relevant journal and document. The respondent is only set for the contractor firm; the study does
not carry out at the consultant firm and developer firm to identify the same problem in the whole
construction industry. Therefore, the result of this study only can be used on the contractor firm.

51
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