Network routing allows information to be sent from point A to point B through a network by determining the most efficient path. Routers examine destination addresses and use routing tables and algorithms to choose the best next hop. Key factors that affect efficient routing include adequate router buffer space, link bandwidth, error-free transmission, and efficient router switching. Routing protocols are used to exchange information between routers to update their routing tables.
Network routing allows information to be sent from point A to point B through a network by determining the most efficient path. Routers examine destination addresses and use routing tables and algorithms to choose the best next hop. Key factors that affect efficient routing include adequate router buffer space, link bandwidth, error-free transmission, and efficient router switching. Routing protocols are used to exchange information between routers to update their routing tables.
Network routing allows information to be sent from point A to point B through a network by determining the most efficient path. Routers examine destination addresses and use routing tables and algorithms to choose the best next hop. Key factors that affect efficient routing include adequate router buffer space, link bandwidth, error-free transmission, and efficient router switching. Routing protocols are used to exchange information between routers to update their routing tables.
Introduction Thái Truyển Đại Chấn Introduction • Network routing: the ability of an electronic communication network to send a unit of information from point A to point B by determining a path through the network efficiently and quickly.
• Postal address ↔ network address
1.1 Addressing and Internet Service: An Overview • Internet Protocol (IP) addressing: netid and hostid • TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol) • The sending host first sends a beacon to the destination to see if it is reachable, and waits for an ACK before sending the actual message 1.2 Network Routing: An Overview • Cross-points in the Internet are known as routers • Factors affecting the efficient delivery of packets • Routers with a reasonable amount of buffer space, • Links with adequate bandwidth, • Actual transmission with minimal error • The routers’ efficiency in switching a packet to the appropriate outgoing link • IP address numbering is not geographic 1.2 Network Routing: An Overview • Routing table: to determine the next hop. • Routing protocol: how the information is exchanged to update the routing table. • Routing algorithm: to determine the best possible next hop. • Forwarding table/Forwarding Information Base (FIB): is derived from the routing table that identifies the outgoing link interfaces. • Traffic engineering • Network architecture. 1.7 Router Architecture Routing Protocol Message • 3 primary functions: Processing - Handles routing protocol packets Packet Forwarding - Determines if any changes are - Receives a packet needed in the routing table by - Checks if it is error free invoking a routing algorithm. - Inspects the destination address - Table lookup to determine the appropriate outgoing Specialized Services: link. - Handles specialized services in monitoring and managing a network. 1.7 Router Architecture • Router architecture: a functional view 1.8 Network Topology Architecture • Topology: e.g., a star, ring, Manhattan-street network, or a fully mesh topology, or a combination of them • Considering factors in economic issues, technological capabilities, volume of expected traffic and types of traffic, operational environment and operational experience. • Network architecture can refer to • Network topology architecture • Protocol architecture 1.9 Network Management Architecture • Functions in network management architecture are divided into 3 different planes: • Management plane • Control plane • Data plane • Management plane: router configuration and various statistics (e.g., link throughput) • Control plane: control information btw routers for management (e.g., setting up a virtual link) • At the IP layer, there is no distinction between these functional planes. 1.9 Network Management Architecture 1.10 Public Switched Telephone Network • The service model of blocked-calls-cleared mode using circuit switching • The call request is blocked and cleared from the system (not queued) • A dedicated circuit with 4 kHz in an analog circuit and 64 kbps in a wireline digital circuit 1.10 Public Switched Telephone Network • An information unit in the PSTN is a call • Nodes are called switches connected by intermachine trunks (IMTs) (trunkgroups) • E.164 is an ITU-T recommendation defining a numbering plan for the worldwide PSTN and other data networks • An end device is a telephone or customer premise equipment (CPE) • Using the OSI reference model, PSTN: application layer, network layer, and physical layer