ANATOMY

AND
PHYSIOLOGY
 LEARNING OBJECTIVES
At the end of the lecture, the students will:
v Know difference between anatomy and
physiology
v Enumerate the 6 levels of Human Body
Structural Organization
v Know the 12 Human Organs
vUnderstand the Anatomical Positions,
Directional Terms, Planes of body sections
and body cavities
 Subdivisions of Anatomy

1. Surface Anatomy
>is the study of form
and markings of the
body surface, often
explored through
visualization or palpation
(without any “cutting”).
 Subdivisions of Anatomy

2. Gross Anatomy
> is the study of anatomical
structures visible to unaided
eye.
>After making the appropriate
surface marking in the prior
picture, the gross dissection
proceeds through “cutting.”
 Subdivisions of Anatomy

3. Developmental
anatomy
>is the study of the
fertilized egg developing
into adult form.( For e.g.,
Embryology)
BRANCHES OF ANATOMY
vHistology:The study of tissues.
vCytology: The study of individual cellular
structures
vPathology: The study of diseases.
vPathophysiology: The study of the
underlying physiological aspects of
disease.
Levels of Structural Organization
Levels of Structural Organization

1. Chemical Level
2. Cellular Level
3. Tissue Level
4. Organ Level
5. System Level
6. Organism Level
 CHEMICAL LEVEL
• the very basic level that include
atoms and molecules
Atoms
>smallest units of matter
that participate in chemical
reactions
Molecules
> two or more atoms
joined together
 CELLULLAR LEVEL
Cells
Ø Smallest living units in
the human body
Ø the basic functional and
structural units of an
organism that are
composed of chemicals
Ø Examples: muscle cells,
nerve cells, epithelial
cells
 TISSUE LEVEL
Tissues
Ø are group of cells and the
materials sorrounding them
that work together to
perform a particular function
Ø organization of similar cells
Ø Examples: Epithelial tissue,
Connective tissue, Muscle
tissue, Nervous tissue
 ORGAN LEVEL
Organs
Ø are structures that are
composed of two or more
different types of tissues
Ø have specific functions
and have recognizable
shapes
Ø Examples: Stomach, skin,
bones, liver, lungs, brain
 SYSTEM LEVEL

Ø consist of related
organs with a
common function
Ø Examples: Digestive
System, Respiratory
System, Skeletal
System
 ORGANISM LEVEL

Ø is any living individual

that consists of a
collection of organ
systems.
Ø In health, all parts of
the body must be
functioning together in
a process called
homeostasis.
1. Integumentary System
2. Skeletal System
3. Muscular System
4. Nervous System
5. Sensory System
6. Endocrine System
7. Cardiovascular System
8. Lymphatic System
9. Respiratory System
10. Digestive System
11. Urinary System
12. Reproductive System
1. Metabolism
2. Responsiveness
3. Movement
4. Growth
5. Differentiation
6. Reproduction
 > the sum of all chemical processes
that occur in the body.

2 Phases
Catabolism: breaking down of complex
substances to simpler components
Anabolism: building up complex substances to
simpler components
>body’s ability to
detect and respond to
changes
> nerve cells respond
by generating
electrical signals
known as nerve
impulse
>includes motion of the whole body,
individual organs and cells
>is an increase in body size that results from
an inrease in the size and number of existing
cells
>the development of
a cell from an
unspecialised to a
specialised state
>a normal process
through which cells
mature.
>thre formation of new cells for tissue growth,
repair aor production of new individual
>is the condition of equilibrium in the body’s
internal environment due to the constant
interaction of the body’s many regulatory
processes.
Homeostasis refers to the process of keeping a
state of balance in the body.
Body fluids are defined
as dilute, watery solutions
containing dissolved
chemicals inside or outside
of the cell.
• Intracellular Fluid (ICF)
is the fluid within cells
• Extracellular Fluid (ECF)
is the fluid outside cells
• Interstitial fluid is ECF
between cells and tissues
 Some important body fluids:

• Blood Plasma is the ECF

within blood vessels.
• Lymph is the ECF within
lymphatic vessels.
• Cerebrospinal fluid
(CSF) is the ECF in the brain
and spinal cord.
• Synovial fluid is the ECF
in joints.
• Aqueous humor is the
ECF in eyes
 Control of homeostasis is constantly being
challenged by:
ü
 FEEDBACK SYSTEMS

Cycle of events:
• Body is monitored
and remonitored.
• Each monitored
variable is termed a
controlled
condition.
COMPONENTS OF FEEDBACK
SYSTEM
1. Receptor
2. Control center
3. Effector
 FEEDBACK SYSTEMS

v Negative Feedback systems:

>Reverses a change in a controlled condition
>Regulation of blood pressure
v Positive Feedback systems:
>Strengthens or reinforces a change in one of the body’s
controlled conditions
> Normal child birth
 FEEDBACK SYSTEM

Blood Pressure
regulation is a
negative feedback
system.
 FEEDBACK SYSTEM
• Childbirth is an example of a positive
feedback system
 SURVIVAL NEEDS
1. Nutrients
Chemicals for energy and cell building
Carbohydrates, fats, proteins, minerals, vitamins
2. Oxygen
Essential for energy release (ATP production)
3. Water
Most abundant chemical in the body
Site of chemical reactions
4. Normal body temperature
Affects rate of chemical reactions
5. Appropriate atmospheric pressure
For adequate breathing and gas exchange in the lungs
 ANATOMICAL TERMINOLOGY

Anatomical Position
>The subject stands erect
facing the observer with the
head level, the eyes facing
forward, feet flat on the floor
directed forward, and the arms
at their sides, palms forward.
> All anatomical descriptions
are in reference to this
position
 Directional
Terms
o Superior: Above,
top, toward head
o Inferior: Below,
bottom, away from
head
 Directional
Terms
o Anterior (Ventral):
front
o Posterior (Dorsal):
back
 Directional
Terms
o Proximal: Nearest
to the origination
o Distal: Farther from
origination
 Directional
Terms
oSuperficial: Towards
the surface
o Deep: Towards the
core of the body
Descriptive Terms
o Visceral: Pertaining
to a covering over an
organ
oParietal: Pertaining
to a covering against
a cavity wall
o Cranial: Skull
o Cervical: Neck
o Cubital: Elbow
o Carpal: Wrist
o Patellar: Front of knee
o Orbital: Eye
o Thoracic: Chest
o Inguinal: Groin
 Body Planes
Body Planes are imaginary flat surfaces that
separate the body or body part into portions.
There are three major planes at right angles to
one another:

Sagittal (midline)

Transverse (horizontal)

Frontal (coronal)