SECTION 02740 Flexible Pavement Rev 0

SECTION 02740
FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Item No Title Page No
PART 1 GENERAL............................................................................................................ 1
1.01 DESCRIPTION OF WORK .................................................................................. 1
1.02 SECTION INCLUDES .......................................................................................... 1
1.03 RELATED SECTIONS ......................................................................................... 2
1.04 REFERENCES..................................................................................................... 2
1.05 DEFINITIONS....................................................................................................... 7
1.06 SUBMITTALS..................................................................................................... 12
1.07 QUALITY CONTROL ......................................................................................... 15
1.08 HEALTH AND SAFETY CONSIDERATIONS.................................................... 18
1.09 JOB CONDITIONS............................................................................................. 18
1.10 DELIVERY, HANDLING AND STORAGE ......................................................... 19
PART 2 PRODUCTS ....................................................................................................... 22
2.01 GENERAL .......................................................................................................... 22
2.02 MATERIALS ....................................................................................................... 22
2.03 ASPHALT CONCRETE MIXTURES FOR BASE AND SURFACE

COURSES.......................................................................................................... 24
2.04 ASPHALT CONCRETE MIXTURE FOR DIKES................................................ 27
2.05 POLYMER MODIFIED ASPHALT CONCRETE ................................................ 28
2.06 EQUIPMENT ...................................................................................................... 29
PART 3 EXECUTION ...................................................................................................... 35
3.01 GENERAL EXAMINATION ................................................................................ 35
3.02 GENERAL PREPARATION ............................................................................... 35
3.03 SURFACE PREPARATION ............................................................................... 35
3.04 FRAME INTEGRATION ..................................................................................... 37
Rev 0 i Contract No:

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TABLE OF CONTENTS (Contd.)
Item No Title Page No
3.05 ASPHALT CONCRETE PRODUCTION ............................................................ 38
3.06 PLACING OF ASPHALT CONCRETE............................................................... 39
3.07 JOINTS............................................................................................................... 42
3.08 COMPACTION ................................................................................................... 43
3.09 TOLERANCES................................................................................................... 46
3.10 RECTIFICATION OF OUT-OF-TOLERANCE WORK ....................................... 47
3.11 FIELD QUALITY CONTROL .............................................................................. 48
3.12 RIDE QUALITY .................................................................................................. 49
3.13 ASPHALT DIKE CONSTRUCTION ................................................................... 50
3.14 TRAFFIC CONTROL ......................................................................................... 53
3.15 PROTECTION.................................................................................................... 53
3.16 SITE CLEANING................................................................................................ 53
3.17 PAVEMENT MARKING...................................................................................... 54
3.18 ROADWAY CUTTING, REPAIR AND RESURFACING .................................... 54
Rev 0 ii Contract No:

SECTION 02740
FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT
PART 1 GENERAL
1.01 DESCRIPTION OF WORK
A. This Section covers the furnishing and laying of new asphalt concrete (AC) base
course and surface course mixtures, asphalt concrete dikes, and prime and tack
coats for flexible pavements in conformance with the details shown on the Contract
Drawings.
B. This Section also covers the work which includes, but is not limited to, saw cutting of
pavement, excavation, storage of material, disposal of material, bedding and
installation of pipe, backfilling and compaction, restoration of asphalt pavement, and
clean up of the site in accordance with the details shown on the Contract Drawings.
C. The Contractor shall furnish all materials, labor, equipment, tools and other
incidentals as required to complete the work in accordance with the Contract
requirements.
D. This Section does not include Specifications for sulfur modified mixtures.
1.02 SECTION INCLUDES
A. Asphalt Concrete Mixtures for Base Course, Surface Course and Dikes
B. Internal, External and Field Quality Control
C. Materials for Asphalt Concrete Base Course, Surface Course and Dikes
D. Equipment for Asphalt Concrete Base Course Surface Course and Dike
Construction
E. Materials, Application Equipment for, and Application of Prime Coat and Tack Coat
F. Asphalt Concrete Mixing Plants
G. Production, Transportation, Placement and Compaction of Asphalt Concrete Mixture
H. Construction of Joints
I. Tolerances
J. Ride Quality Determination
K. Traffic Control
L. Protection of Work
M. Site Cleaning
N. Roadway Cutting, Repair and Resurfacing
Rev 0 1 of 56 Contract No:

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1.03 RELATED SECTIONS
A. Section 01320 Construction Progress Documentation
B. Section 01330 Submittal Procedures
C. Section 01410 Regulatory Requirements
D. Section 01450 Quality Control
E. Section 01550 Vehicular Access and Parking
F. Section 01650 Product Delivery Requirements
G. Section 01660 Product Storage and Handling Requirements
H. Section 02310 Grading
I. Section 02315 Excavation and Fill
J. Section 02720 Unbound Base Courses and Ballasts
K. Section 02760 Paving Specialties
L. Section 02770 Curbs and Gutters
1.04 REFERENCES
A. The referred codes and standards are intended to provide an acceptable level of
quality for materials, products and workmanship. In case of conflict between these
standards and the text of this Specification, the Specification text shall govern.
B. The latest revision of the referred codes and standards shall be used wherever
applicable. In case of conflict, the Contractor shall propose equipment, materials and
processes conforming to one group of codes and standards.
C. MOT Ministry of Transportation, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
1. General Specifications for Road and Bridge Construction, Part 4, Bituminous

Construction
D. SASO Saudi Arabian Standards Organization
1. SASO 249 Methods of Test for Concrete Aggregates Part 1:

Sieve Analysis
2. SASO 279 Methods of Test for Concrete Aggregates Part 5:

Determination of Coarse Aggregate Resistance to
Abrasion by Los Angeles Machine
3. SASO 915 Asphaltic (Bituminous) Materials Used in Pavement:

Asphaltic Materials Classified According to

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Penetration Grade
4. SASO 916 Sampling Bituminous Materials
E. AASHTO American Association of State Highway and Transportation

Officials
1. Guide Specifications for Highway Construction
2. AASHTO M17 Mineral Filler for Bituminous Paving Mixtures
3. AASHTO M20 Penetration-Graded Asphalt Cement
4. AASHTO M43 Sizes of Aggregate for Road and Bridge Construction
5. AASHTO M81 Cut-Back Asphalt (Rapid- Curing Type)
6. AASHTO M82 Cut-Back Asphalt (Medium-Curing Type)
7. AASHTO M140 Emulsified Asphalt
8. AASHTO M147 Materials for Aggregates and Soil-Aggregate

Subbase, Base and Surface Courses
9. AASHTO M208 Cationic Emulsified Asphalt
10. AASHTO T19 Bulk Density (“Unit Weight”) and Voids in Aggregate
11. AASHTO T37 Sieve Analysis of Mineral Filler for Bituminous

Paving Materials
12. AASHTO T40 Sampling Bituminous Materials
13. AASHTO T44 Solubility of Bituminous Materials
14. AASHTO T48 Flash and Fire Points by Cleveland Open Cup
15. AASHTO T49 Penetration of Bituminous Materials
16. AASHTO T51 Ductility of Bituminous Materials
17. AASHTO T84 Specific Gravity and Absorption of Fine Aggregate
18. AASHTO T85 Specific Gravity and Absorption of Coarse Aggregate
19. AASHTO T96 Resistance to Degradation of Small-Size Coarse

Aggregate by Abrasion and Impact in the Los
Angeles Machine
20. AASHTO T104 Soundness of Aggregate by Use of Sodium Sulfate

or Magnesium Sulfate
21. AASHTO T164 Quantitative Extraction of Bitumen from Bituminous

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Paving Mixtures
22. AASHTO T166 Bulk Specific Gravity of Compacted Bituminous

Mixtures Using Saturated Surface- Dry Specimens
23. AASHTO T168 Sampling Bituminous Paving Mixtures
24. AASHTO T176 Plastic Fines in Graded Aggregates and Soils by Use
of the Sand Equivalent Test
25. AASHTO T179 Effect of Heat and Air on Asphalt Materials (Thin-
Film Oven Test)
26. AASHTO T195 Determining Degree of Particle Coating of

Bituminous-Aggregate Mixtures
27. AASHTO T201 Kinematic Viscosity of Asphalts (Bitumens)
28. AASHTO T209 Theoretical Maximum Specific Gravity and Density of

Bituminous Paving Mixtures
29. AASHTO T228 Specific Gravity of Semi-Solid Bituminous Materials
30. AASHTO T245 Resistance to Plastic Flow of Bituminous Mixtures

Using Marshall Apparatus
31. AASHTO T247 Preparation of Bituminous Mixtures by Means

of California Kneading Compactor
F. AI Asphalt Institute
1. AI MS-2 Mix Design Methods for Asphalt Concrete and Other

Hot-Mix Types
2. AI MS-22 Principle of Construction of Hot-Mix Asphalt

Pavements
G. ASTM American Society for Testing and Materials
1. ASTM C29M Standard Test Method for Bulk Density (“Unit

Weight”) and Voids in Aggregate
2. ASTM C88 Standard Test Method for Soundness of Aggregates

by Use of Sodium Sulfate or Magnesium Sulfate
3. ASTM C117 Standard Test Method for Material Finer than 75µm
(No. 200) Sieve in Mineral Aggregates by Washing
4. ASTM C127 Standard Test Method for Density, Relative Density

(Specific Gravity), and Absorption of Coarse
Aggregate
5. ASTM C128 Standard Test Method for Density, Relative Density

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(Specific Gravity), and Absorption of Fine Aggregate
6. ASTM C131 Standard Test Methods for Resistance to

Degradation of Small-Size Coarse Aggregates by
Abrasion and Impact in the Los Angeles Machine
7. ASTM C142 Standard Test Method for Clay Lumps and Friable
Particles in Aggregates
8. ASTM C150 Standard Specification for Portland Cement
9. ASTM C595 Standard Specification for Blended Hydraulic

Cements
10. ASTM D5 Standard Test Method for Penetration of Bituminous

Materials
11. ASTM D8 Standard Terminology Relating to Materials for

Roads and Pavements
12. ASTM D70 Standard Test Method for Specific Gravity and
Density of Semi-Solid Bituminous Materials
(Pycnometer Method)
13. ASTM D75 Standard Practice for Sampling Aggregates
14. ASTM D92 Standard Test Method for Flash and Fire Points by
Cleveland Open Cup Tester
15. ASTM D113 Standard test Method for Ductility of Bituminous

Materials
16. ASTM D140 Standard Practice for Sampling Bituminous Materials
17. ASTM D242 Standard Specification for Mineral Filler for

18. ASTM D448 Standard Classification for Sizes of Aggregate for

Road and Bridge Construction
19. ASTM D546 Standard Method for Sieve Analysis of Mineral Filler
for Bituminous Paving Mixtures
20. ASTM D692 Standard Specification for Coarse Aggregate for

21. ASTM D854 Standard Test Method for Specific Gravity of Soil
Solids by Water Pycnometer
22. ASTM D946 Standard Specification for Penetration-Graded

Asphalt Cement for Use in Pavement Construction
23. ASTM D977 Standard Specification for Emulsified Asphalt

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24. ASTM D979 Standard Practice for Sampling Bituminous Paving

Mixtures
25. ASTM D995 Standard Specification for Mixing Plants for

Hot-Mixed, Hot-Laid Bituminous Paving Mixtures
26. ASTM D1073 Standard Specification for Fine Aggregate for

27. ASTM D1188 Standard Test Method for Bulk Specific Gravity and
Density of Compacted Bituminous Mixtures Using
Paraffin - Coated Specimens
28. ASTM D1241 Standard Specification for Material for

Soil-Aggregate Subbase, Base and Surface Courses
29. ASTM D1556 Standard Test Method for Density and Unit Weight of
Soil in Place by the Sand-Cone Method
30. ASTM D1560 Standard Test Method for Resistance to Deformation

and Cohesion of Bituminous Mixtures by Means of
Hveem Apparatus
31. ASTM D1561 Standard Method for Preparation of Bituminous

Mixture Test Specimens by Means of California
Kneading Compactor
32. ASTM D1754 Standard Test Method for Effect of Heat and Air on
Asphaltic Materials (Thin-Film Oven Test)
33. ASTM D1883 Standard Test Method for CBR (California Bearing
Ratio) of Laboratory Compacted Soils
34. ASTM D2027 Standard Specification for Cutback Asphalt (Medium-

Curing Type)
35. ASTM D2028 Standard Specification for Cutback Asphalt (Rapid-

Curing Type)
36. ASTM D2041 Standard Test Method for Theoretical Maximum

Specific Gravity and Density of Bituminous Paving
Mixtures
37. ASTM D2167 Standard Test Method for Density and Unit Weight of
Soil in Place by the Rubber Balloon Method
38. ASTM D2170 Standard Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of

Asphalts (Bitumens)
39. ASTM D2172 Standard Test Method for Quantitative Extraction of

Bitumen from Bituminous Paving Mixtures
40. ASTM D2397 Standard Specification for Cationic Emulsified

Asphalt

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41. ASTM D2419 Standard Test Method for Sand Equivalent Value of
Soils and Fine Aggregate
42. ASTM D2489 Standard Practice for Estimating Degree of Particle

Coating of Bituminous - Aggregate Mixtures
43. ASTM D2726 Standard Test Method for Bulk Specific Gravity and
Density of Non-Absorptive Compacted Bituminous
Mixtures
44. ASTM D2872 Standard Test Method for Effect of Heat and Air on a
Moving Film of Asphalt (Rolling Thin-Film Oven Test)
45. ASTM D2950 Standard Test Method for Density of Bituminous

Concrete in Place by Nuclear Method
46. ASTM D2995 Standard Practice for Determining Application Rate

of Bituminous Distributors
47. ASTM D3515 Standard Specification for Hot-Mixed, Hot-Laid

48. ASTM D3549 Standard Test Method for Thickness or Height of

Compacted Bituminous Paving Mixture Specimens
49. ASTM D3665 Standard Practice for Random Sampling of

Construction Materials
50. ASTM D3666 Standard Practice for Minimum Requirements for

Agencies Testing and Inspecting Road and Paving
Materials
51. ASTM D4318 Standard Test Methods for Liquid Limit, Plastic Limit,
and Plasticity Index of Soils
52. ASTM D4561 Standard Practice for Quality Control Systems for
Organizations Producing and Applying Bituminous
Paving Materials
53. ASTM D4644 Standard Test Method for Slake Durability of Shales
and Similar Weak Rocks
54. ASTM D4791 Standard Test Method for Flat Particles, Elongated
Particles, or Flat and Elongated Particles in Coarse
Aggregate
55. ASTM E11 Standard Specification for Wire-Cloth and Sieves for
Testing Purposes
1.05 DEFINITIONS
A. aggregates: Mineral particles consisting of sand, crushed or uncrushed gravel,

crushed stone or similar materials, usually of controlled gradation, ranging in size

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from 75 mm to 0.075 mm. Coarse aggregates are those retained on the 4.75 mm
(No. 4) sieve; fine aggregates are those passing the 4.75 mm (No. 4) sieve.
B. asphalt: A dark brown to black cementitious material; solid, semi-solid, or liquid in

consistency; in which the predominating constituent is bitumen which occurs in
nature as such or which is obtained as residue in refining petroleum.
C. asphalt cement: A fluxed or un-fluxed asphalt, especially prepared as to quality and

consistency for direct use in bituminous pavements.
D. asphalt/bituminous concrete: A combination of mineral aggregates and asphalt

cement, mixed in a central plant which is usually mixed, laid and compacted while
hot.
E. asphalt emulsion/emulsified asphalt: A mixture of processed asphalt cement and

water mixed with an emulsifying agent.
F. base course (asphalt): A layer or layers of specified material of designated

thickness in an asphalt pavement structure laid below the surface (wearing) course.
Some times called binding course.
G. base course (granular): A layer or layers of specified or selected material of

designated thickness laid on a granular subbase or subgrade below the asphaltic
pavement structure for the purpose of serving one or more functions, such as
distributing load, providing drainage etc.
H. batch plant: A manufacturing facility for producing bituminous paving mixtures that
proportions the aggregate and bituminous constituents into the mix by weighed
batches, adds bituminous material by either weight or volume, and mixes the blend.
I. bituminous pavement: A pavement composed predominantly of aggregates

cemented together with bituminous material.
J. california bearing ratio (CBR): The ratio of the force per unit area required to
penetrate a soil mass with a 19 cm2 circular piston (approximately 51 mm diameter)
at the rate of 1.3 mm/min to that required for corresponding penetration of a standard
material.
K. compaction: The active or mechanical consolidation of a mass by rolling, tamping or

other similar means.
L. continuous mix plant: A manufacturing facility for producing bituminous paving

mixtures that continuously proportions the aggregate and bituminous constituents
into the mix by a continuous volumetric proportioning system without definite batch
intervals.
M. contract drawings/plans: The contract plans furnished by the Client showing the
location, type, dimensions, and details of the Work.
N. contractor: The individual or legal entity contracting with the Client for performance
of prescribed Work.
O. coverage: A coverage is a sequence of overlapping passes to cover the entire width

being paved.

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P. cross section: A transverse cutaway view of a highway, roadway or structure

showing horizontal and vertical dimensions, elevations or other details.
Q. cross slope: The transverse slope of the surface of the traveled way expressed as
the vertical rise or fall as a percent of the horizontal distance.
R. crown: (1) The high point at the center of the cross section of the surface of the
traveled way, usually on a tangent alignment. (2) The condition where there is
uniform cross slope down and away from the center of the traveled way toward both
sides.
S. cutback asphalt: A mixture of asphalt cement and a petroleum diluent blended to

provide viscosity suitable for spraying at relatively low temperatures. Upon exposure
to atmospheric conditions the diluents evaporate, leaving the asphalt cement to
perform its function.
T. density: The mass of a cubic meter of the material at 25°C.
U. elevation: Height above sea level or other datum.
V. equipment: All machinery and equipment, together with the necessary supplies for
upkeep and maintenance; also tools and apparatus necessary for the proper
construction and acceptable completion of the work.
W. flexible pavement: A pavement structure which maintains contact with and

distributes loads to the subgrade. The base course materials rely on aggregate
interlock, particle friction, and cohesion for stability.
X. grade: (1) The profile of the center of the roadway, or its rate of ascent or descent.
(2) To shape or reshape an earth road by means of cutting or filling. (3) To arrange
according to size. (4) Elevation.
Y. highway, street, or road: A general term denoting a public way for purposes of
vehicular travel, including the entire area within the right-of-way.
Z. horizontal curve: A circular curve or transitional by means of which a highway can

change direction to the right or left.
AA. island: A defined area between traffic lanes for control of vehicular movements or for
pedestrian refuge. It includes all end protection and approach treatments. Within an
intersection area, a median or an outer separation is considered to be an island.
BB. job-mix (job-mix formula, design-mix): The exact proportions of all components of
a bituminous or other type mix, determined by laboratory tests.
CC. lift: A layer of newly deposited material to be compacted.
DD. longitudinal joint: The interface between two adjacent and parallel asphalt concrete
courses.
EE. marshall mix design: Volumetric mix design procedure used to establish the
optimum bitumen content for an asphalt concrete. The procedures for designing a
mix using the Marshall mix design are contained in the Asphalt Institute Manual
Series No. 2.

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FF. marshall stability value: The maximum load required to produce shear failure in a
compacted specimen of bituminous paving mixture when tested in the Marshall
apparatus.
GG. material: Any substances specified or necessary to satisfactorily complete the

contract work.
HH. medium-curing (MC) asphalt: Cutback asphalt composed of asphalt cement and a
kerosene-type diluent of medium volatility.
II. mineral filler: A finely divided mineral material at least 70% of which will pass a
0.075 mm sieve. Pulverized limestone is the most commonly manufactured filler,
although other materials such as stone dust, hydrated lime, portland cement, and
certain natural deposits are also used.
JJ. pass: A pass is one movement of the roller in each direction.
KK. paved: A bituminous surface treatment, mixed bituminous concrete, or portland

cement concrete roadway surface that has both a structural (weight bearing) and a
sealing purpose for the roadway.
LL. pavement structure: The combination of subbase, base, and surface courses
placed on a subgrade to support and distribute the traffic load to the roadbed.
MM. penetration: The consistency of a bituminous material expressed as the distance in

tenths of a mm (0.1 mm) that a standard needle penetrates vertically a sample of the
material under specified conditions of loading, time, and temperature.
NN. pneumatic tire roller: A roller with 3 to 5 rubber tires mounted on two tandem axles.
The pneumatic roller compacts a pavement using the combined force of weight and
the kneading action of the oscillating wheels.
OO. prime coat: An application of a low-viscosity bituminous material to an absorptive

surface, designed to penetrate, bond, and stabilize this existing surface and to
promote adhesion between it and the asphaltic construction course that follows.
PP. profile grade: The trace of a vertical plane intersecting the top surface of the
proposed wearing surface, along a defined point on the roadway typical section or
the longitudinal centerline of the roadway.
QQ. random sample: A sample selected in such a way that every element of the
population has an equally likely opportunity to be included in the sample.
RR. rapid-curing (RC) asphalt: Cutback asphalt composed of asphalt cement and a
naphtha or gasoline-type diluent of high volatility.
SS. right-of-way: The publicly owned land, acquired for and devoted to the highway and
its appurtenances.
TT. roadside: All area within the right-of-way excluding the traveled way and shoulders.
UU. roadway: That portion of a highway improved, designed, or ordinarily used for
vehicular travel and parking lanes, but exclusive of the sidewalk, berm, or shoulder
even though such sidewalk, berm, or shoulder is used by persons riding bicycles or

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other human-powered vehicles. In the event a highway includes two or more

separate roadways, the term roadway as used herein shall refer to any such roadway
separately, but not to all such roadways collectively.
VV. rutting: The surface depression in the wheel-path of a pavement from repetitive
traffic loading that exceeds the ability of the pavement structure to maintain its
original profile.
WW. screed: A mechanical device to strike off, smooth and (at least partially) consolidate
a newly placed concrete or bituminous surface.
XX. shoulder: The portion of the roadway contiguous to the traveled way for
accommodation of stopped vehicles, for emergency use, and for lateral support of
the pavement structure.
YY. slake durability index: The percentage by dry mass retained of a collection of rock
pieces on a 2 mm (No. 10) sieve after 2 cycles of oven drying and 10 minutes of
soaking in water with a standard tumbling and abrasion action.
ZZ. specifications: The written requirements for performing work.
AAA. specific gravity: The ratio of a given mass of material at 25°C to the mass of an
equal volume of water at the same temperature.
BBB. steel wheel roller: A roller which compacts an asphalt concrete with static steel
drums. Types of steel wheel rollers are the three wheel roller, tandem roller, trench
roller, and vibratory roller.
CCC. strike off: A blade used to cut off material at the desired elevation or thickness.
DDD. subbase: The layer or layers of specified or selected aggregate materials of

designed thickness placed on a subgrade to support a base course.
EEE. subgrade: A prepared and compacted surface for supporting foundations of

structures, embankments, pavements, etc.
FFF. superelevation: The increasing of the cross slope on a curve to partially offset the
centrifugal force generated when a vehicle rounds the curve. (The difference in
elevation between the inside and outside edges of a roadway on a horizontal curve).
GGG. surface (wearing) course: The upper layer in a bituminous pavement.
HHH. tachometer: An instrument for measuring the speed of rotation.
III. tack coat (bond coat): An application of bituminous material to an existing relatively
non-absorptive surface to provide a thorough bond between old and new surfacing
(e.g. between base course and surface (wearing) course).
JJJ. test strip: A small section of the mat laid at the beginning of the project with the
purpose of determining the best roller type, sequence, number of passes and rolling
pattern to use.
KKK. traffic: Pedestrians, bicyclists, ridden or herded animals, vehicles, streetcars, and
other conveyances either singularly or together while using any highway for purposes
of travel.

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LLL. vehicle: Every device in, upon, or by which any person or property can be
transported or drawn upon a highway, except trains and light rail transit operating in
exclusive or semi-exclusive alignments. Light rail transit operating in a mixed-use
alignment, to which other traffic is not required to yield the right-of-way by law, is a
vehicle.
MMM.viscosity: A measure of the resistance to flow. It is one method of measuring the

consistency of asphalt (bitumen).
NNN. work: The furnishing of all labor, material, equipment, and other incidentals
necessary to successfully complete the project according to the contract.
OOO. workability: The ease with which a paving mixture may be placed and compacted.
1.06 SUBMITTALS
A. The Contractor shall submit to the Royal Commission, under the provisions of
SECTION 01330, the following items for review and approval before commencing
Work:
1. General
a) All Contractor's submittals shall be summarized on a cover sheet which

compares what is being proposed directly with specified requirements
such that compliance or exceptions are clearly stated.
b) When proposed for the Royal Commission’s approval, the Contractor

shall comment on compliance of its proposal with specified requirements
and recommend accordingly.
2. Material Source Information
a) Recommended Suppliers and Sources of all ingredients for making

asphalt mixtures, including asphalt cement, asphalt cut-backs, emulsion,
fine and coarse aggregates and mineral filler.
3. Compliance Certificate
a) Certificate of Compliance for each lot or batch of each type of material

delivered to the site, certifying compliance with the appropriate
specifications and including the results of the tests performed on the
material, as required by the specifications.
4. Product Data
a) Copies of the complete product specifications, technical/performance

data, preparation and installation instructions, all precautionary
instructions and maintenance and repair recommendations for each type
of material. All applicable material and test standards, and materials
characteristic and property values shall be identified as part of the
submittals.

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5. Supplier’s Quality Control Plan
a) A Supplier Quality Inspection Plan to ensure the Contractor's continuing

quality control of ingredients by periodic inspection, testing and reporting
on the quality control of materials being supplied to the Royal
Commission.
6. Job-Mix Formula
a) A mix design and Job-Mix Formula for each mixture as defined by

pars. 2.03 and 2.04, including the results of trial mixes such as specific
gravity and density determination and determination of aggregate
gradation and asphalt content.
1) The mixing, laying and rolling temperatures recommended by the
Contractor's Asphalt Concrete Supplier shall be stated in the
Materials Report.
2) Any time a change in gradation or proportions of mix is intended
to make, all necessary documents shall be submitted to the Royal
Commission for approval prior to first delivery.
7. Inspection and Testing Agency
a) Name, address and credentials of the proposed independent testing

agency along with evidence of authority to operate in Saudi Arabia,
details of equipment to be used in testing and qualifications of key
laboratory personnel responsible for the inspection and testing services.
8. Method Statement
a) The proposed program, the type, location and other details of the mixing
plant, methods and equipment to be used for; batching and producing of
asphalt mixtures; for distributing prime coat and tack coat asphalts; and
for placing and compacting of asphalt concrete mixture.
B. The Contractor shall submit the following items for review and approval during the
execution of Work:
1. Delivery Tickets
a) A delivery ticket from the Asphalt Supplier for each load delivered to the
jobsite shall be submitted setting forth the following information:
1) Contract Number
2) Date
3) Name of Purchaser
4) Registration Number of Delivery Truck
5) Driver's Name or Number
6) Destination
7) Type of Asphalt

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8) Asphalt Cement Content (as batched)

9) Added Filler
10) Type and amount of anti-stripping agent (if required)
11) Amount of Asphalt in Truckload (in Ton)
12) Type of Asphalt Cement Used (Grade)
13) Time Batched
14) Temperature Ordered (Range) and Temperature when leaving the
plant (Actual)
15) Temperature of Asphalt (when Discharged)*
16) Time of Arrival at Job-site *
17) Time of Discharge at Job-site *
* To be completed by the Contractor on the Job-site.
2. Weekly Quality Control Report
a) The Contractor shall present the Royal Commission with its Quality
Control Report once a week, except when replaced by the Monthly
Quality Control Report as specified in par. 1.06B.3 below. The Weekly
Quality Control Report shall summarize the following:
1) Daily Inspection Reports;
2) Material Delivery Records;
3) Test Results (from previous week's samples);
4) Samples taken this week ,(and amount of Work represented by
each individual sample); AND
5) Quality Control Performance.
b) This report shall record sections of work where the workmanship was
found to be excellent, adequate or needing improvement in terms of the
specified requirements and good practice.
3. Monthly Quality Control Report
a) The Contractor shall once a month present the Royal Commission with
its Monthly Quality Control Report.
b) The Monthly Quality Control Report shall summarize the following:

1) Weekly Quality Control Reports;
2) Control Charts (showing previous 60 days plotted test results/
control measurements, etc.);
3) Proposed QC Program Improvements;
4) Revisions to Frequency of Testing; AND
5) Work Recommended for Acceptance.

SECTION 02740
FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT
c) The Monthly Quality Control Report shall be approved by the Royal

Commission before being admissible as a contract record. The Monthly
Quality Control Report may then be used by the Royal Commission as a
basis for approval of monthly invoices.
1.07 QUALITY CONTROL
A. General
1. The Contractor shall be responsible for the quality of Work and shall develop
and propose programs and methods of construction and testing such as to
achieve the specified quality to the approval of the Royal Commission in
accordance with SECTION 01450.
B. Quality Control Program
1. A detailed commitment of the Contractor's manpower solely for inspection and

testing/measurement of all the work as specified herein shall be incorporated
in the approved Quality Control Program, in accordance with SECTION 01450,
and at least 30 days before the start of the pavement construction work.
2. The Quality Control Program shall commit the Contractor to effective control of
its suppliers (vendors) by action taken on its inspection and reporting and from
its testing and charting the results.
3. The only testing acceptable as part of the Contractor's Quality Control Program
shall be that conducted on its behalf by an approved materials testing services
subcontractor or as otherwise approved by the Royal Commission.
4. A test strip of asphalt paving base course and wearing course sections shall
be the basis of quality acceptance by the Royal Commission prior to asphalt
concrete paving operation commencement.
C. Material Delivery Control
1. The delivery and Contractor's acceptance of materials shall require full-time

attendance at the site of an approved Inspector from the Contractor's Quality
Control Section.
2. The Contractor shall maintain records of each and every delivery of mixed
material relating type, time of discharge of asphalt from plant, temperature and
location of placement within the area being constructed.
D. Construction Control
1. The laying and rolling operations shall be attended by the same inspectors
who are responsible for the Contractor's acceptance of material at the site.
2. The inspection team shall include the Contractor's surveyors who shall make
frequent checks on vertical control performance, which shall be made in time
to modify screed control and compaction techniques.
a) This is particularly important where a pavement layer is proposed for

SECTION 02740
FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT
use as a datum from which to operate an "automatic leveling device" to

span hollows and lengthen humps by ramp action.
b) The use of such smoothing devices shall be reserved solely for

pavement construction overlaying or alongside a layer which is shown
by the Contractor's approved survey to be in full compliance with the
specified vertical control tolerances.
c) This survey shall record deviations in mm from the required grade at

10 m intervals longitudinally and 2 m intervals transversely.
d) For junctions and intersections and non-road paved areas, the survey
grid pattern shall be at 5 m centers in both directions.
e) The survey shall be representative and shall cover at least 5% of the

area to be paved and as proposed by the Contractor, to attain the
specified requirements for ride quality and to provide the specified
surface drainage.
3. Previously laid pavement layers shall be approved by the Royal Commission

before such layers are overspread. The approval shall be withheld until the
Contractor's quality control reports substantiate compliance by conclusive
inspection reports, test results, survey records and recommendations which
are acceptable to the Royal Commission.
4. Work in which bituminous materials failed to conform to the Specifications shall

be rejected. Rejected bituminous materials shall be immediately removed from
the work, including all portions of the work in which said rejected bituminous
materials were placed, and the Contractor shall replace rejected materials with
specification materials at his sole expense.
5. Compaction control by the Contractor shall include inspection of the

compaction equipment and its operation, measurement and recording of laying
temperature and the study of voids from cores taken from each asphalt layer
between 24 and 48 hours after completion of finish rolling and opening to
traffic.
E. Inspection and Testing
1. Sampling, testing and checking procedures shall be recorded on a daily basis

(i.e. indicating day, month and year) including corrective actions taken by the
Contractor, if necessary.
2. All inspection reports and the analysis of test results shall be included in the
regular weekly quality control reports as prepared by the Contractor and
submitted to the Royal Commission.
3. The frequency of sampling and testing shall be in accordance with the

approved Quality Control Program and as additionally deemed necessary by
the Royal Commission as the work progresses.
4. The area of asphalt layer or volume of material represented by each sample

shall be as stated in the Quality Control Program and as further determined at
the time of sampling.

SECTION 02740
FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT
5. The entire volume of work, as measured for payment, shall be represented by

inspection reports, temperature records, mix analyses and field
density/voids/thickness determinations; all completely evaluated by the
Contractor and included in the regular monthly quality control reports to the
Royal Commission.
6. Reports and records shall be established in a manner to ensure traceability

between batch records, test results, and locations of placed paving and
surfacing.
7. The Royal Commission shall be given full access to the testing agency
facilities, the asphalt concrete batching plant and the job site for inspection. All
testing and production records shall be made available upon request.
F. Personnel Qualifications
1. The Contractor's site engineer responsible for asphalt concrete and road
construction shall have at least 5 years of documented experience in this field
and shall be familiar with the referenced standards and shall have successfully
completed work similar in material, design and extent to that work indicated for
the Project.
2. The Contractor's paver, roller, motor grader and asphalt distributor operators
shall be familiar with all materials and equipment and shall have at least
3 years of documented experience.
G. Internal Quality Control
1. The Contractor’s Internal Quality Control shall include, but not be limited to:
a) Checking suppliers test certificates and certificates of compliance for

aggregate, asphalt cement, asphalt concrete, asphalt for prime and tack
coats, curbs and edgings, and all other material delivered to the site
prior to first delivery and each shipment that comes from another source
than the previous one to confirm compliance with the Specifications.
b) Checking supplier’s delivery tickets of each delivery for completeness

and compliance with supply order and Specifications.
c) Checking correct storage of material at least every week.
d) Checking calibration of equipment prior to first use and periodically (at

least every week).
e) Checking maintenance of equipment to comply with manufacturer’s

instructions (at least every week).
H. External Quality Control
1. The Contractor shall employ a qualified independent testing agency which will
supervise quality control procedures carried out by the Contractor and perform
its own sampling, checking and testing services before and during paving
operations in accordance with referenced standards and specifications.

SECTION 02740
FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT
a) The testing agency shall comply with requirements as stated in

ASTM D3666.
b) The testing agency shall be approved by the Royal Commission.
c) The quality control system established by the agency shall comply but
may not be limited to requirements as stated in ASTM D4561.
d) Inspection, testing, and checking shall be performed in indefinite

intervals without giving previous notice.
e) All checking procedures and tests performed by the testing agency shall
be properly documented and submitted to the Royal Commission in the
Weekly Quality Control Report.
I. Source Quality Control
a) Aggregate for asphalt concrete shall be sampled and tested at the

source prior to first delivery.
b) Asphalt concrete delivered by the mixing plant shall be inspected and

tested at the mixing plant prior to first delivery.
1.08 HEALTH AND SAFETY CONSIDERATIONS
A. All Works undertaken in relation to this Specification are to be completed in full

accordance with the respective health and safety requirements established by the
following:
1. Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
a) Legislation, Regulation, Standards and Codes.
2. Royal Commission Regulations
a) Standards, Contractual Conditions, and Health and Safety Systems.
3. Contractor
a) Health and Safety Standards and Systems as accepted by the Royal

Commission.
B. In the absence of any of the above, best accepted industry practice shall be
employed throughout.
1.09 JOB CONDITIONS
A. Existing Utilities
1. Existing underground utilities and structures in areas of paving operations shall

be located by the Contractor.

SECTION 02740
FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT
2. If utilities or structures are indicated, adequate means of support and

protection shall be provided during paving operations.
3. When uncharted or incorrectly charted piping or other utilities are encountered,

the Royal Commission shall be consulted immediately for directions.
4. Damaged utilities or structures shall be repaired to the satisfaction of the Royal

Commission or paid for the costs which may result from any of the Contractor’s
operations during the Contract period.
5. Existing utility serving facilities shall not be interrupted during occupied hours,
except when permitted in writing by the Royal Commission and when
acceptable temporary utilities have been provided by the Contractor.
B. Weather Limitations
1. Bituminous prime and track coats shall not be applied when the ambient
temperature is below 10°C and when the base surface is wet or contains an
excess of moisture which would prevent uniform distribution and the required
penetration.
2. Asphalt concrete courses shall be constructed only when atmospheric

temperature is above 10°C and when the underlying base is dry.
3. Asphalt concrete courses shall not be constructed when atmospheric

temperature is above 40°C.
4. Execution of work shall be stopped during the fog, rain or dust and sand
storms.
5. Laying of asphalt concrete shall be stopped when the weather conditions are
such that proper handling, finishing and compaction cannot be accomplished.
C. Dust Control
1. Dust caused by the Contractor’s operations on and near work shall be

controlled by the use of all means necessary.
D. Pollution Prevention
1. Necessary precautions shall be taken to prevent pollution of existing ground

and sewage disposal network with fuel, oil, chemicals or other harmful
materials.
E. Grade Control
1. The required lines and grades, including crown and cross-slope, shall be
established and maintained for each course during construction operations.
1.10 DELIVERY, HANDLING AND STORAGE
A. The Contractor shall deliver, handle and store equipment and materials units in
accordance with SECTIONS 01650 and 01660, as well as the following

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FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT
requirements:
1. Transportation
a) For transport, only equipment suitable for the location and type of work
shall be used and maintained in proper working condition and in charge
of skilled and competent operators.
2. Delivery Ticket
a) The manufacturer shall furnish with each shipment 2 copies of the

delivery ticket containing the following:
1) Consignees.
2) Project number.
3) Grade.
4) Net liters.
5) Net weight.
6) Type and amount of anti-stripping agent.
7) Identification number (truck, car tank, etc.).
8) Destination.
9) Date.
10) Loading temperature.
11) Specific gravity at 15.6°C.
3. Storage and Protection
a) All aggregate, sand and filler shall be stored and handled in a manner
that excludes degradation and segregation and avoid contamination.
b) The sites for stockpiles shall be cleaned before storing materials.
c) Provisions shall be made to prevent intermingling of different

aggregates. If bulkheads are used, they shall extend to the full height of
the stockpile. To avoid segregation, blended and combined aggregates
shall be placed in layers not exceeding 1 m.
d) Aggregates shall not be removed from stockpiles within 0.3 m of the

ground until final cleanup of the work.
e) Material that has become mixed with foreign matter or other sizes or
grades of aggregates shall not be used.
f) Asphalt shall be stored in tanks, at least one tank for each type and
grade of asphalt. Asphalt tanks shall be calibrated so that the amount of
remaining material can be determined at any time.

SECTION 02740
FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT
g) All tanks, transfer lines, pumps and weigh buckets shall be heated so
that the asphalt remains fluid to pump. Provisions shall be made to
prevent asphalt from oxidizing during circulation at all times.

SECTION 02740
FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT
PART 2 PRODUCTS
2.01 GENERAL
A. All goods and products covered by these Specifications shall be procured, when
available, from an in-Kingdom manufacturer. Procurement of all goods and products
manufactured out-of-Kingdom must be approved by the Royal Commission.
2.02 MATERIALS
A. Lower Layers
1. Previously constructed pavement layers shall be in accordance with

SECTION 02720.
B. Aggregate for Asphalt Concrete
1. Mineral aggregate for asphalt concrete shall consist of coarse aggregate, fine
aggregate and filler material.
2. Aggregates shall be hard durable particles or fragments, free from

decomposed stone, organic matters, shale, clay and any other deleterious
substances which may affect the asphalt concrete mixture.
3. Sources of aggregate shall be approved by the Royal Commission.
4. Unless otherwise specified, methods of sampling and testing shall be

conducted in accordance with the relevant SASO, ASTM or AASHTO
standards.
C. Coarse Aggregate
1. Coarse aggregate shall be 100% crushed stone or crushed gravel retained on

a 4.75 mm (No. 4) sieve and meeting the requirements of ASTM D692 and as
specified in Table 2A below:
TABLE 2A: AGGREGATE REQUIREMENT
Test Description Standard Limit
Los Angeles Abrasion ASTM C131 35% Maximum
Sand Equivalent ASTM D2419 45% Minimum

Slake Durability Index (Slake Fluid:
ASTM D4644 99% Minimum
distilled water)
Clay Lumps and Friable Particles ASTM D142 0.25% Maximum
Flat and Elongated Particles ASTM D4791 10% Maximum
Sodium Sulfate Soundness Loss 10% Maximum

Or ASTM C88
Magnesium Sulfate Soundness Loss 12% Maximum

SECTION 02740
FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT
D. Fine Aggregate
1. Fine aggregate shall be natural or crushed stone or crushed gravel meeting

the requirements of ASTM D1073 with the exception of the grading
requirements. Dune sand contents shall be limited to a maximum of 4% by
weight of the total aggregates.
E. Mineral Filler
1. Mineral filler shall be limestone dust, portland cement or other inert material
complying with the requirements of ASTM D242 or AASHTO M17.
2. At the time of use, mineral filler shall be thoroughly dry, free flowing and free
from lumps and other agglomerations.
3. Mineral filler shall not exceed the maximum percentage prescribed by the
grading requirements of Tables 2B and 2C. A minimum of 50% of the mineral
filler shall be portland cement.
F. Asphalt Cement
1. Asphalt cement shall be prepared from crude petroleum. It shall be 60 to 70

penetration Grade in conformance with ASTM D946, AASHTO M20, or
SASO 915.
2. Asphalt cement shall be uniform in character, free from water, and shall not
foam when heated to 175°C.
G. Cutback Asphalts
1. Rapid curing cutback asphalts for tack coats shall comply with ASTM D2028 or
AASHTO M81.
2. Medium curing cutback asphalts for prime coats shall comply with
ASTM D2027 or AASHTO M82.
3. Cut-back asphalt shall show no separation or curdling prior to use and shall
not foam when heated to the application temperature.
4. Equivalent grades shall be related to those produced in-Kingdom as

recommended by the Contractor and approved by the Royal Commission.
H. Emulsified Asphalts
1. Emulsified asphalts for prime coat and tack coat shall be homogeneous and
shall comply with ASTM D2397 or AASHTO M208, as recommended by the
Contractor and approved by the Royal Commission, in accordance with
par. 3.03D.
I. Blotting Sand
1. Blotting sand shall be natural sand, manufactured sand, or combinations

thereof that are free from organic matter or clay, having a grading consisting of
100% passing the 4.75 mm (No. 4) sieve and not more than 5% passing the

SECTION 02740
FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT
0.150 mm (No. 100) sieve.
2.03 ASPHALT CONCRETE MIXTURES FOR BASE AND SURFACE COURSES
A. General
1. The hot-mix asphalt concrete mixture shall consist of asphalt cement,

aggregate and filler blended together in precise proportions.
2. The Job-Mix Formula selected by the Contractor shall be suitable and

adequate for the traffic, climatic conditions, and specific gravity of the
aggregates used.
3. The appropriate Job-Mix Formula shall be developed from trial mixes to

determine one that meets all criteria of the Specification and the design
method used.
4. Asphalt concrete surface and base course mixtures shall be designed by the
Marshall design procedure in accordance with the methods detailed in the
Asphalt Institute Publication MS-2 and in compliance with the properties
set out in Table 2E.
5. Selection of asphalt concrete mixes shall be shown on the Contractors’ plans,

drawings, and reports and shall be according to Tables 2B to 2E.
B. Grading Requirements
1. A Job-Mix Formula for asphalt concrete surface and base course mixtures
shall be prepared according to the design mix limits given in Tables 2B and
2C.
2. The mixture of coarse and fine aggregate and mineral filler shall be controlled
such that analysis of the production mixes shall conform to the tolerances set
out in Table 2D.
3. The percentage by weight of mix of the asphalt cement in the analysis of

production mixes shall be within ± 0.4% of the Marshall design optimum, as
specified in Table 2D.
4. When these tolerances are applied to the Job-Mix Formula neither the upper
nor lower limit shall fall outside the design mix limits of Tables 2B and 2C.
5. The asphalt concrete mixture shall exhibit the following characteristics:
a) The coated aggregate particles shall appear to be uniformly graded in

size from coarse to fine.
b) The mixture shall have sufficient cohesion to remain mounded in the

vehicle during hauling, but should flow freely from the vehicle when the
load is dumped.
c) The mixture shall have sufficient stability for compaction without

excessive displacement.

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FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT
d) The mixture shall contain enough bitumen to bind the aggregate

particles together as the mixture is compacted without producing a
glazed or flushed appearance.
TABLE 2B: AGGREGATE GRADING REQUIREMENTS FOR ASPHALT BASE

COURSE
GRADING I GRADING II GRADING III
Sieve Size 32 mm (1¼ inch) 22 mm (7/8 inch) 19 mm (¾ inch)
Nominal Max. Nominal Max. Nominal Max.
37.5 mm (1½ in.) 100 - -
25 mm (1 in.) 75 - 90 100 100
19 mm (3/4 in.) 65 - 80 75 - 90 90 - 100
12.5 mm (½ in.) 55 - 70 65 - 80 78 - 93
9.5 mm (3/8 in.) 45 - 60 55 - 65 57 - 72
4.75 mm (No. 4) 31 - 46 35 - 60 43 - 58
2.0 mm (No. 10) 18 - 33 20 - 35 28 - 43
0.425 mm (No. 80) 5 - 18 7 - 20 13 - 28
0.180 mm (No. 80) 3 - 13 5 - 25 -
0.075 mm (No. 200) 2-9 3-7 3-7
TABLE 2C: AGGREGATE GRADING REQUIREMENTS FOR ASPHALT WEARING

COURSE
GRADING I GRADING II GRADING III
Sieve Size 16 mm (5/8 inch) 12.5 mm (½ inch) 9.5 mm (3/8 inch)
Nominal Max. Nominal Max. Nominal Max.
19 mm (3/4 in.) 100 100 -
12.5 mm (½ in.) 75 - 90 90 - 100 100
9.5 mm (3/8 in.) 64 - 79 78 - 83 90 - 100
4.75 mm (No. 4) 41 - 56 46 - 60 54 - 68
2.0 mm (No. 10) 23 - 37 30 - 42 32 - 46
0.425 mm (No. 80) 7 - 20 14 - 25 14 - 25
0.180 mm (No. 80) 5 - 13 8 - 16 8 - 16
0.075 mm (No. 200) 3-8 3-7 3-7

SECTION 02740
FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT
TABLE 2D: JOB MIX FORMULA (JMF) TOLERANCES
ASTM E11
Base Course Surface Course
Sieve Size
19 mm (¾ inch) ± 6% ± 4%
12.5 mm (½ inch) ± 6% ± 4%
9. 5 mm (3/8 inch) ± 6% -
4.75 mm (No. 4) ± 6% ± 5%
2.0 mm (No. 10) ± 5% ± 4%
0.425 mm (No. 40) ± 3% ± 3%
0.180 mm (No. 80) - ± 2%
0.075 mm (No. 200) ± 1.5% ± 1.5%
% Asphalt Cement (AC) ± 0.4% ± 0.4%
TABLE 2E: QUALITY REQUIREMENTS
Property Base Course Surface Course
No. of Compaction Blows 75 75
Marshall Stability @ 60°C,

10 10
kN (Minimum)
Flow (mm) @ 60°C 2-4 2-4
Ratio Marshall
3.0 4.0
Stability/Flow (Minimum)
Voids in Mix (%) 5-7 4-6
Voids Filled with Asphalt

60 - 70 70 - 80
Cement (%)
Asphalt Cement Content
3-6 4-6
(% by Weight of Mix)
Retained Strength, %
70 75
(Minimum)
6. Production of bituminous concrete mixtures shall not begin until the Royal
Commission has given written acceptance of the Job-Mix design.
7. Acceptance of the Job-Mix design by the Royal Commission shall not relieve

SECTION 02740
FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT
the Contractor of his obligation to produce bituminous concrete mixtures

conforming to all specified requirements.
C. Job-Mix Formula Revisions
1. The Contractor shall not alter his methods of crushing, screening, blending, or
stockpiling from that used to produce materials for the approved Job-Mix
Formula.
2. Changes to the Job-Mix Formula will not be permitted without retesting and
resubmission of a proposed (revised) Job-Mix Formula in accordance with all
the steps stated above.
3. Significant changes may include, but are not limited to; changes in the amount
of materials crushed; reductions in the amount of crushed fines; and the
changes in the amount and type of mineral filler.
4. The grading limits specified in Tables 2B and 2C are based on materials of

uniform specific gravity and shall be adjusted to compensate for any variations
in specific gravity of the individual sizes.
5. The grading may be varied by the Royal Commission on the basis of Marshall
Tests to obtain optimum stability and life of the completed Bituminous
Concrete Pavement.
2.04 ASPHALT CONCRETE MIXTURE FOR DIKES
A. General
1. The Contractor shall ensure that the Marshall Design asphalt mixes specified
for pavement layers are not used for extruded asphalt concrete dikes, as such
mixes are not suitable for that purpose.
B. Grading Requirements
1. The mixture of coarse and fine aggregate and mineral filler shall be controlled
such that it meets the grading limitations, specified in Table 2F.
C. Asphalt Concrete Mix
1. The asphalt cement content of the mix shall be 6 to 9% by weight of total mix,
although the upper limit may be raised following trials if absorptive aggregates
are used.
2. The mix shall be designed by the Contractor within these limits and trial mixes
shall be tested using the same plant as will be used in the works to establish
that the mixes and plant are entirely satisfactory for the work.
3. The mix shall be capable of producing dikes which are closely compacted, free
from blow holes and dragging and to the dimensions shown on the drawings.

SECTION 02740
FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT
TABLE 2F: AGGREGATE GRADATION LIMITS FOR ASPHALT

CONCRETE MIX FOR DIKES
ASTM E11
% Passing by Weight
Sieve Size
12.5 mm (½ in.) 100
9. 5 mm (3/8 in.) 75 - 95
4.75 mm (No. 4) 65 - 85
2.0 mm (No. 10) 45 - 60
0.425 mm (No. 40) 20 - 35
0. 075 mm (No. 200) 5 - 15
2.05 POLYMER MODIFIED ASPHALT CONCRETE
A. When certain characteristics, like the softening point or deformation and fatigue
resistance of the bituminous concrete are required to be increased, an approved
polymer material may be added to the job mix formula to improve the specified
characteristics of the resulting asphalt concrete mixture.
B. The types and amounts of polymers used shall be proposed by the Contractor and
approved by the Royal Commission to establish compliance with the job mix formula
(JMF) requirements.
C. The proposed polymers shall fulfill the following criteria:
1. The polymer additive shall be a commercially available product, supported by

an approved mixing process that will ensure accurate proportioning of
materials and quality control of the modified asphalt cement and of the final
bituminous mixture.
a) The proposed products shall include styrene butadiene rubber (SBR);

block copolymers; polyethylene; ethylene vinyl acetate; polypropylene;
polychloroprene latex; polychloroprene solids; natural polyisoprene;
ethylene propylene-diene-monomer (EDPM); and polyisobutylene.
2. The polymer material shall be fully compatible with the base asphalt cement to
ensure uniform blending and mixture homogeneity. It shall be stored in a
manner to prevent segregation with time.
3. When recommended by the manufacturer, polymer shall be added to the

asphalt mixture in the mixing plant to avoid prolonged hot storage and possible
damage of the modified asphalt cement.
4. The increased viscosity of modified binders at high temperatures normally

extends into the temperature range in which asphalt concrete is mixed.
Therefore, it may be necessary to increase the operating temperature of the

SECTION 02740
FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT
mixing plant to achieve adequate coating of aggregates and provide for

satisfactory compaction of the mixture. When so recommended by the additive
manufacturer, increased mixing temperature requirements shall be diligently
observed.
5. An approved extraction process shall be maintained to verify the design

quantity of the modified asphalt cement in the mixture. Additives shall not
interfere with the extraction process.
6. Readily usable, proven test methods shall be available to determine the

polymer content of the modified asphalt cement, even if the asphalt cement is
first extracted from the aggregate mixture.
7. The aging index of the modified asphalt cement shall not exceed that of the
base asphalt cement, as specified in ASTM D2872.
8. The polymer additive shall be capable of increasing the softening point of the
base asphalt cement by at least 15°C without the addition of the filler.
9. The polymer additive shall be capable of increasing the permanent

deformation resistance and fatigue resistance of the bituminous mixture by at
least 30%.
10. Polymers shall be thoroughly mixed and uniformly combined with the
bituminous material.
2.06 EQUIPMENT
A. General
1. The Contractor's equipment shall be of sufficient capacity and numbers to

satisfactorily complete the work specified within Contract Schedule.
B. Mixing Plant
1. The mixing plant shall comply with the requirements of ASTM D995.
2. The mixing plant shall be capable of uniformly combining and mixing various
sizes of the aggregates and bituminous material.
3. The mixing plant shall have sufficient capacity to produce the asphalt mixture
at the rate required for the satisfactory execution of the job and within the
specified time.
4. The mixing plant shall be equipped with emission control dust collectors.
5. Provision shall be made to satisfactorily dispose of the collected material, or to

return the suitable filler material uniformly to the mixture as required by the mix
design.
6. The aggregate shall be dried and delivered to the mixer at a temperature such
that the mixture will be produced at a temperature within the range suited to
the asphalt cement.

SECTION 02740
FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT
7. The temperature between the given limits shall be regulated according to the
grade of asphalt cement, ambient temperature and workability of the mixture.
8. At no time during the processing, from storage to mixing, the temperature of

asphalt cement shall exceed 175°C.
9. Each size of aggregate shall be separately fed by feeders in proper proportion

and at a rate to allow correct and uniform temperature control of the heating
and drying operation.
10. Any asphalt plant that cannot consistently produce a high quality mix meeting
the requirements of this Specification will be considered as noncompliance
with this Specification and may have its certification revoked.
C. Bituminous Pavers
1. Bituminous pavers shall be self-contained, power-propelled and of sufficient

size, power and stability to receive, distribute and strike-off the bituminous
mixture at rates and widths commensurate with the typical sections and other
details shown on the Contract Drawings.
2. Self-propelled bituminous paver shall be composed of two basic units, a tractor

unit and the screed unit, joined together by leveling arms.
a) Tractor Unit
1) The tractor unit shall consist of receiving hopper, distributing
augers or spreading screws, power plant, transmissions, controls,
and motivation power through crawlers or rubber tires traveling on
the road base.
b) Screed Unit
1) The screed unit shall consist of heaters, leveling arms, thickness
and crown adjustment.
2) Heaters shall be used to warm the screed plate to more or less
the same temperature as the mixture to prevent it from sticking to
the screed, without adding heat to the mixture.
3. The pavers shall be capable of spreading and finishing the course of

bituminous plant mix material which will meet the specified thickness,
transverse slope, smoothness, and grade.
4. The pavers shall have automatic control systems which maintain the screed in
a constant position relative to profile and cross-slope references by using a
taut wire (erected stringline) set to grade. Adjacent paving passes may be
made using a ski-type device for the grade sensor subject to meeting the
requirements of par. 1.07D.
5. These references shall be such that control of the screed position is

reasonably independent of irregularities in the underlying surface and of the
spreader operation.
6. Approval of paver by the Royal Commission will be based on the

SECTION 02740
FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT
demonstrated capability of the equipment to place the mixture to the required

cross-section, profile and alignment in an acceptable, finished condition ready
for compaction, and the test strip quality provided at the beginning of the
paving work per par. 1.07.
7. The automatic screed control system shall operate at all times during
spreading of bituminous materials except under conditions, or at certain
locations where the Royal Commission deems the automatic controls
impractical.
8. Specialized equipment or hand methods approved by the Royal Commission

may be employed to spread the bituminous mixture where the use of standard
full scale pavers is impractical due to the size or irregularity of the area to be
paved.
9. The pavers used for shoulders and similar construction shall be capable of
spreading and finishing the courses of bituminous plant mix material in widths
shown on the Contract Drawings.
10. Asphalt concrete mixture behind the screed or strike-off shall exhibit a uniform
appearance across the full width of the course.
11. Failure of the automatic controls to function properly shall be a cause for
suspension of placement of bituminous materials.
D. Compacting Equipment
1. General
a) Compacting equipment shall be of the steel wheel and pneumatic tire

types. All ballasting shall conform to manufacturer's specifications.
b) The Contractor shall furnish minimum of 3 rollers of the following types,

each being operated by a separate operator:
1) One 3-steel wheel roller or 3-axle steel wheel tandem roller;
2) One pneumatic-tired roller; AND
3) One 2-axle steel wheel tandem roller.
c) All rolling equipment shall be self-propelled and smoothly reversible

without backlash.
d) The Contractor shall also furnish a portable hand compactor with

suitable weight for areas where other compacting equipment cannot
reach, such as near the edges, curbs, manholes, etc.
e) The rolling equipment shall be capable of producing a smooth and

uniformly textured surface with uniform and consistent density results, in
compliance with the specification requirements.
f) All rollers shall be equipped with pads and water system that prevents
the sticking of asphalt mixtures to the pneumatic or steel tires. Water
dispensing over the pneumatic or steel tires shall be dispensed in a

SECTION 02740
FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT
“mist-like” system and no running water over the pneumatic or steel tires
will be accepted.
g) A parting agent, which does not damage the asphalt mixture, may be
used as required to prevent the sticking of the mixture to the tires.
2. Steel Wheel Rollers
a) The three-steel wheel rollers shall weigh not less than 11 ton, with a
compression under the rear wheels, in contact with the pavement of not
less than 57 kN per meter of wheel width.
b) The 3-axle steel wheel tandem rollers shall weigh not less than 11 ton.
c) The 2-axle steel wheel tandem rollers shall weigh not less than 7 ton.
d) The rolling surfaces shall be free of groves or pits.
e) The drum scrappers and wetting pads shall be in proper working

conditions and free of wear.
f) The sprinkler system shall provide water just sufficient to keep the pads
wet, without supplying excess water that could harm the surface.
g) The king pins and wheel bearings shall be free of excessive wear or
slack.
3. Pneumatic-Tire Rollers
a) The pneumatic-tire rollers shall be self-propelled of the oscillating type

having an effective rolling width of not less than 1.6 m.
b) The rollers shall be equipped with tread-less pneumatic tires of equal

size and diameter which are capable of exerting average contact
pressures varying from 345 to 560 kPa by adjusting the ballast and tire
inflation pressures.
c) The wheels of the roller shall be so spaced that one pass will
accomplish one complete coverage equal to the rolling width of the
machine.
d) The wheels on the front axle shall be so aligned with the gaps between
wheels on the rear axel that one pass will accomplish complete and
uniform compaction coverage over the width of the roller. There shall be
a minimum of 40 mm overlap of the tracking wheels.
e) The roller shall be constructed so that the contact pressure shall be

uniform for all wheels, and the air pressure of all tires shall not vary
more than 35 kPa of the required pressure.
f) Pneumatic tire rollers shall be constructed with enough ballast space to

provide uniform wheel loadings as may be required.
g) The total operating weight and tire pressure of the roller shall be as

SECTION 02740
FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT
recommended by the Contractor and approved by the Royal

Commission.
4. In lieu of such, more modern types or other equipment may be used as

recommended by the Contractor and approved by the Royal Commission.
E. Prime/Tack Coat Distributor
1. Prime coats and tack coats shall be applied using a truck mounted pressure
distributor.
2. In places the distributor cannot reach, prime and tack coats shall be applied
with a hand spray attached to the distributor by a hose or by some other
approved means.
3. Tack distributors shall be designed, equipped, maintained and operated so

that the tack material is applied at the specified rate with uniform pressure over
the required width of application, regardless of change in gradient,
superelevation, direction, or content level in the tank.
4. The distributor equipment shall include pressure gages, accurate volume

measuring devices or a calibrated tank and heating attachments.
5. The distributor shall be equipped with devices and charts to provide for
accurate and rapid determination and control of the amount of the bitumen
materials being applied per square meter of the surface under the operation
conditions.
6. The distributor shall be equipped with a tachometer (bitumeter) having a dial

registering travel per minute. The dial shall be visible to the driver/operator that
he can maintain the constant speed required for application at the specified
rate.
7. An accurate thermometer with a range covering the specified application

temperature for tack material shall be mounted at approximately center height
of the tank with the stem extending into the tack material.
8. The distributor shall have a full circulating system with a spray bar, adjustable
laterally and vertically.
9. The normal width of application of the spray bar shall be not less than 3 m,
however with the provision for the application of width less than 3 m if
necessary.
10. The spray bar shall be maintained at a constant height above the pavement
under variable load conditions.
11. All nozzles shall be free and open, and shall be the same size and at the same
angle with reference to the spray bar to produce a uniform fan of bituminous
material without surge, streaks, ridges, or bare spots.
12. The pump shall be capable of circulating the bituminous material through the
distributor tank to the spray bar and developing and maintaining a constant,

SECTION 02740
FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT
uniform pressure along the entire length of the spray bar so that an equal
amount of material shall be sprayed from each nozzle.
13. Each distributor shall be checked and calibrated before being used on the
work.
14. A certificate of the calibration shall be posted in the driver's compartment

stating that the distributing system is in good working condition and when used
with the charts and instructions furnished by the manufacturer will give the
required results.
15. The certificate shall bear the date of calibration and signature of the calibrating
agency.
F. Sand Spreader
1. Blotter sand shall be spread from a truck-mounted hopper equipped with

controls to deliver the sand in a uniform application at specified rates to the
surface treated with a prime coat.
2. Sand may be spread by hand on isolated bleeding spots.
G. Curbing Machines
1. Curbing machine for dikes shall be self-powered and capable of extruding and
compacting the mixture, free of honeycombs, to the details shown on the
Contract Drawings.
2. The self-propelled curbing machine shall consist of a hopper and power-driven

screw which forces the material through a tube by an extrusion method.
3. The material extruded from a die attached to the end of the extrusion tube
shall form a dike of the required cross-section and density.
H. Hand Tools
1. Rakes, lutes, shovels, tampers, smoothing irons, pavement cutters, portable

heaters and other miscellaneous small tools shall be provided by the
Contractor to complete the work as specified.

SECTION 02740
FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT
PART 3 EXECUTION
3.01 GENERAL EXAMINATION
A. Before any operation starts, the Contractor shall examine the lower layers and the
conditions under which the asphalt concrete paving is to be carried out, and shall
correct any unsatisfactory conditions.
B. The Contractor shall check that all areas to be paved have been prepared to
specified grades, levels and alignments.
C. The Contractor shall not proceed with the work until unsatisfactory conditions have
been corrected to comply with the specifications.
3.02 GENERAL PREPARATION
A. The Contractor shall make sure that all necessary tests, inspections and preparations
have been made before paving operations start.
B. The Contractor shall check the good working condition and proper
adjustment/calibration of all equipment.
C. The Contractor shall locate and mark the positions and levels of existing utility lines
and any other underground structure.
3.03 SURFACE PREPARATION
A. General
1. The area to receive asphalt primer shall be substantially true to lines and
grades. It shall have a firm and properly prepared surface before priming
operations begin.
2. Holes and depressions in granular surfaces shall be repaired by removing all

defective material and replacing with granular patching material approved by
the Royal Commission.
3. Bumps, wave-like formations and corrugations which impair the riding quality
of the surface shall be removed and leveled to tolerances as specified.
4. Immediately prior to application of a prime coat, all loose and deleterious

material shall be removed by the use of hand brooms or other acceptable
means. This cleaning operation shall not displace or damage the surface.
5. When deemed necessary, just prior to application of the prime coat, the dry
surfaces of soil and aggregates shall receive a light application of water to
reduce the surface tension and improve the penetration of the prime coat into
the surface.
6. The surface to receive a tack coat shall conform to all requirements of the
specifications and be free of dust, organic matter and other deleterious

SECTION 02740
FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT
material.
B. Application of Prime Coat
1. Medium curing, cutback asphalt prime coat shall be applied uniformly at a rate
within 0.65 to 1.75 L/m2 and at the designated temperature, on prepared
aggregate surfaces by means of a calibrated pressure distributor.
2. The appropriate application rate shall be determined in accordance with

ASTM D2995 and the results of such trials shall be submitted to the Royal
Commission for review.
3. Application shall be made only when the surface is dry or slightly damp.
4. The bituminous material coverage shall be without streaking or uncoated

spots.
5. When streaking occurs, the application of bituminous material shall be ceased

until adjustments are made to the distributor and application procedures which
will result in elimination of streaking.
6. Sufficient material shall be applied to penetrate and seal but not flood the
surface. Test strips shall be used to accurately determine the spread rate.
7. A hand spray shall be used to apply primer material necessary to touch up

spots unavoidably missed by the distributor.
8. Allowance shall be made to cure and volatilize as long as required to attain

required penetration and in no case less than 24 hours.
9. If after a normal curing time (about 24 hours) some of the asphalt still has not
been absorbed into the base, the excess cutback shall be blotted with just
enough clean sand to prevent pick-up under traffic.
10. Blotting shall be accomplished by spreading sand over the prime coated
surface and rolling it with a pneumatic-tired roller.
11. Excess sand shall be swept away before the hot-mix asphalt concrete is
placed.
12. The Contractor shall maintain the prime coat and coated surface until covered
with a subsequent course of material.
13. Additional prime coat material and blotting sand shall be applied when
instructed by the Royal Commission.
C. Application of Tack Coat
1. Rapid curing cutback asphalt tack coat shall be applied on the existing
pavement surfaces that are to be overlaid with an asphalt mix and between
successive layers of all asphalt mixes asphalt surfaces by means of a pressure
distributor.

SECTION 02740
FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT
2. Tack coat shall be applied uniformly at a rate within 0.20 to 0.50 L/m2, and at
the designated temperature at the prepared surfaces.
3. The appropriate application rate shall be determined in accordance with

ASTM D2995 and the results of such trials shall be submitted to the Royal
Commission for review.
4. The bituminous material coverage shall be without streaking or uncoated

spots.
5. When streaking occurs, the application of bituminous material shall be ceased

until adjustments are made to the distributor and application procedures which
will result in elimination of streaking.
6. Tack coat shall be applied by brush or other approved means to the contact
surfaces of curbs, gutters, manholes and other structures projecting into or
abutting asphalt concrete pavement.
7. Surfaces shall be allowed to volatilize until the tack coat is at condition of

tackiness to receive over laying course.
8. Work shall be planned so that no more tack coat is applied than it is necessary
for the day's operation.
D. Application of Emulsified Asphalt Tack Coat and Prime Coat
1. The grade and rate of spread shall be recommended by the Contractor based
on field trials. The actual rate of spread shall subsequently not vary by more
than ± 20% from that approved.
E. Protection of Curbs
1. All permanently exposed curb surfaces shall be protected to prevent

contamination by prime and tack coats during application.
F. Traffic Control
1. While construction of a bituminous prime coat or tack coat is in progress, the

treated surface of the roadway shall not be used by the Contractor, his agents
or others until the Royal Commission is satisfied that the treated surface will
not be damaged by the traffic and has given approval for traffic to use the
treated surface.
3.04 FRAME INTEGRATION
A. Frames shall be set for manholes, chambers and other such units within the areas to
be paved.
B. Frames shall be adjusted and fixed to proper position to comply with grade
tolerances after paving.
C. If permanent covers are not in place, temporary covers shall be provided over
openings until completion of the road construction. These covers shall be paved

SECTION 02740
FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT
over, marked and removed after saw cutting and on completion of the permanent
construction.
D. Frame covers shall be set to grade, flush (± 3 mm) with the surface of the adjacent
pavement.
3.05 ASPHALT CONCRETE PRODUCTION
A. General
1. The material storage, control, and mixing, and plant equipment and operation,
shall be in compliance with ASTM D995.
B. Storage of Aggregates
1. Each component of various-sized combined aggregates shall be stored

separately at the mixing plant in a manner that will prevent intermingling.
2. Stockpiles shall be built and maintained in a manner that will prevent

segregation of aggregate sizes.
C. Asphalt Cement Preparation
1. The asphalt cement shall be heated at the mixing plant to a viscosity at which
it can readily be pumped and uniformly distributed throughout the asphalt
concrete mixture.
2. The temperature shall suit the temperature-viscosity characteristics of asphalt

cement and allow full compaction of the asphalt concrete.
D. Aggregate Preparation
1. Cold aggregates shall be fed carefully to the plant so that surpluses and
shortages will not occur, thus causing breaks and disrupting the continuous
operation.
2. Aggregate shall be heat-dried to reduce moisture content to less than 0.5% so

as to avoid the mixture to slump, the asphalt to foam, or the aggregate to
segregate during hauling and placing.
3. Heated and dried aggregates shall be screened and stored in sizes that may
easily be recombined into a gradation meeting the requirements of the job-mix
formula.
4. Dry aggregate shall be delivered to the mixer at temperatures between

121 and 163°C, appropriately suited to the penetration grade and viscosity
characteristics of the asphalt cement, ambient temperature and the required
workability of the mixture.
5. All aggregates in the hot bins that will produce a mix outside the temperature
limits or that contain sufficient moisture or expanding gases to cause foaming
in the mixture shall be removed and returned to the appropriate stockpiles.

SECTION 02740
FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT
E. Asphalt Concrete Mixture Preparation
1. Aggregates and bituminous material for bituminous concrete shall be

proportioned in accordance with the requirements of the approved Job-Mix
Formula and mixed using equipment that will produce a mixture conforming to
the requirements of this Specification.
2. The dry aggregates shall be accurately weighed or measured and the asphalt
cement shall be weighed or metered to comply with specified requirements.
3. At the time of mixing, the temperature of the asphalt cement shall be between
135 and 163°C and shall not be lower than 15°C below the temperature of the
aggregate. In no case shall the asphalt cement be heated above 175°C.
4. The aggregate and asphalt cement shall be mixed to achieve not less than
95% coating for base course mixtures and for surface mixtures, when tested in
accordance with ASTM D2489. Mixing time shall be the shortest time that will
produce a satisfactory mixture.
F. Asphalt Concrete Mixture Transportation
1. The asphalt concrete mixtures shall be transported from the mixing site in
trucks having tight, clean and smooth metal beds from which the entire
quantity of mixture is discharged smoothly into the spreading equipment.
2. Prior to loading, a coating of lime-water mixture shall be applied to the inside

surfaces of the truck bed to prevent the adhesion of mixture to the bed
surfaces. The use of oils, which contaminate and alter the characteristics of
the mixture, will not be permitted for this purpose.
3. After the truck bodies are coated and before any mixture is placed therein, the
truck beds shall be elevated and drained of excess solution.
4. During periods of cool and cloudy weather or for long distance deliveries,
insulation shall be provided around the entire bed surfaces for preventing loss
of heat and maintaining workable temperature of the mixture and all covers
shall be so fastened as to exclude all wind.
3.06 PLACING OF ASPHALT CONCRETE
A. General
1. The asphalt concrete mixture shall be placed as a base course or surface

course. The type and thickness of the individual courses will be shown on the
Contract Drawings.
2. Hot-mix asphalt concrete mixture shall be spread and finished by means of an

automatically controlled bituminous paving machine.
3. All reference lines shall be established as may be necessary for the operation
of automatic screed controls.
4. Sufficient control of the spreading equipment with regard to line and grade

SECTION 02740
FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT
references shall be maintained that the pavement course, when compacted as

specified, shall be in reasonable conformance with the lines, grades and
typical sections shown on the Contract Drawings or established by the Royal
Commission.
5. The automatic paving machine shall be operated at a speed that will give the
best results and which coordinates satisfactorily with the rate of delivery of the
mixture to the paving machine so as to provide a uniform rate of placement
without intermittent stoppage.
6. Erratic spreader operation due to irregular contact with the hauling equipment,
surging in the feed and distribution of the mixture, or other cause shall be
avoided.
7. When the bituminous materials are dumped from the hauling equipment
directly into the paving machine, care shall be taken to avoid jarring the paving
machine or moving it out of alignment.
8. No vertical load shall be exerted on the paving machine by hauling equipment.
9. Hauling equipment, while dumping into the paving machine, shall be attached
firmly to the paving machine.
10. The use of a paving machine may be waived and a manually controlled paver
or hand methods may be used on irregular sections not accessible by a paving
machine. However, hand work shall be kept to a minimum.
11. The vertical faces of gullies, curbs, channels, bridge abutments, retaining wall,
drainage facilities, metal surfaces, cold pavement joints and the like, against
which the asphalt concrete is placed, shall be cleaned and primed prior to
placing asphalt concrete.
12. Mixture shall be spread at a temperature not cooler than 140°C with tolerance
limits ± 5°C.
13. The Contractor's selection of layer thickness shall be within the limits of
Table 3A and shall be compatible with the compaction equipment and the
thickness as shown on the Drawings for Aggregate Concrete base course or
surface course and is subject to Royal Commission approval.
TABLE 3A: ASPHALT CONCRETE THICKNESS LIMITATIONS
Target or Design Thickness (mm)

Grading
Grading I 100 50
Grading II 70 40
Grading III 60 30

SECTION 02740
FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT
14. In advance of the paving operation, the Contractor shall spread and compact
fresh asphalt concrete to level hollows such that grade tolerances are met and
subsequent layers are of uniform thickness.
15. Approved equipment or methods in use shall result in the mixture being spread
and finished in such condition that compaction can follow immediately.
16. Spreading and compacting bituminous concrete wearing courses will not be
permitted at night except when approved by the Royal Commission.
B. Placing and Spreading
1. The automatically controlled paver shall spread the asphalt concrete mixture
without tearing the surface and shall strike a finish that is smooth, true to
cross-section, uniform density and texture and free from hollows, transverse
corrugations and other irregularities and shall have tight and thoroughly sealed
joints.
2. Unless otherwise directed, the placing shall begin along the centerline of the
areas to be paved on crowned section and at the high side of sections on
one-way slope, and in the direction of traffic flow for roads and in the direction
best aligned with surface drainage for non-road areas.
3. Asphalt concrete shall be placed in strips equal to multiples of full widths of

each lane or the full width of the shoulder.
4. Immediately after material in any layer is placed, and before being rolled, the
surface shall be inspected and all defects and irregularities in alignment or
grade shall be corrected.
5. Conditions causing objectionable segregation of the mixture components or

irregularities in surface texture shall be corrected and any portion of the
pavement course found to be defective in surface texture or composition
before or after compaction shall be removed and replaced or otherwise
corrected in a manner satisfactory to the Royal Commission.
6. After the first strip has been placed and rolled, the succeeding strips shall be
placed and rolling shall be extended to overlay previous strips.
7. Base courses shall be completed for a section before placing surface course
mixtures.
8. Asphalt concrete shall be placed in continuous operations. Stopping and

starting the paving machine and folding sidewalls of the paver hopper shall be
avoided.
9. The spreading operations on bridge deck waterproofing membranes shall not

displace or damage the membrane.
C. Manual Placing
1. When hand-laying is necessary, asphalt concrete shall be placed on a clean

hard surface and shall be protected from loss of heat and any possible
contamination.

SECTION 02740
FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT
2. The mixture shall be spread in loose uniform layer of even texture, tamped and
finished using hand tools, taking precautions to minimize segregation.
3. Immediately after material in any layer is placed, and before being rolled, the
surface shall be inspected and all defects and irregularities in alignment, grade
or texture corrected.
4. The mixture shall be placed at a rate that will ensure handling and compaction
before mixtures becomes cooler than 120°C.
3.07 JOINTS
A. General
1. Placing of the bituminous paving shall be as continuous as possible without

forming excessive joints.
2. Cold joints, transverse day joints and longitudinal joints shall be made in a
careful manner to ensure a continuous bond between the adjoining works.
3. The joints shall have the same texture, density and smoothness as other
sections of the asphalt concrete course.
4. All joints shall be well bonded and appropriately sealed.
5. Un-curbed edges of the pavement shall be trimmed uniformly.
B. Transverse Joints
1. Transverse day joints shall be formed using a timber bulkhead supported by

an approach ramp of hot laid asphalt.
2. On resumption of work, the supporting ramp and bulkhead shall be removed to

expose a vertical face.
3. In the event of any unsound or poorly compacted material at the joint, such
material shall be cut back to give an even vertical face over the full layer
thickness.
4. Contact surface shall be cleaned free of sand, dirt, or objectionable material

and tack coat shall be applied.
5. New bituminous material shall be spread in sufficient quantity to create a

compacted thickness equal to the thickness of the first layer.
6. The joint shall be cross rolled with one coverage and checked with a straight
edge.
7. High points shall be removed and sags filled with additional bituminous
material and the joint rolled a second time.

SECTION 02740
FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT
8. The joint shall again be checked with a straight edge, humps and sags
adjusted as necessary, and rolled until the joint is complete and compacted as
specified.
9. Transverse day joints shall be offset a minimum of 600 mm from the joint of
the immediate underlying course.
C. Longitudinal Joints
1. Cold joints and longitudinal joints shall be cut back to form an even vertical
face over the full layer thickness. The joints shall be cut back sufficiently to
remove any unsound or poorly compacted material.
2. The contact surface shall be cleaned free of sand, dirt, or objectionable

material and tack coat shall be applied.
3. Longitudinal joints shall be formed by lapping the screed over the first layer
placed, crowding a ridge of bituminous material at the joint and crimping the
ridge of material into the joint by a compaction roller while the material is hot.
4. Longitudinal joints shall be offset in succeeding courses not less than 150 mm.
5. Longitudinal joints of the top layer shall coincide with the traffic lane marking.
6. Longitudinal joints shall be held to the minimum practical number.
3.08 COMPACTION
A. General
1. Immediately after the bituminous mixture has been spread and any surface
irregularities adjusted, sufficient rollers shall be provided to compact the
mixture to the required density, while it is still in workable condition.
2. Rolling operations shall begin as soon after placing as the mixture is capable
of bearing the weight of the roller without excessive lateral displacement,
taking into consideration the grade of the asphalt, content of the filler,
temperature of the base, thickness of the layer, ambient temperature and wind
velocity.
3. The Contractor shall coordinate the spreading of the mixture with the
application of the required roller coverage. The required roller coverage shall
be completed during the period of time in which the temperature of the mixture
is sufficient for the roller coverage to be effective in compaction of the mixture.
4. Unless instructed otherwise, all courses of the asphaltic concrete pavement

shall be spread and the initial coverage or breakdown compaction shall be
performed when the temperature of the mixture is not less than 140°C and
rolling shall be completed before the temperature of the mixture drops to 90°C.
5. Mixture shall be compacted with hot hand-tampers or vibrating plate

compactors in areas which are inaccessible to rollers. On depressed areas,
trench rollers or rollers fitted with compression strips may be used.

SECTION 02740
FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT
6. Use of equipment which results in excessive crushing of aggregates shall not

be permitted.
7. Rollers shall be operated by the competent and experienced operators and

shall be kept in operation continuously, if necessary, so that all parts of the
pavement will receive substantially equal compaction within the time desired.
8. The specified roller pattern shall be repeated uniformly, without abrupt stops or
changes in direction, and the reversing points at the end of the roller runs shall
be staggered to reduce the possibility of forming transverse bumps.
9. Steel wheel roller shall always be operated with the driver wheel forward in the
direction of the paving.
10. The wheels of the rollers shall be kept properly moistened with water to
prevent adhesion of the mixture to the rollers. Excessive water shall not be
permitted.
11. No kerosene, naphtha, oils or similar products shall be used to clean the roller
wheels while the roller is on the mixture.
12. Heavy equipment, including rollers, shall not be permitted to stand on the
finished surface before it has thoroughly cooled or set.
B. Sequence of Rolling
1. The sequence of rolling shall be as follows:
a) Transverse joints.
b) Longitudinal joints.
c) Outside edge.
d) Initial or breakdown rolling.
e) Intermediate rolling.
f) Finish rolling.
C. Rolling Procedure
1. Unless otherwise directed, rolling shall begin at the sides and proceed
longitudinally parallel to the centerline at a slow, uniform speed.
2. After each coverage or complete round trip, the roller shall progress toward the
crown of the road by overlapping the previous pass by at least one half the
width of the compression roll.
3. The highest portion of sections shall not under any circumstances be rolled
first.
4. On superelevated curves, the rolling shall begin at the low side and progress

SECTION 02740
FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT
toward the high side.
5. In all cases where a longitudinal joint is being made, it shall be rolled first and
then followed by the applicable rolling procedure.
6. The Contractor shall protect curbs, and repair any damaged curbs to comply
with the specified requirements, and shall not roll edge of paving lane "down"
causing a low edge section that will trap water.
7. Mixture that becomes loose, broken, contaminated or otherwise defective shall

be replaced with fresh, hot mixture compacted to conform to the surrounding
area.
D. Initial or Breakdown Rolling
1. The optimum conditions for compaction are present immediately behind the
spreader and the greatest increase in density per roller pass occurs in this
area. It is important, therefore, that the initial or breakdown rolling shall be
accomplished immediately following the rolling of the transverse and
longitudinal joints and outside edge.
2. Initial or breakdown rolling shall be done by using 11 ton steel wheel rollers.
3. Rollers shall be operated as close as possible to paver without causing lateral

displacement.
4. Initial or breakdown rolling shall consist of 3 coverages. Each coverage shall

be completed before the subsequent coverage is started.
5. The Contractor shall check crown, grade, and smoothness after breakdown
rolling and repair displaced areas immediately by loosening with lutes or rakes,
and filling, if required, with hot loose material before continuing rolling.
E. Intermediate Rolling
1. Compaction with a pneumatic-tired roller shall immediately follow initial

breakdown rolling as closely as possible while the mix is still plastic and at a
temperature that will result in the maximum density which is within the
specified field density limits.
2. This temperature should preferably be above 82°C but all intermediate rolling
must be completed while the temperature is still above 66°C.
F. Finish Rolling
1. The Contractor shall use steel tired rollers to improve the surface while the mix
is still warm enough for complete removal of roller marks.
2. The rolling shall be continued until all rolling marks are eliminated and the
course has obtained the required density.
G. Compaction Requirements
1. Unless otherwise directed, the density of the placed and compacted asphalt

SECTION 02740
FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT
concrete mixture shall be determined on samples taken from randomly

selected locations.
2. The compacted density for each layer of each course shall be determined
using nuclear gage measurements in accordance with the requirements of
ASTM D2950, or from cores taken from the completed layer in accordance
with the requirements of ASTM D2726. Cores shall not be less than 100 mm in
diameter obtained as described in ASTM D979.
3. In place density of the base course layer shall be 92 to 95% and that of
surface course layer shall be 91 to 94% when compared with the theoretical
maximum density determined from ASTM D2041. The density of the
specimens determined in accordance with ASTM D1188 shall be equal to or
greater than 97% of the Marshall density determined on production material for
the day’s work.
4. One out of 10 consecutive determinations may fall below the minimum

specified above.
H. Patching
1. All defective areas shall be cut-out, removed and replaced, and filled with
fresh, hot asphalt concrete, then compacted by rolling to specified field density
and smoothness.
2. Deficient areas shall be removed for full depth of course.
3. The sides shall be cut perpendicular and parallel to the direction of traffic with
edges vertical.
4. Tack coat cutback or emulsified asphalt shall be applied to the exposed

surface before placing new asphalt concrete mixture.
3.09 TOLERANCES
A. Grade
1. All asphalt concrete shall be laid within the grade tolerances shown in
Table 3B as compared to the elevations shown and interpolated from the
Drawings for Aggregate Concrete base courses and surface course profiles.
TABLE 3B: ASPHALT CONCRETE GRADE TOLERANCES
± 8 mm ± 6 mm
B. Surface Smoothness
1. Compacted surfaces will be tested with a 4 m straightedge at selected

locations. The variation of the surface from the testing edge of the straightedge

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FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT
between any two contact points with the surface when placed parallel or
perpendicular to the centerline of the highway shall at no point exceed the
limits specified in Table 3C.
TABLE 3C: SURFACE TOLERANCES
Location Base Course Surface Course
Straightedge parallel to the centerline 6 mm 4 mm
Straightedge perpendicular to the

6 mm 4 mm
centerline
C. Thickness
1. The total thickness of asphalt concrete pavement shall be measured for each
course. The thickness of any core sample taken from the compacted base
courses and surface courses shall not exceed the allowable variations shown
in Table 3D from the design thickness shown on the Contract Drawings.
TABLE 3D: ASPHALT CONCRETE THICKNESS TOLERANCES
± 10 mm ± 6 mm
D. Crown Surface
1. Finished crown surface, when tested with a crown template, centered and at
right angles to the crown shall not vary more than 6 mm from the crown
template.
E. Joints
1. Finished joints, when spanned by a 3 m straight-edge shall not deviate more

than 3 mm from the adjacent surface.
3.10 RECTIFICATION OF OUT-OF-TOLERANCE WORK
A. Out-of-tolerance work shall be delineated by use of a static or traveling straightedge.
B. The delineated areas and method of remedial work shall be recommended by the
Contractor and approved by the Royal Commission.
C. Approved remedial work shall be completed prior to construction of subsequent

layers.

SECTION 02740
FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT
3.11 FIELD QUALITY CONTROL
A. All required tests shall be performed in conjunction with an approved testing agency
to inspect and supervise asphalt concrete production.
B. Field quality control tests shall be performed on the constituent materials and
un-compacted and compacted asphalt concrete, before, during and after the
execution of the job at the frequencies described herein.
C. The Royal Commission may require the Contractor to perform additional tests as
deemed necessary, depending upon the job conditions.
1. Testing of Constituent Materials (Asphalt and Aggregates)
a) The following tests shall be conducted on the constituent materials of

asphalt concrete before being mixed in the mixing plant to assure
compliance with the specification requirements:
Material Tests Frequency
Penetration of Asphalt Binder 1/week or 1/lot

1
(AASHTO T49, ASTM D5)
2 Gradation of Fine and Coarse Aggregates 1/day or 1/lot

(ASTM E11)
Specific Gravity of Aggregates 1/week

3
(AASHTO T85, ASTM C127)
Resistance to Abrasion 1/month

4
Soundness 1/month
5
Slake Durability 1/month

6
(ASTM D4644)
Sand Equivalent 1/month

7
(AASHTO T176, ASTM 2419)
Plasticity Index 1/month

8
(ASTM D4318)
9 Flat or Elongated Particles by Weight 1/month
2. Testing of Un-Compacted Asphalt Concrete
a) Visual inspection of each shipment shall be performed prior to placing of

asphalt concrete to determine unsatisfactory conditions e.g. non-uniform
appearance, lean or dry mix, flushing of mix etc.

SECTION 02740
FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT
b) Supplier's delivery ticket of each delivery shall be checked for

completeness and compliance with supply order and specification.
c) To confirm compliance with the Job-Mix Formula, random samples of

hot mix shall be taken daily at the point of delivery for extraction,
gradation and Marshall properties at the following rates of production:
1) 0 to 500 tons: 1/100 tons

2) 500 to 800 tons: 1/150 tons
3) 800 and above tons: 1/200 tons
d) Extraction tests shall be performed in compliance with AASHTO T164 or

ASTM D2172 to determine aggregate gradation and bitumen content in
the asphalt concrete mixture.
e) Marshall Test shall be performed to determine, stability, flow, compacted

unit weight and percent voids in the mix. The theoretical maximum
specific gravity shall be determined in accordance with ASTM D2041.
3. Testing of Compacted Asphalt Concrete
a) Cores shall be taken daily from previous days production at random

locations for density and thickness determinations at the following rates
of production:
1) 0 to 4,000 m2: 1/600 m2

2) 4,000 to 20,000 m2 : 1/900 m2
3) 20,000 and above m2: 1/1200 m2
b) Random locations shall be selected in accordance with ASTM D3665.
c) Core shall be drilled in compliance with AASHTO T168 or ASTM D979.

Core samples shall not be less than 100 mm in diameter.
d) The Contractor shall clean the inside surfaces of the sample hole, dry,
lightly coat with tack coat, and immediately place and compact new mix
of the same type to conform to the surrounding area. A circular tamp or
other approved device shall be used to achieve compaction.
e) Thickness of layers shall be determined in accordance with

ASTM D3549.
f) Density and specific gravity of asphalt concrete shall be determined in

accordance with ASTM D2726. Alternatively, density may be proved by
using the nuclear method according to ASTM D2950.
3.12 RIDE QUALITY
A. The ride quality shall be assessed by a bump integrator.
B. The bump integrator shall measure the effect of the surface irregularity on the axle

SECTION 02740
FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT
and chassis of a vehicle, and shall be conducted at 32 km/hr over the entire length of
each lane in 1 km sections.
C. The bump integrator survey shall be conducted by the Contractor's approved

subcontractor for the materials testing services.
D. Assessment of the ride quality by the bump integrator shall be made on all paved
subsurface courses in time to effect improvement of the Contractor's control over
level attainment.
E. The limits specified in Table 3E shall apply in requiring improvement to the

Contractor's control over level attainment in pavement construction operations as
specified herein.
TABLE 3E: RIDE ASSESSMENT GUIDELINES
Road Type Freeway Expressway Others
TARGET
Maximum Bump Integrator
1500 2000 2500
Index “r” (mm/km)
F. In lieu of the above, the Contractor may propose more modern types or other
equipment to assess the ride quality of the pavement for the Royal Commission
approval.
3.13 ASPHALT DIKE CONSTRUCTION
A. General
1. The placing, compacting and finishing of asphalt dikes shall be accomplished

by the use of an automatic mechanical curbing machine of a type approved by
the Royal Commission.
2. The curbing machine shall be capable of extruding and compacting the mixture
in curve or straight lines, free of honeycombs to the details shown on the
Drawings.
B. Surface Preparation
1. Asphalt dikes shall be placed on existing pavement wearing surfaces.
2. Before placing asphalt dikes, the existing surface in the dike locations shall be
cleaned of all foreign, loose or deleterious material.
3. All broken or defective areas in the locations shall be repaired by removing the
broken and defective material and replacing it with asphalt concrete patching
material as directed by the Royal Commission.
4. The patched and leveled areas shall be fully compacted so that the final

SECTION 02740
FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT
surface is flush with the surrounding surface, and does not pond water when
asphalt dike construction is complete.
5. The patching and leveling shall be performed in such a way as to result in a

surface which is tight, neat, uniform, and well bonded to the underlying
surface.
6. A light tack coat shall be uniformly applied on the area to be occupied by the
dike at the temperature and rate of application selected by the Royal
Commission following the tests.
7. The Contractor shall ensure that the proper type and rate of tack coat are
applied in only the area where dike is to be placed and that the surface to be
tack coated is dry and free from loose or deleterious material.
C. Formwork
1. No formwork is needed for machine-placed dikes.
2. For hand placing, in inaccessible areas, wood or metal forms of the shapes
conforming to the cross section of the asphalt dike shall be used.
D. Placing
1. The dike shall be placed by a self-propelled machine consisting of a hopper

and power-driven screw which forces the material through a tube by an
extrusion method to the location, layout and cross-section shown on the
Contract Drawings.
2. The proper density and cross section of the dike shall be obtained by extruding
the material under pressure through a die attached to the end of the extrusion
tube.
3. The Contractor shall ensure that the curb machine is forming a uniform and
compact dike shape at the correct alignment.
4. Mix temperatures shall be sufficiently high to enable adequate mixing and

compaction, but shall not be so high as to cause asphalt damage or dike
instability.
5. The hopper shall be charged in a careful manner so as not to jar the curbing
machine out of alignment.
6. The bituminous mixture shall be laid only upon a dry, clean surface, on which
the tack coat has fully cured and under weather conditions acceptable to the
Royal Commission.
7. Minimum and maximum mix placement temperatures will be specified by the

Royal Commission following the recommendations of the Materials Report.
Normally a temperature range of 120 to 140°C will be satisfactory.
8. The material shall not be placed on a surface cooler than 5°C.
9. The finished asphalt dike shall be true to alignment and cross-section,

SECTION 02740
FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT
thoroughly compacted, and shall have a smooth, tight, uniform surface texture
which is free from segregation, defects, blemishes or other irregularities.
10. Dike which shows segregation, slumping or misalignment shall be removed

and replaced by the Contractor at his expense.
11. The newly laid dike shall be protected from traffic by using appropriate means
until the heat of the asphalt mixture has dissipated.
E. Hand Placing
1. In areas inaccessible to the curbing machine, material shall be placed by hand

in wood or metal forms constructed to the desired mold or cross-section of the
asphalt dike.
2. Material placed by hand shall be tamped into place and screeded to a smooth
finish in a workmanlike manner, so that it blends with machine placed dike in
cross-section alignment and grade.
3. Forms shall be removed as soon as proper shape of the material can be

maintained.
F. Compaction
1. Machine-laid work usually requires no additional compaction, but in areas

where it is evident that compaction is inadequate, the mix shall be adjusted,
forward movement of the machine retarded by braking, the machine loaded
with additional weight or other measures taken to provide adequate
compaction.
G. Joints
1. Asphalt dike construction shall be a continuous, one step operation, in one

direction, to eliminate dike joints.
2. Where conditions are such that the joints are absolutely necessary, however,
the joints between successive days work shall be made carefully in a manner
that will ensure a continuous bond between the old and new sections of the
dike.
3. All contact surfaces of previously constructed dike shall be painted with a thin,
uniform coat of hot asphalt material just prior to placing the fresh dike material
to the old joint.
4. The joints shall be constructed such that they are virtually indistinguishable
from the adjacent dike.
H. Backfilling
1. No backfill shall be placed immediately adjacent to the back of the dike until it
has gained sufficient strength to prevent damage from the operation.
2. Backfill material shall be placed after the curing period of approximately

24 hours and shall be thoroughly compacted without disturbing the dike.

SECTION 02740
FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT
3.14 TRAFFIC CONTROL
A. The Contractor shall assure the safety and convenience of public traffic and protect
the residents adjacent to the project during all paving operations.
B. The Contractor shall take effective action to prevent all traffic from using the
bituminous concrete pavement until such time as the Royal Commission has given
approval for traffic to use the pavement.
C. When the roadway, being paved, is open to traffic, the Contractor shall keep road
intersections and ramps open at all times except when a ramp is being paved or the
paving operations cross the road intersection or ramp. During such time, the road
intersection or ramp shall be closed for the minimum possible time period.
D. Before closing a ramp or access to the roadway, warning signs shall be placed and
the detour or alternate route signed.
E. When necessary to maintain one-way traffic, the Contractor shall furnish and operate
a pilot car, employ flagmen and position all signs, markings, barricades and other
traffic control devices as needed to protect traffic and construction operations.
3.15 PROTECTION
A. After final rolling, the Contractor shall not permit traffic on asphalt concrete pavement
until it has cooled and hardened, and in no case sooner than 24 hours unless
otherwise permitted by the Royal Commission.
B. The Contractor shall cover openings of structures in the area of paving until
permanent coverings are placed.
C. Care shall be taken to prevent damage to the work during subsequent construction
operations forming part of this Contract.
D. All means and materials required to protect the work from damage shall be provided
by the Contractor at his expense.
E. Works damaged by traffic, construction operations, weather conditions or any other

cause, for the duration of the Contract, shall be repaired, or removed and replaced as
directed by the Royal Commission, at the Contractor’s expense.
3.16 SITE CLEANING
A. Upon completion of work, the Project site, including adjacent properties defaced,
damaged or occupied by the equipment and personnel in connection with work shall
be cleaned of all rubbish, excess or spilled asphalt and other materials, false work,
temporary structures and equipment and the damages repaired to the satisfaction of
the property owners and the Royal Commission.
B. All construction materials and other debris, resulting from the execution of the work
covered by this Specification, shall be disposed of to the satisfaction of the Royal
Commission.

SECTION 02740
FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT
C. The Project site and all parts of work shall be left in a neat and presentable condition.
3.17 PAVEMENT MARKING
A. Paving Marking shall be performed in accordance with the requirements of

SECTION 02760.
3.18 ROADWAY CUTTING, REPAIR AND RESURFACING
A. General
1. The Contractor shall perform, as a minimum, the following activities during

roadway cutting, repair and resurfacing operations:
a) Saw cutting of existing pavement;
b) Excavation and storage of material;
c) Disposal of material;
d) Bedding and installation of pipe;
e) Backfilling and compaction;
f) Restoration of asphalt pavement; AND
g) Clean up of the site.
B. General Requirements
1. The Contractor shall acquire the As-built or Original Drawings and

Specifications for the existing pavement from the Royal Commission prior to
commencing the work.
2. Prior to cutting the roadway, the Contractor shall develop and submit his plan
for excavating and traffic control for approval by the Royal Commission as
specified in SECTION 01550.
3. All operations shall be performed in such a manner as to prevent damage to

the underlying utilities, drainage facilities, curb and gutter, paved surfaces
outside the work area and any other appurtenances.
4. The Contractor shall limit the cut to one lane at a time, backfilling daily or
employing cut and cover methods using steel or timber plates.
5. Cutting, excavating and backfilling and pavement restoration operations shall

be conducted in a manner that will effectively minimize the amount of dust
being emitted.
6. The operations shall be planned and conducted such that they are safe for
persons and property adjacent to the work including the traveling public.

SECTION 02740
FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT
7. The Contractor shall obtain the Royal Commission’s approval for each step of
construction prior to proceeding with the next step.
8. The trench excavation, backfilling, and pavement restoration shall be as shown

on the Standard Drawings and shall be performed in accordance with this
Specification and other referenced Sections as specified in par. 1.03 above.
C. Execution Procedure
1. The asphalt concrete shall be saw cut to the extent shown on the drawings.
The bottom of the trench shall be 400 mm wider than the external diameter of
the pipe.
2. The pipe shall be bedded in accordance with the Royal Commission's

requirement and encased in concrete if earth cover on the top of the pipe is
less than 1.2 m, in accordance with the details shown on the drawings.
3. After the concrete has set for 24 hours or the pipe properly bedded, the trench
shall be backfilled with selected backfill placed in 200 mm thick layers of Type I
material conforming to the requirements of SECTION 02315. Each layer shall
be compacted to not less than 95% of maximum dry density before
commencing the next layer.
4. After the trench has been backfilled and compacted to the level of the
subgrade, the granular base course shall be placed.
5. The granular base course shall conform to the requirements of

SECTION 02720 and shall be placed in two layers of equal thickness and
compacted to not less than 100% of maximum dry density.
6. The granular base course shall be sprayed with prime coat and the vertical
edges of the existing asphalt concrete base course shall be hand brushed with
tack coat.
7. The asphalt concrete base course shall be placed on the primed granular base
course and compacted to the specified density and smoothness.
8. The surface of the vertical edges of the existing asphalt concrete wearing
courses shall be hand brushed with tack coat.
9. The surface of the new asphalt concrete base course shall be sprayed with
tack coat, if required by the Royal Commission.
10. The asphalt concrete wearing surface shall then be placed and compacted to
the specified density and smoothness.
11. The new wearing surface shall have the same texture and smoothness as the
existing surface.
12. The new wearing surface shall be even with the existing surface and the
elevation over the centerline of the trench shall be 5 mm higher than the
original pavement.

SECTION 02740
FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT
13. Concrete curbs and gutters shall be removed to an existing joint and shall be
restored to the same line and dimension in accordance with SECTION 02770.
14. The site shall be cleaned and excess material shall be disposed of as directed
by the Royal Commission.
D. Sampling and Testing
1. Sampling and testing of the finished work shall be conducted by an approved

testing agency.
2. The location of each test shall be as directed by the Royal Commission.
3. Compacted selected backfill shall be tested in accordance with ASTM D1556

or D2167. A minimum of 4 tests shall be conducted for each trench.
4. Compacted granular base course shall be tested in accordance with

ASTM D1556 or D2167. A minimum of 2 tests shall be carried out for each
trench.
5. Asphalt concrete base course and wearing course shall be tested in

accordance with AASHTO T166 for density and bulk specific gravity and in
accordance with AASHTO T245 for Marshall stability and flow. A minimum of
2 tests shall be carried out for each trench.
6. Alternatively, the density test may also be conducted by using the nuclear
method in accordance with ASTM D2950.
END OF SECTION

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SECTION 02740

Item No Title Page No

1.01 DESCRIPTION OF WORK .................................................................................. 1

1.02 SECTION INCLUDES .......................................................................................... 1

1.03 RELATED SECTIONS ......................................................................................... 2

1.07 QUALITY CONTROL ......................................................................................... 15

1.08 HEALTH AND SAFETY CONSIDERATIONS.................................................... 18

1.09 JOB CONDITIONS............................................................................................. 18

1.10 DELIVERY, HANDLING AND STORAGE ......................................................... 19

PART 2 PRODUCTS ....................................................................................................... 22

2.01 GENERAL .......................................................................................................... 22

2.02 MATERIALS ....................................................................................................... 22

2.03 ASPHALT CONCRETE MIXTURES FOR BASE AND SURFACE

2.04 ASPHALT CONCRETE MIXTURE FOR DIKES................................................ 27

2.05 POLYMER MODIFIED ASPHALT CONCRETE ................................................ 28

2.06 EQUIPMENT ...................................................................................................... 29

PART 3 EXECUTION ...................................................................................................... 35

3.01 GENERAL EXAMINATION ................................................................................ 35

3.02 GENERAL PREPARATION ............................................................................... 35

3.03 SURFACE PREPARATION ............................................................................... 35

3.04 FRAME INTEGRATION ..................................................................................... 37

Rev 0 i Contract No:

TABLE OF CONTENTS (Contd.)

Item No Title Page No

3.05 ASPHALT CONCRETE PRODUCTION ............................................................ 38

3.06 PLACING OF ASPHALT CONCRETE............................................................... 39

3.08 COMPACTION ................................................................................................... 43

3.10 RECTIFICATION OF OUT-OF-TOLERANCE WORK ....................................... 47

3.11 FIELD QUALITY CONTROL .............................................................................. 48

3.12 RIDE QUALITY .................................................................................................. 49

3.13 ASPHALT DIKE CONSTRUCTION ................................................................... 50

3.14 TRAFFIC CONTROL ......................................................................................... 53

3.16 SITE CLEANING................................................................................................ 53

3.17 PAVEMENT MARKING...................................................................................... 54

3.18 ROADWAY CUTTING, REPAIR AND RESURFACING .................................... 54

Rev 0 ii Contract No:

1.01 DESCRIPTION OF WORK

1.02 SECTION INCLUDES

B. Internal, External and Field Quality Control

F. Asphalt Concrete Mixing Plants

G. Production, Transportation, Placement and Compaction of Asphalt Concrete Mixture

J. Ride Quality Determination

N. Roadway Cutting, Repair and Resurfacing

Rev 0 1 of 56 Contract No:

1.03 RELATED SECTIONS

A. Section 01320 Construction Progress Documentation

B. Section 01330 Submittal Procedures

C. Section 01410 Regulatory Requirements

D. Section 01450 Quality Control

E. Section 01550 Vehicular Access and Parking

F. Section 01650 Product Delivery Requirements

G. Section 01660 Product Storage and Handling Requirements

H. Section 02310 Grading

I. Section 02315 Excavation and Fill

J. Section 02720 Unbound Base Courses and Ballasts

K. Section 02760 Paving Specialties

L. Section 02770 Curbs and Gutters

C. MOT Ministry of Transportation, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia