Prgject 5

Aim
number of turns in secondary
To investigate the relation between the ratio of (i) output and input voltage and (i)
coil and primary coil of a self designed transformer.

Apparatus
voltmeter.
Iron rod, copper wire of SWG 24 and SWG 18 and ac

Theory
current at low voltage intoa small alternating
Transformer. A transformer is a device for convertinga large alternating
current at high voltage and vice-versa.
and if the
is decreased, the transformer is called step up transformer
If the voltage is stepped up and the current
down transformer.
is increased, the transformer is called step
voltage is lowered and the current linked with a coil is
mutual inductance i.e., whenever nagnetic flux
Principle. It is based upon the principle of
in the neighbouring coil.
changed, an induced e.m.f. is produced different number of turns wound
consists of two coils of insulated wire containing
Construction. A transformer
The coil to which the electric energy is fed is called
iron core as shown in Fig. P(I.20).
separately on a continuous soft the secondary. The two coils of wire are close too
which the energy 1s drawn is called
the primary, whereas the coil from
flux coming out of one will practically remain in the
connected. The entire magnetic
each other but are not electrically

133
INVESTIGATORY PROJECTS-
Ton core, and hence pass through the ath for the magnetic lines of
ana
other coil. The soft iron core proviu
theretore, helps in making almost all of coil. force
the them
terminals of secondary coil
through the
to pass
be open. seconda
Let N, and N, be the number of turns in the prim
Conside imary
Secondary coils respectively. Let o be the magnetic flux linked with the primary and the secondary at any instan
induced e.m.f. in The
primary and secondary coils are given by

Ep-Nd
and
E= -N

Thus
Ep Np
Laminated
Iron Core

19 Volts Secondary
A.C. 50 Turns

Primary 100 Volts

5 Turns A.C.

Fig. P (11.20)

The ratio of the number of turns in the

secondary to that in the primary is called transformation ratio.
Ifa step up transformer, N,> N, i.e. the transformation ratio is greater than I so that
E > E,
In step down transformer,
N, <N, i.e., transformation ratio is less than 1, so that E, < E,.
Procedure
1. Take athick iron rod of about 15 cm long and 5 cm diameter.
2. Wrap thick paper on it and wind a large number of turns of thin enamelled
a

thick paper (say 400). This is the primary coil of the copper wire (SWG 24) on the
transformer.
3. Now cover the primary coil with a sheet of paper.
4. Wind relatively smaller number of turns (say 100) of thick
enamelled copper wire the paper
iron rod in it. This is the secondary coil
on having covered
of the transformer. See Fig. P(11.21).
5. Connect the terminal A and B to AC main and measure the
input voltage V, of the transformer.
6. Similarly, measure the output voltage V, across the
secondary terminals C4 and D with an AC voltmeter of a
least 50V range.

Observations
Number of turns in primary coil, N,
Number of turns in secondary coil, N, **

Inputvoltage, V,=. Volt

Output voltage, V, = ... volt.

134
MODERN'S abc OF PRACTICAL
s (X)
PHYSI
 ron Rod
Thin wire
A
Primary
Coil np 400

Secondary
ns 100
D
B Thick wire

Paper Sheet

Fig. P (11.21) Stepdown transformer

Calculations

()
Np

Vp

Conclusion

N p
We find that the ratio and are nearly equal within the experimental limit.
N Vs
Precautions
1. For enamelled copper wire should be used.
winding,
In step down transformer, the primary coil is thin and secondary
coil is thick.
2.
time.
3. Switch on the power for ac mains for a short interval of