Wireless

Metropolitan Area
Networks
 Wireless Metropolitan Area Networks
(WMANs)
❖ Wireless Metropolitan area networks (WMANs) are large
computer networks connected by wireless technology,
usually spanning a city (upto 50 km)
❖ It is a promising Broadband Wireless Access (BWA)
technology providing high-speed, high bandwidth
efficiency and high-capacity multimedia services
❖ Residential and enterprise applications
❖ IEEE 802.16 standard, commonly known as WiMAX
(Worldwide interoperability for Microwave Access)

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 WiMAX
❖ WiMAX Forum (formed in June 2001)
❖ Some members
➢ Airspan Networks, Alvarion, Aperto Networks, Ensemble
Communication, Fujitsu of America, Intel, Nokia, Proxim, and
Wi-LAN
❖ Description by forum
➢ A standards based technology enabling the delivery of last mile
wireless broadband access as an alternative to cable and digital
subscriber line (DSL)

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 IEEE 802.16
❖ Air interface between a subscriber's transceiver station
and a base transceiver station
❖ Goal-high-speed Internet access to home and business
subscribers, without wires.
❖ Three standards
➢ IEEE 802.16.1 - Air interface for 10 to 66 GHz,
➢ IEEE 802.16.2 - Coexistence of broadband wireless access
systems
➢ IEEE 802.16.3 – Air interface for licensed frequencies for 2 to
11 GHz

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 IEEE 802.16 Properties
❖ Broad bandwidth: Supports up to 134 Mbit/s in 28 MHz
channel (in 10-66 GHz air interface).
❖ Efficiently transports IPv4, IPv6, asynchronous transfer
mode (ATM), Ethernet, etc. (supports multiple services)
❖ MAC designed for efficient use of spectrum
comprehensive, modern, and extensible security.
❖ Point-to-multipoint topology (P2MP), with mesh
extensions.
❖ Supports for adaptive antennas and space-time coding.

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 IEEE 802.16 Specifications
❖ 802.16a
❖ 802.16c
❖ 802.16-2004(d)
❖ 802.16e
❖ 802.16m (2009)

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 IEEE 802.16 Standards Related to
WiMax

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 Advantages of IEEE 802.16
❖ Last Mile connectivity
❖ Roaming between networks
❖ Flexibility
❖ Scalability

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 IEEE 802.16 Vs. IEEE 802.11

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 WMAN Network Architecture

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 Components
• WiMAX Base Station-A WiMAX BS consists of indoor electronics and a WiMAX tower. A common
interface makes the networks interoperable and would allocate uplink (UL) and downlink(DL) bandwidth
to subscribers according to their needs, on an essentially real-time basis.
• provide coverage to a very large area up to a radius of 30 miles.
• Any wireless device within the coverage area would be able to access the Internet.

• WiMAX Receiver-A WiMAX receiver may have a separate antenna or could be a standalone box or an
interface card sitting on the laptop or computer or any other device.
• also referred as customer premise equipment (CPE).

• Backhaul-A WiMAX receiver may have a separate antenna or could be a standalone box or an interface
card sitting on the laptop or computer or any other device.
• Backhaul is connection from the access point to the base station and base station to the
core network.

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 WiMAX Features

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• Flexible architecture: WiMAX supports several system architectures, including
P2P, P2MP,and ubiquitous coverage. The WiMAX MAC supports P2MP and
ubiquitous service by scheduling a time slot for each SS. If there is only one SS in
the network, the WiMAX BS will communicate with the SS on a P2P basis.
• High security: WiMAX supports Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) and Triple
Data Encryption Standard (3DES). By encrypting the links between the BS and the
SS, WiMAX provides subscribers with privacy (against eavesdropping) and
security across the broadband wireless interface. Security also provides operators
with strong protection against theft of service. WiMAX also provides protection
for data that are being transmitted by different users on the same BS.

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• WiMAX QoS: WiMAX can be dynamically optimized for the mix of
traffic that is being carried.
• Quick deployment: Compared with the deployment of wired
solutions, WiMAX requires little or no external plant construction.
Operators that have obtained licenses to use one of the licensed
bands, or plan to use one of the unlicensed bands, do not need to
submit further applications to the government. Once the antenna and
equipment are installed and powered, WiMAX is ready for service. In
most cases, deployment of WiMAX can be completed in a matter of
hours compared with months for other solutions.

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• Multilevel service: The manner in which QoS is delivered is based on
the service level agreement (SLA) between the service provider and
the end-user. Furthermore,one service provider can offer different
SLAs to different subscribers or even to different users on the same
SS.
• Interoperability: WiMAX is based on international, vendor-neutral
standards that make it easier for end-users to transport and use their
SS at different locations, or with different service providers.
Interoperability protects the early investment of an operator as it can
select equipment from different equipment vendors, and it will
continue to drive the costs of equipment down as a result of mass
adoption.
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• Portability: As with current cellular systems, once the WiMAX SS is powered up, it
identifies itself, determines the characteristics of the link with the BS, as long as
the SS is registered in the system database, and then negotiates its transmission
characteristics accordingly.
• Mobility: The IEEE 802.16e amendment has added key features in support of
mobility. Improvements have been made to the OFDM and orthogonal frequency
division multiple access (OFDMA) PHY layers (to be discussed later) to support
devices and services in a mobile environment. These improvements, which
include scalable OFDMA, MIMO, and support for idle/sleep mode and handoff,
will allow full mobility at speeds up to 160 km/h. The WiMAX Forum-supported
standard has inherited OFDM’s superior NLOS performance and multipath-
resistant operation, making it highly suitable for the mobile environment.

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• Cost-effective: WiMAX is based on an open, international standard. Mass adoption of
the standard, and the use of low-cost mass-produced chipsets, will bring costs down
dramatically, and the resultant competitive pricing will provide considerable cost savings
for service providers and end-users.
• Wider coverage: WiMAX dynamically supports multiple modulation levels, including
binary phase-shift keying (BPSK), quadrature phase-shift keying (QPSK), 16 QAM, and 64
QAM. When equipped with a high-power amplifier and operating with a low-level
modulation (BPSK or QPSK, for example), WiMAX systems are able to cover a large
geographic area when the path between the BS and the SS is unobstructed.
• NLOS operation: WiMAX is based on OFDM technology, which has the inherent
capability of handling NLOS environments. This capability helps WiMAX products deliver
broad bandwidth in an NLOS environment, which other wireless products cannot do.
• High capacity: Using higher modulation (64 QAM) and channel bandwidth, WiMAX
systems can provide significant bandwidth to end-users.

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 WiMAX Mobility Support
❖ IEEE 802.16e-2005 standard supports mobility
management
❖ Four mobility-related usage scenarios
1. Nomadic: fixed subscriber station with different point of
attachment
2. Portable: portable device
3. Simple mobility: subscriber moving at speeds up to 60 kmph
4. Full mobility: Up to 120 kmph mobility and seamless handoff

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 802.16 Protocol Stack

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 Supported Band of Frequency
❖ 10 - 66 GHz licensed band
❖ 2 - 11 GHz licensed and licensed exempt

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 IEEE 802.16 Physical Layer

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 Mechanisms of the Physical Layer
❖ Robust Error Control Mechanism
❖ Adaptive Modulation and Coding
❖ Space Time Block Codes (STBC)
❖ Adaptive Antenna System (AAS)

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 Modulation and Coding Schemes in
WiMAX

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 Adaptive Antenna System (AAS)

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 WiMAX Signal Transmission
Scenario using AAS

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 IEEE 802.16 Physical Layer Features

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 MAC layer
❖ IEEE 802.16 MAC
➢ designed for P2MP broadband wireless access applications
➢ to provide an interface between the higher transport layers and
the physical layer
➢ describes a number of Convergence Sublayers
➢ describes how secure communications are delivered
➢ include power saving mechanisms

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 WiMAX Frame
❖ WiMAX Frame consists of two sub-frames
➢ uplink (UL) subframe
➢ downlink (DL) subframe

❖ Frame structure makes use of different power levels for

efficiency and robustness
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 MAC PDU Format

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 MAC PDU Transmission

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 MAC Quality of Service (QoS)
IEEE 802.16 MAC layer defines five service classes

❖ Unsolicited Grant Service (UGS)

❖ Real-time Polling Service (rtPS)
❖ Extended Real-time Polling Service (ertPS)
❖ Non-real-time Polling Service (nrtPS)
❖ Best Effort (BE) service

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 Scheduling
❖ Two types of scheduling
➢ Centralized - base station assigns capacity to the other stations
➢ Decentralized - stations exchange scheduling information with
their neighbors

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 MAC Layer Features of IEEE 802.16

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 Broadband Wireless Networks
❖ Higher rate voice and data services
❖ Supporting technologies
➢ WLL (wireless local loop)
➢ Local Multipoint Distribution Service (LMDS standardized as
IEEE 802.16)
➢ Multichannel Multipoint Distribution Service (MMDS)
➢ wireless ATM

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 Wireless Local Loop (WLL)
❖ FSU (Fixed subscriber unit) performs
➢ Channel coding/decoding
➢ modulation/demodulation
➢ transmission/reception of signal

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 Typical WLL Architecture

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 FSU Implementation
❖ FSU is integrated with handsets in some products
❖ high-capacity, centralized FSU serving more than one
subscriber (telephone, PC, fax, etc.)
❖ Used in business buildings, apartment blocks etc.

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 FSU Serving Multiple Subscribers

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 Local Multipoint Distribution
Service (LMDS)

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 LMDS
❖ Broadband wireless P2MP communication
❖ Operates above 20 GHz
❖ Video telephony
❖ Video-on-demand (VOD)
❖ High-speed Internet access

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 Multi-Point Multi-Channel
Distribution System (MMDS)

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 MMDS
❖ Operates at 2.5 GHz and 3.5 GHz
❖ MMDS hub can serve a radius of up to 35 miles

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 Comparison of WLL Technologies

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 Synergy Between MMDS and LMDS
Spectrum and Applications

❖ Same customers and applications-data, voice, video.

❖ Similar needs for backhaul, CPE modem, base station
gateways etc.
❖ MMDS spectrum is good for long distance
communication- need few cells.
❖ LMDS spectrum is good for communication over short
distances - need many cells.
❖ LMDS and MMDS spectrum used together can lower
system deployment costs and increase coverage.

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 Advantages and Disadvantages of
MMDS Spectrum
❖ Propagation over long distances up to 100 km. with
single tower
❖ Less attenuation due to rain, foliage
❖ RF component costs lower at 2.5 GHz, and Equipment
readily available today
❖ Limited capacity without sectorization, cellularization
which adds complexity and cost

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 Advantages and Disadvantages of MMDS
Spectrum (Contd..)

❖ Interference issues with other MMDS and Instructional

Television Fixed Service (ITFS) licensees,
❖ Large upstream bandwidth in MMDS band requires
careful planning, filtering etc., and
❖ Cellularization later on may require retuning the entire
network.

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 Advantages and Disadvantages of
MMDS Spectrum (Contd..)
❖ Very large bandwidth available for data, IP telephony,
video conferencing services
❖ Large capacity
❖ Higher RF component costs
❖ Small cell size, 2-8 Km
❖ Does not cover entire metropolitan area of a large city
without adding many cells at high cost.

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 Wireless ATM (WATM)
❖ Broadband multimedia services in the public network
and local area (e.g. an office building, an industrial
production site)
❖ Operating frequency for domestic wireless ATM
networks in the 5 to 6 GHz band
❖ Interconnection of wireless access and a wired ATM
network
❖ Provide gateways between subnets
❖ Seamless extension of the ATM network over the
wireless medium

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 WATM (Wireless ATM)
❖ Home wireless ATM network would consist of several
appliances
➢ PC laptop, printers/fax machines, security systems, home
appliances, digital HD/SDTV sets, digital camcorder, speakers.

❖ Operating frequency for domestic wireless ATM

networks - 5 to 6 GHz band

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 WATM Architecture

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 WMAN Applications
❖ Wireless service provider backhaul
❖ Banking networks
❖ Education networks
❖ Public safety

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 WSP Backhaul

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 WiMAX Network for banking

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 Education Network using WiMAX

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 Public Safety Network

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