Thomas S.

KUHN

I-1 ETIANAL:TALH LTHN ETIILTHMH QE AAAArH TOY I(O:EMOEIAJ!AOYI

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M01Ct/;Gt (rav va. ~u~'t'(.uptrel11c€ ~acpvLldl. 6A.6K?""'P11 1) t1tLO''t'''~IOVL1Cli xowo'tll'ta crt) tivav II ')..A 0. IJtAaV~T11., 6rroo 'ttl 'YvOOpt~la aV'ttKs{~IBva (PQ)'d~ovtCtl BwCPOPS'ttKU Kat ouvodeoovrm Ct7tO dA-AU, dyVCllO'''HJ; (lVttlCeiPBVCL. Bs~fltet tlno'tC1.. em' 0,')..0. Ctll't'U Mv o"\)~l~C1..{Vln O"it'lIV rrpanw;'tLK.6'tl1TU: oEv OTliapXEL lCa~lUi yscoypacpLKll ~lE'ta<pun;uO"T1; !isco ,ino TO ~pyctcr1:liplO it KetEhlllepLV11 ~C011 O"UV&x{~etat m).X'1iOO)~ 6m.os 'Kut rep{v. 'OO''t60-0, at aAAaye<;; {>1tOa8.1Y~l6.'To)V 15v'tw~ KCtVQ.UV 'tou~ ~/ltlcr't1iJ10VE~ v« pA,{mouv 'rov }C6crj10Tf1~ l:pcuVl1tlK1i~ '[.OUt; 'a1ta.~ O'X6A1lO'llC; uno OLWpoPSttKli Q'IC07ttCt. ~tO B(lf)~IO nOll 11 8nuq>'tl 'toUt; ~' notOV rov 1C60'~1O Y[VEtUt flEcra ano CllYrU noO BA;S1tOOV Kat KCtVOUV, ~l1tOpo'D~,lE va 7toD~lE tStL ~lETo. uno ~l((l tTtClvcI.cr'tClO"1h ol emO''tli~lovec; o.VTlOpoOV us ~va 15mCPOPSttlCO xoouo,

OL'yvcbpL~tCC; BKOllAwcrELC; ~ltac; CtA.AUYi1C; 0''t11V Cl1t'tLK~ Gestalt" 6.'1tOBeL1Cv6ov~ 'ral t60-0 7tAoucnec; us unoBdl;BLS, CLK.f)LB(.l)c; ihret&1i ~t7tOpOOV va OscoP11(-}oOv roc; crtot:'Oncb811 7tp6tu?tCl. aU'tGlv t<ov Jle't'acrx.'ULatLO'~lO)v toO xoouou 'toO 8rHcrtl1- ~10Vct. "O,tt i\TctV <n:amct' O'TOV K6a~lO' tO~ ,8mQ't1iJ.lova replv d1to 'tl1v ~7tav6.~ o"taalh Ils'ra tT]V ercavO;a'tua'l1y{vetat ~KOI)VtA.t·. '0 liv9pro1toC;, ?tou 1tp(l)'tUt&:~ pet ~PA.&1t&t6 a~o)tEptK6 [\v6<; 1\:6pou 6'rfl.v tOV Koha~e a:1t() 1[.6.voo, tropa pABmh TO to'Oltept.K6 TO\.) anD Ka:tro. TS'l'OLot ~lst(lcrXllJlCl.ncr~LOt, liv Ka.t alJvn8ro~ mo pa0~u(ltO't Kat crXEOOV nav't'OTS l.llldvnatps1rro{, slvrn CJl1viJO" crovaK6A.ouBIl. crt11o\llotJ<::acr(a eK:~LlI811crl1C; 11[<; 81tlatli~111<;. llapat11PciJVtW; Hvav O\jlOIlB't'Pt'KO xapTll 6 o-nouoaatT]C; p')..emn 'Ypa,~l~le~ crt ~va xa,pt(, 6 Xap-ro'Ypa(pOC;; T11Y stK6- Vet 'ton Mucpouc;.

nllpll'tllProvTuC; ttl Cf,Irotoypaq>la tvoe:; 9ar.,uJ.l0u qmcrcret).U:irov 'toO WHson 6 <J'7touoacr't11Cj p')..{metcrUYKcX,UJl6V6Cj Kat teO).cccrjlBV6C;; ypa~lI.le<;. 6 qlOcrucoC; ~lLcl aStpa ano yvmpLlla i>1t01tUPT1VL1(U aUiJ,pavta. M6vo ~L6'to. ano KQ.J.I,1tOO'ooC; t6~

399

tOtOUC; ll1t'tucouc; ~18TCtO''X.mlO:ttcrJI06s, 1(VBfCtI 6 crnoUO(10"t1)t; Ic6:rOl1wc; toti K6- O'~IOU -roi) tm(j'ti]~IOVCt, 011A..j3A.em:L 5,n Ct.KPIBco<; Kat 6 emcrtiwovae; Ked ~X81 'tiC; ,(8u~e; uV'(tOp6.O'ELe; paur6v. "Ocrt6cro 6 xcouo; lhtOu 'rotB ~tnCl{Vfa 6 O'7tOUoCtO't11<; Mv elvct KaOoplO"ptyOC; Ko.i al·IE't'uPA1l'l'OC; ano '[11 cpuO'll 1'00 nSptpr.rAAOVtOC; il tfit; ~7tLatil~111C;, MUA.A.oV 'tOY 7tpocrolOpl.1;ouv oro ne.ptBaAA..OV Kal~IQ~{ 'II crOYKEKP1Jl.8Vl1., KUVOVlKl)-B7tIO"nwovLK11napc.d:io0"11 crt11V 6rco(a 6 oxouoacrt11<; 6KrcutBBu't111C6•

'E1To~levroc; tl1,Y lmox,111t6tl yl.Vfl'tClt 'i ~nCiv6.cr'ta(jl1, KCJ.'tU't11 8uipK61a: tflc; 6· 1tola~ aA.A.6.~611i ·~1tt(j-r'Hl·oVLK11nCl,pa.8oO"l], ,'1 u.v-rLA~l~f1l trou aXBL 6 &mo"TiUlovae; YLCt. to nsptpuA.A.OV 'tau npbcEL va OW1H110a:yroY110g! ~CL va. -. npsnBL ae ~leptKBc; anD 'tie; YVroPL~l8C; a' ain6v KU't(l(HaO'Ste; VCt j.ulOSt va. ~Ae1['(n ~LtU yea. Gestalt.

Tot's 6 1C60'~lO<; 'tftc; smO'1:11110vuCfic; 'too fEpc\)vac; Ou lpo.(veta.L as Qlacpopa. cr1WSla. aO'u~t~IE'tPOC;'" ~8 'tOY xcopo ()nou stX,E lCCl."t'OlKlia€t npovsveo-rspu. Au~ "Coe; alvUl CtJ(6~Ll1 iiva<; ~oroc; nou, crX,OAUC; 'lIOU UKOAOUOOOV oLa(pOpetLKu OTtOOdnw.;til, KUVOUV no.vtCt, ro~ nvCt. O'1HU~ro. liva Clai-oyo 1(otHPt'Dv,

BtBma" at11v mo Q'uV1l0tcr~LtVl1 'roue; p.o flCP1'1, 'te1. ?tel r(Lpc:J:t'Cl Gestalt ~hSllKpt vlt;ouv uovo 't1) (pua11 'toO 1tapaO''ta1'LKOO ~Wl'ao')~.lHl(;(:tlcr~lOO. ~&v uvwpupoev 'ri7tOtB 'ftr! to p6A.o t~V 61toom'fpa:l'COV i' 1'11C; Bp1t~:tp(aC;1tOU fiX,Et i;811 a<pO~LOLroOet KO:t<l 'tl1 Bta6ucacr(u 'ti1e; 1WpUff"t'a.cr1lC;.A'A'A,f.1. y1' CLuto 'to OB~La 0- 1t<lPXet 7tkOUaw. ~roxoAoYllC11 BtpA.toYPaJp[u 1\cd 'to ~IG'Y(:I.:x.UTCpO ~16POC; 't11<; npospx,E"t'aL uno 111V 1tpo.ywnOplO.K11 cpyaa(o. 'toi) 'Ivo-nrourou toO 'Avv6~Epou. '0 dVOpcorcoc; nou at'o mdpapa: CPOpCLSl 'fUUAHi. ~It aVnatpE1t'tLKOUC; cpaKOUe;, 0"'tl1V apx,11 tit PAl:1tEL 6ArJ. uvcmoSu. Ltl1V uPx"l OA.61\/...11P0C; 6 rtCtpacr'tcttLK6t:; ~Ll1x,avLO'~l6C; '(au A.8t'l'OUPYs'l 87trot:; sIx.e ~l(lOEl va AEt.1iOU pyet x,roplt; 'to. YUUA.La., !Cut 'to U1tO't~A.EcrJ.la. sl Vat !:lvue;, 1tOA.U 13VtOVOe; a1to'1tpocrctVa't0A.la~L6c;, ~lta. o1;du Kptcrl1 -rilt:; npoO'ro~LK6T1rt(lc;. ·AA.Ao. u<poO ap):.{aBl. va ~tCL0u(vln va dV't'L~lBTrontt;!lt 'tOV KaLVOUpLO ron K6apo, 6'A.6K/...11PO 10 C)1t't'LK6 'tOU ?T8olo K6.~ Val atpo<pi~ aK:o:tovo'Yo6~tU Ilolpelii' (1.010 O'UV1'lOcm; crWLPU{VEl ~IS1."a ano ~Lta 6ptcr~U~Vll XpOV'LK1~ nsptcdo O~'tlKf1C; aU'Yxucrl1C;. • Arco Kut Kal nepa, ~M7tln "Co. UV'CtKB{~IBva at<'plp&C; 5nror; tCt.ll~AE7f6 nptv ~poptO'Gt tc). 'YUUA.u'.t. "H o.(po~m{roall tvoe; n:p0'fEveO'tSpa ayrojlaAOU Ont·LKof) n:solou lmt'iopaO"E 7tCtVOl cro lew to 61ttLica neola Kai to &AA.tt~,&Il. KaiKUpWA.EK'ttKo. Kui JIB't'u<popLKa, 6 avOpconoe; nOll ouvli,f)we tOUe; t\vnO"'tpEn'tlKoo<; CPCLlco~C;, ntpuaE u1C6 ~vav BnavCLO''tu'n1Co' J.l8tacrx,1WUttO'llo 'tile; l:)pacrTlC;. TO. (itO~lct ato 6.vro~la;>"o 7tU1.x.vUh 'ti1c; '(pCt~ouA.ac;o no·lJ (JlJ~11t·naa!.l.E ato KI:J(p6J .. nto VI Elxo.v 'tl~V tjl?tsLpia tvoe; BV'tEA.6)c;nap6~!.ol.OO ~IStaO'XiHIWtlcr)lOO, 'Ocr6"tou ~lUeOUV ~lIml cm6 tlC't8'ta~1I§Vll h:fJEO"ll on '"Co O'uvo·'A.o 7tEptstXE avch~lu/"'C1 tpo.1tOUA,oX.ap'tCl, li~A.e1t(l.V uovo 'toue; 't'U1tOUC; 'troy xapncov yto. roue; onotoUt; tOUe; eI'XB ecpoBulaBt 11npo1EvaO''t8pl1 S)l1tELpta roue, 'n(J1:6cro, ~'t'av " e~l1telpto. TOUS IH5cr)cr6 tIC; &.TtavtoUlll.n~ec; np6- crBs'ts.; 1\:!X'tllYOp[8~) ft'tcw cree{;ern va. BoOv 5Aa 'tel &V6J~lUA.r.t 'tp«nouA.6x.ap'tCt 116 'tIl v n:Prot1l)lCL~ui, <p'tCtVeL n ~nH)&t~ll 'toO xapnoD va l~'to.V apK6'tu ~lo.tcp1.cl ({)o:tB . vo. 81tytpe1t8l tl1 O\QKPtcr11 'tOO' xa.pnoO, Kat il'i .. /) .. c 1t8tpallC£.'tCt. tXK6pa.

400

CL1tOoetKVUOUV on 1i 1tap~cr'ta0'11 'tOU ~1&y8eOt)~) 'toO Xpcb~trL'to<;, leTA-., 'trov uvnK8tllBVWV noD 'toO 1tUpoucrLut;oVtnt mCt 7tAalcna 'to\) mn.pCt~lntO~, elvnt covcpT110''' tiie; 1tPD1TYOUPI~VllC; 8K1tCttoeucrllC; Ked ne{pa<; to07• 'H O'UVOllll1 'tile; 1tAo6- crtw; Pt~A.to1PatP(a.<; crXBTlICCt I-IE 'li11V speUVCt ana tl)V 61to{a. dVtA.l10'aI-H~ tis fiePUCtroO'SLC; 1tOU o.v{tcpepa.116 napa.mlvw, pac; 1tpoKCtABt 't'~v lirro\fT[a on, po.O'Llc11 7CpOll1t60B0'11 O"t'll DlaD1KacrLa tf}t; o'v'Cit..1l'!111t;, etV((lKa.n nnpouoto 1-16 eva om6- 8E:t'y~la. 'Ecstvo nOD PM1tBL Kavetc; sSctprru'to.l 'Ka1 (mo ,;0 't'L KOt 'ta~el, ({)"Au lcai &reo 'to 't't 'tov o{oa.Ss va ~A.a1tst 11 npoY&VEIT'tSPl1 01ttl.K111<!ai evvoLOAoytKl; e~L7tetp{a. rou. Xmpb; !-Lta tt1:o.1a. SKl-lCt(hlO'11) to I-L6vo no\) !-l?tOpS! va U1tllPXSL cLvat, O'Ul-l(j)(OVa. ~lE tllV ~K<ppa0'11 to,D William James, «p.Lll SK't'ucpAronKl1 Ked OoPuProol1S O'uyx,uUlp>,

II P 6 cr<p ct'1::a, tiPK6't'oi 411;' a{Y"Cooc; nOD KatCt1tLUvOV'tat ~lB tllV tcroptc 't'~~ btlO'tl1~L'1<;, '~pf\KO',V 1Ccb~ 'tCtetol1 '"[tOv n6Lrla.~uhO)v n013 m:pt'Y'pCt'l/Cf,~LB mo n:avO) S{VUl 1rO~U l.l1tOPA,11'rlKCL L:\)'YKBKPt~lGVct 6 N. R. Hanson XPl1O'L~I01toi11aB 't'l)V ~1COliAOO011 'tile; Gestalt 'YL<l va A1tI~~epyaO'tBr ~lePLKt~ elm) tl<; crl)VEmm:~ 't'fj<; BmO'tlWOVllCf\c; n8rcoWl1a'1l<; reou pt a'ltuO'x,oAOOV eo &8. "AAA.ot O'uvuoaAcpoL exolJv O'lWBtOOaEl c/tctVetA.1HllleVa l)n 1~ (GJ"'t0PI.u. 'tf\c; t7tlcr"t'li~I'l<; Oa Iil'xs nepicoorspo v61UlCt Kat Oel .7tupoucr{a~8 ~18'YaAUtEpl1 crovoX11 dv ~17tO poucra~18 va unoOsO'oups 6n, lCata Kdtpouc;, ot G1Hcr'tl1~LOVBC; exouv tllV BJl1tStp{a. 'tiic; ~u:;tacr'tpocpf\<; O''t'llV aVtLA,11'1'11 't'OUt;, E:~I1t!llpia aav aem) noo eX-0WLc 1tBptYP6.'I/Sl mo navoo. '00''t60'0, tiv Ked 1:(1. 'VUXO~O'YLKa. 1tBtp&;~la.'t(l, dVatOTCOPA,ll'tLKU, BEv ~l1tOpoOV, 0:' ctlJtliv 8U)lICa. 't"11V 7t8Pt7t'tCUO'1h va stVat tiTtoTE: 1tSptcrcr6tBpO. ITCI.pOUO'la.~OllV npo:ypa.n XCtpaK'Cl1PtcrttKCt. tfie; UV't(A.11\1fllC; 7tOD eo. fl':rt:ogovc:rml va. ~x.ouv KBV't'PllCO p6AO O'''GllV ()'v6.7t'tU~11 tfjc; F;ntO't{UL11~,aA.')..a Mv d'1toostx,vot)v Ka.06/~OU 5't'L ~1I3pOr; Cl.u't'<Ov 't'tov XapCLKtllPtcrnK&v EIV(lL Kat li 1tpOO'E1<:ttK1; Kat KCL't'euOuv6~18Vl11ta.PCL'tllP110'111t0D KCtV8l. 6 BPBUV11t"e;; ~1tlcr't~~IOVCf,~, ·ETtUtA.BOV slvm &.00va:t11 ~L[V, aI-lEO'll o.1t60EL~11 uD"CoD, B~at't.[CJ.(; 'tfic; totm; 't'~~ cp60'11<; 't'Glv nstpaj.la't'(ov. "Av opmc; OBA-oope, tet to''tOPLKa n:CLpa8el'Y~lI:tl:a vo. J.lCiC; Belt;ouv t1i 0'X,80'11 'ClOv ~IUXoA.Q'Yl.K'lOv 1tetpa.~Llitcov ~IB to OBI-lU ~WC;, 1tpS1tei n:protCt va crlWHtc'oO'O\.l~LB 't't BH50u<; ucpruplc ~l1liOPBt~' Mv j.l1topet va j.Liic; 8000'81, 1~ tcropt«.

'0 {.lnoPa.A.A6j.lf::VOC; 0'1$ ~lLciv £K~h'1A,C00'11 Gestalt SBpal. chI, 1~ dVt[Al1\~11 eon ~XEt 1l6'tcto't'pacpel ),LCCtL iJ,7t0pSL va IT)V !-LB'tuO'tpecpel KCt'tG pOOA:I10'tV 1tpOe;; t11 ma. 11 'tl;V {lA-All Ka.'tEUOUV0'11, r..vf1J Kpa'tCtEt. cr-ra x,epta 'tou 'to t8to ~tPMo ii KOI-lj.tCtn x,u.p·ti. rVOlpisoVTW; Ott ti.7to'tu O''tO m~pl~aAA.OV TOU OEV SX8t aAA.aSEl. Ka.t8U86VEt niv 1tpocrox~ TOll OA-O xat 1tEptO'0'6'tB.pO, Ox,1. crtO crxfllla (1tII'ltta. ~ KOUVBA,l) CLkAc1. O''ttc; ypaJ.L~lBc; 'toO xapnoO nOll KOL'taS8l. :Eta 'tSA,OC;, j.11tOpst Ct1C6j.Ll1 va I-LCi081. va PA.6TCSt aOTeS "etc; ypaj.Lflsc; 'xcopte; va ~AE1tBt to. O'X1W,ata, leat rore J..LltOPllt vct. 1tEt (Kan noD Mv unoponcs va 'to m~r ~a.crWC4 1t\.0 7tpiv) on, O'tliv 1tPUl'Ilrt.tLK6tll'tCl., aOtB~ 't1C; 'Ypa~lpt~ 'Ctc; ~M7t61, aA.A.!l. ~E Gval1cryec;, 7t6tE cL~ nama K'CLl.1t6te we; KOUV6A.t. rui 'tov TBto A.6yo au'toc; 1tOll 01tOp<'.tA~a'(a~ O"tO 1t8{pU~La. 1.18 'nlv aVIDJ,1(J,A-11 'tpanOllA-UD ~BPBL (yta 'C';v aKpi,~El.a. ~XEL 1tBlm:60 ()'t'L li avtLA.ll\fT1l ton 1tPB1tBl va tiX;8t ~u.rtctQ''t'pa.q>et, 'YtO:rl 'UO 1\'OpOC; toD ltBtpaj.La.'tLO't~ tOY pl3~aldwBL Btl, dV6~ap't'TJt{J., a.n:" auto 1tO\) etde, Kohal;s mlv.

I I

40.1

't'o. ~va 1t€V't'E T<;OU1tfl ~trtOpO. Kci atic;; ~)'\)O 1t6pm'tr.Ocr6V:;, 07t(OC; Kai as GA.o. 'to. 1tctp6~o\o. \IIUXOAOyLtcCt 1tELpCt~lata, ,i &'1tOXI3'_EO'~w.'ttK6tll'tct 'tile; Ct1t6ocl.~~1<; t· ~a.p't'G:tO.L altO 't'1~ B\)vq.:r6't'11'Ua va CtVctAUOet ~L> Illl1:0V t6v -cp67to. Movo O"'tJl,V' 1tepi1t'troall1tou Oli ,aYxrl~l& gvCt S~rot'E.PLlCO KPLtl1PW O"Ij~UpCDVo. ~IE:' 'to (maio 06. ~l:rcopourra~E va &1Co8B{~OO~L6 't11 ~1&~acrtpO(pl1 't~~ 01tttKfje; ~1Cte; e~l1tm.ptac;, 06. J.L11l0pOUafl~E va a'Yail.ou~LeK(btOlO aurl1tBpaO'I.lCt ')'IU 'CI<; 8uVU't'6t1lt'8C; CVQ,'_?"u" yf} r; 't11e; napacr'tctalle;·

:E't'r)v 1tBp{1tt'coall O~lCOC; 1f1C; ~7tta't,lUl0vLKi1<; 1Co.po.'Cl1P110"1lC;, 'Ii Ko:t'acr-rQO'll aivot EV't'EA(1)C; avdO'tpb(pn. 'O S1tlO''tl'wovar; OBV ~l1tOpEl va rcpOcrq>UYEL 0'£ Ko:n ncpa 1~ nav(O cm' Cttl'L'D noo pA(1):al /-lE 'ttl l5pyavCL ItO\; BW.OttEl 'Kat 'to. iOta ro» 'ta Jlana. "Av p'ltOPOI.)O'B va. 'ltpOcrcpUYEI. crt KU.1tOLa &'VcOTEP1l ap'X1, ')'10. va ~ho.· 1tLO''tcOGBt liv li 61t'UtlC11 rou SIlTCElptu 13X8i aAJ .. a.Scl, 't6tE 11 '(OLa 11 ap%Tt Sli 'YLV6- rev 1; 1tl1Yl1 'taw 5~t1t&Lp.LK&V 'tot) 06oo~U'::V(l)Vl Kat ;1 OWL1tSpUpopa. ,,('fit; 6po.O'~~ rou Sa. ytv6'tctv nlwfl1lipo~A.1HlIl'tmv (l)m:oc; tuq)lDo>c; 6 ulIoI3rtA~6~l6voC;, crt 1tE[pU~La. dVa.l mW11 rcP0j3A1HlO:C(oV "HX "(;OV ~lUxoJ..6'Yo). To loto d8o~ npoBA1UL<1.rcov eu 1tapouma~6't'av tlv 6 6mcr'tlhlovn~~mo p 00"0 vu. ps't'a.crrcpCI,(PEl 1tpOC; 1:11 j.L{a '1, '&1iv a.A.~" KCt'tBl)O\.)vO'll,5nooc; 6 U1tOntt.A.A.0lLCVOC; O't(1 1tlnpa~La/HJ.. Gestalt. 'I-! [cr:rOPLK1~ rmp(oooc; KCL't'U t11V 61t0((1. 'to (pftlc,; 11't(tV {(1t6'tR InJpa. I<:eLL 1t6tl? 0'00- ~l6:tto}), lltaV ~Ll.a '1t&p(080<; Kplcr1ic; - lila 1tnptoooc; UI(O\) Kan Mv mVtrtlV& KCLACt: 'to 'tEA-De; 11POe ~lOVG ~Lt 't11V ava1t'tlJSll Tnt; 1C1l~latO~lllxavuci1C;Kcti 'tlj olCtnlcrTooO'l1 Ott to tp{OC; 11tCLV ~ttc't. aoO()1t(LPK't'11 6v't'b-r11't'Ct, I5W(POpG'ttlCli Kai a'1to 'tel KU~lo.'t'U. Kutdm) 'to. cr(J)~la.no;. 'Euv Aomov O"'t'ic;emcrtihms, ol CtAACLytc; crtl;V &'v'dA.11'V11 crL)vooauouv 'tic; cl~?".('J.y8r; 'lmooElYJlCt'rcov, O,(\v ~L1t0pOO~le vo. 1teplIl&VOU~lE, ot 81tl0''tlWOVSC; va. E7tLpapcttwcrouv d~lEcrCl ctl)'re<; 'dC; fiAf..rlyt~. Kourov't'C1.<; 'to cpeyyap.l, 6 rcpocrilil.u-rOC; O''t'OV KOnBpVLK'lQ'~16, Sl~V ~urn: (tEPAB1tCt. gvCl.v 1tt..aVll't'11 o'A-A-a 'Cwpa; Pf..E1tOJ !iva. Sopu<p6po». Krrn "ClhOlO Oa. crTULIllvE o'tt 'to cr6c:rt1Uu't 'tots rr'tO:tS~IIl(OU OnilPSE Kcmo'tB O'mO'T6. • Avrl "fL' auto 6 1tP0O'1'l'-O" 'tor; 0''1:11 vila a<1r'tpOVQ~l{Cl Met: «Kuncts Ttfj f)Ct. 'to (psyya(1L (i' dor). 'to ({)Eyyapt) <.bC; 1tAo;Vl;'t11,. aAAa li'KUVo. ?.aOO"9>. Auto~ 'toO eloouc; ot ~hlA.(hmm; 1tO,POUcrtal;OVtCtL crux. va an) v 1t'Gplooo 1tOD CJ.KOA-OnOe'f ~llU C'1tLCf'tilJlDVl Kl1 €nuNacr't'u- 0'". >lAv (,J.l>tl3C; a ( o11i1.rocrEL<; KpUPOUV ~lUl ~16'tucr'tPO(Pl1 Ti1~ ~1tlO''t1H10VtKi1'<; Oeo)p'1cr11e; 'Ii K(brOLOV ail.')..,o OL<lV011'UKO ~1C'tCt(J%lU1(1.'tlcr~L() 1COU ~X.EL TO tOto ano'tEA.Bcr~Ul, Bev )J7tOpoO~te va 1CBPt~ltvonpe lipecr1l ~la prup [u Y1' olJ'tCt. TIpett8l ~la.A.f..OV va 'V6.S00P& ')'ui ~ltllY ~~l~lEa11 cl1t606L/;11 - areD 'q; crU~l'1t8pL(rOpa "Con SJt.lG'tTUlOva ~L8 'to vBo,{)n608l 'Y~la. - Btl IlUtO~ rdipn PA.~1tBt ~lS otf1.'PO PEt'tKO 't'p61to fin'l5,tt SpA-6nn np{v.

"Ag ~ava'Yop{crou~6 AOL'ltOV O'-ctl OBOO~I!~VC(. kcdfl<; pcotliO"oU~lI:: TeOta stOll uetaO'X.'1 ~La'ttcrJl6)v O"tOV "1C6 ouo 't 01.) bt Lcrt 11 uo vtt ~l1tO pst va. a VIlKrlA. t)\VSl 6 iO''to· plKOr; tK'BrVOt; 1tOO mcrtBUSI. crB t{rrolou cIBouc; l.umla'tr'O{p~c;. "Eva :n:p6ho 1tO,PUOSl'YHet. ~laC; 8(V6l tl tlvctK.UAU""l 'tal.) nAavl1'tl1 OupavoO anD 'tov Sir William Herschel: 1(0;1 'uC>'to mifacr"C11Y {Ota tlKplp«>C;1CatEUOuvcrll fJ.B 'to .7tS(PtlJlCl 'ti'\e; uVcO~LaAl1C; 'tp6.1tO\)AIl~. k6 nsptooo'cepo ano6CKampto. I5w;q>ops'tLKCC;1tEp11t'tch· ,00Etg, ~GTd.~U 'rwO, 1690 ~aL 'to\1 178,1, 1tr.'i;>..J .. ol a.crtpOV6,~lot', o'tOUC; 61to'{ooC; nepL"

! I I

A.CL)l~a.VOVtC1.V uspucot ureo 'tour:; ma ~~E%OV't'EC; 1t('J,p(J,'t'TJPtr~e<; t11<; Eupci'l1ttlr:;, eloav iiv(l dO"~po 0"& Otcreu;, D1tOU 't'oopa 61tofhhou~u~ on rcPE1tEt va PptcrK6'to,v 't6te {) Oopav6<;. "Evetc;; ano 't0Ue; KCLAUtEPOUC;; 1tapat11 Pl1tE<; o.Otijc; tijc; 6~l6.~ Sac; ~cp1laO'e O'TO cnueto v« oet cdn:6 to O;crttpt. 'tsO'O'ept<; OlCLOOX1Ke<; vuX:ml; to 1769, xropl<; vo. 1CpocrE~C~ 1."l;vldvllcrtl1tOuGo. ~mopoljcre yo. €tXt; D1tOpa;\.8l ~Lta ota<poPs'ttK11 O'uV'taO'tl10"TJ. "Q'tCLV {) Herschel 'ltupa:n;p11O's to toto CtVtt1cst~18VO 12 XP6vta aP'Y6'ts'pa XP11crL~loTm111 0'8 1CO;\.U reto 'tBASt01tOt1WtVO 'tll"-ecrK6mo Ol.lC.fje; 't'OU Kumcnceuiic;· To &.1tOtt:AeO'~la ~'t'().v ott ~.1t6PEcr8 va napat'llP110'Et ~VCt. (patvO~18VlK:6 ~u3yEf)Oe; olcn::oo reoD i~'tav '[ou;\.Cl.xtO"tOV a.cruvl10Lcro "Ita dO''tpa. @ScOP11cre an Ka:q elxe ream O'tp(l~a. Ked ttcrt &.vtpaAE t~V &vayvroptO"ll 'toO UO''t'pOU ')'La va Cn.lV8xLcrEt 't11 AE7t1'0)lEP11 6~hacrl1. 'H OtEpeuV'llN 0'11 o,{:1't'11 Ct1tOIC6.t...mjlE. 'tl1V :tCLVT]0'11 'toO OUpllVOO ~u3cr(J, O"'t'a. liO''tpa Klti E'tO'L 6 Herschel avaKoivroae on e{8~ EVON KClIVOUP1.0 KO~l~'tl1! M6vo aP'Y6repa, 6- crspc Ctno ~18ptKOUC; ~lfi~sc;, KCI.t ~letU Ct1CO liKap1tEt; npocrmJ.08ter; vo. ytVEt npocrapj.lOY11 au,;i1c; ~11c; tdv110"l1<; cre tpO%ta 1Co~Ltltll, np6n;tvr:: 6 Lexell l5n 1tlOa~ vli'le; 11 'tpox-ui. va 11taV TIl A. (:tv1lt'tl\: 1110• "Orav U,C)'tf) 1) np6tUO"1l tiytVE anoos1C'Cl!h crov 1<6crj.lO 't:oO 8.1tct,),,),EA.lla't'[u aO'Tpov6~lOO 'tCt &cr't~Pt('J; A.ty6O'ttHl/a,v Kat ot TCA.o.Vf\'t'B<; ctO~11011Ka.V l<O.to' itV(lV. MEta to 1781 e{oav OlCL(pOp6t~Ka -co oiJpaVLO crlD~la nou KIl'tCt. lC<X.tpouC; etxo.v 1tctPU1'llP11cret lmt ~vav 0;\.6K"-11Po O'X600V alrova, yw .. .t{, onO)e; Kat ~u~ 'tllV avro~LrLA.l1 tpa.nooAu, Mv j.L1CopoOO'e. mCt. va npoO'ap~loO'T8i crtlC; KU't1l'YO p{ee; 't'11e; avtlX.l1~1l1C; (ncr,; po i;KO j.L i1'[11<;) 'toO onood 't: j.lCLtOC;.1liOU 81tLlcpO:tOOa6 veplrspc,

'H IlAA.aYl1 0"1:11 Onmp110'11, noo S1tBtPBlI/E cr'tODe; &crtPOV6j.lOI)~ vel BoOv 'tOV Oupav6, 'tOV 1t;\.UV11'tl1, Mv Elxs <he;, uovo anOTEA.ecrp,rJ. 'tllV&,A.Au')'ll crttlV nuP6.O'tacrll aOtotl 'toO CtvnK6tj.lBVOU1tOU dXav 1to,Po.'t'llPliO'Et 1tPOl'tUtSpu. Ol O'Uv{mElE':; '(11<; ~q>'tllvav 1tOAD '1tt0 ~alCpla. ITlOav6v, liv Kat TJ ~laptUp(o. e{Vllt aj.-lCPtPO~11, 1i ~LLKPli aA.Act'Yll crtO O~608t'nta, 1toubteBaA-c {) Herschel, npo7tnpaO'KsuaO'B'touc; aq1ipOV6~lOU£ 'Ylil ~lLa 'YP11yoPl1 dvaK6.A.U\I"l, lIBra. 'to 1801, tvoe; ~H~')'6.A.oU CtPlOpOO ~lltepU'lV '1CA-IlV11t{j'jV 11 acrTsp06t66:'lv. 'E;aLT{w; 'toll )l~KPO(S rou; ~leyeoouc.;, (1U'to' oav reo,poucrlastlv ,(11V aVO>~ltl;\.11 ~IEyEOuvO'11 7tOU 1dV110'S 'C))v npoO'ox,i; 'toO Herschel. cQcrt6cro at acrtpOv6j.IOL, acroL ;~'rav npoesoiuuO'peVOL va ~poOv teal aAAom; 1tA.a.vf1'tsC;,~l1t6pSO':CLV, O'Ta np6:'lto. 50 Xp6vw to\) 1900 ui<hvu, Kat Xp11 0'1I..l01tO LOOV'tU<;, 'to. O'l:)v11011 Op')'I'J..VIl, va &Vo.yvrop{crouv sl:KOO'L 1tAetVfj'tf:C;l1 1tOU S[XCLV 1tCtPa.!l:1lP110'Sl 1tpro'to'tspa:. OR Iotoplc 'tile; CtO'tPOvOj.l{ac.; Jlac; OiVSL 1CO"-AIl t'i"Ala 1tapa.oBtY~lCL'ta aA"AaylDv cr:rT1V B7tLcrtmlOVLK~ avt{A.1n'1l reaD 1tPOKA.'lOllKC1V (!1tO fAA-are<; Q't;(i ono~etnu;L'ta' ~.lEpllcaJ.t6.AtO''tU o.no aOta 't'a napctBe{"I~trLtct sIvat aK6jJ:11 'mo KCt8apa. ElvaL ouva:t6 va. eS(i)p'l~ eet 'tl)x.ato,. A/x_., 'to :'(8YOVO<; on at (tcrtPOV6~ldt. tile; L\uo"llS &tonv "(La'1tprotl1 <popeL llA.Ao:YTt crtO 1l).tG't6.PA.11tO lOe; .t6teO'tSpCCO)lCL, ~lBO'a Q't.cl 50 XP9VLIl anD 't'6t:8 noo 1tpo'tufhpCB yta npCIJtll cpopa 'to VBo01C6ontnlrL 'tou K01CBpvLKon; IloJ..u voiplrepc, ol KiVsS,Ot, nOll at KOO'~la~oytKCe; 1t,E1t'OlO'lOEtc; 'tooC;Mv 'li1tElCAsta.V <1AA.nyll 0''t6 0''t6p6ro~LCt,ElXCLV Ka'tCL'Ypa."'G~ 'tf)V t~Iq>6.Vtcrll reOA.AO)v VBw\) liu'tpwv. 'Bn;{allC;;, o'K6J.L11 Kat x,mpts va. XpllO'L~la1tm~aO\)V 111AflUK611iLO, BtXo,v

Ko:tctypa\jlJH crUo-t'llIlCL'tlKtl'tii v AIJCpavHJ'11 tt'OV 1'1 ;'WKIDV K11 M6rov 7tOA.A.OUr; o.t{O .. ve~ ?tptv 1tCt.PCL1l11P1,QOOV area ';0 raA.ll.uto Klli tGUC; cruYXp6vouC'; 'toula. Gi5ts etvcu ol 1lI1.1ctKE~ 1C11A,{oa<; iieva. vEo tlcJ'tpo 'tet ~16va 11apaoBtnW:ta &AAct.Y~t; 0'170 o .. t8ptm~L!1, 't'f\c; BunJ{"<;;QO',[pOVO~llo.C; ~LG'[.d.1'6v KOJtCPVlKO. Xp11cHJlo1totmv· t(u; 1tup.a80,CftctKa 5pYIlVa.J~LBPtKli; <pOpBC; ltpCOl'0Yovu, ()7tCOC; A.·X· tlUJ, K?i;mani, ota'O"rpOV6~l'OL TOO 'tEA-OUC; 'toO 160u altbvCL B1tCt VEl.l\J .. 1HlJu'wa uva·Ka/"u~IC1.V 'KO~Liltsc; noo 1t&PHPBpOV~U.V (J'ltroc; 't.oue; apeO'EO''to x(6po 1tOU 1Cpro'tu't'E:pa npoopt~.6-ttw a7tOKl..mO'tlKU 'ytUTOUc,; a~lETapA.l1't'ouc,;1tAavil'r6<; KfJ.t 'to. acr'tpa13• °H uey6.A.11 BOlCoAlctKai '~l tctXOTl1'tu ~La 't11v 6noirA ot UOtPOV6pOl BHkw VSCL 1tpanlUTet KOL't'cOV'tIt<; la 1tctA,t& dvnK6[~lBva ~l8. to. TtetA.lU 5pyavu, larue; ~La<;; ffiS'i(!61.. va 1toiJJ,leo'tL, ~e.'ta tOV KO'ltf:PVL1<O,ot aO''t'pov6~lO\ lipx.lO'uV va soOv o· eva. ·6w.cpopetuco K6cr~lO. ·Omo.O'oil1tOTS 11 ~pnuv6. tOUe; aA.A.a~6 Gav va SIXE npdy~lan dA.A.a~el 6: K6Q'~l(jC;,

Ala.X6~l't~U~ 'ta 1tp011')'OUJlevCl 1t(l;pa.i5E.lY~IJJ.'ta. U7tO 1'11V aQ'tpOVo~L[a ylCl.'tl. ol c'.tVCHpopec; uxo rca.pClmlP11all oupuvtrov crCOlIU:tCOV, cr·':tiC; 1tsplcra6t'spsc; 1t6pl~. 1t'UwerBL<;, y[VOVtCU G'Uvq A.BSlX6ylO p.e opal)(; )'ui 't'11V m~pt·yp{l(Pl1 't.~<;; nuprLtllPllO'11C;, O'XB'tU(c1. KCLOapouc; anD OCOJrnrnKBC; n:P()crJ.ltl;I.~L!;.. Movo a.B 't6Tomc; dvacpopec; ~l1tO.poOIJG va BXlt(S01)~m on Ou. Pno(i~LB ~vuv TtA"lfn11HJ.na.A·A.'lAlcr~l() a.va~IIlQ'('J. CJ'l:lC; na.pat11Pl\cr.Gl<;; 'CU'lv eTtWtlw6V(IlV Kcil crttc;. Xa.rll'Cllri,O'I:nC; EKB(~ vrov noo 6rcoBut.?.OVtTJ.L crto 1m(pa.~tr.t TOO 'l'uXp).6you, • AA..Aa Mv x.P6\6.~BtUl Vll arn~m{voU~LEcr6 llvuv 1'6.0'0 o'n6A,uro napaA:A.11A.LO}t6· CLvdOG'tCL! l~xotlJlG nOhA.Ct. vo. Kspolcroups tlv x.C!A.aproaO\)~lB 'to ICPll'liPl6 ~lCI;~. "Av ~l1tOpo(),pe va. Ht~tf.L~ ate. t.~tJ.V01tOll11l6vm ~le 'nlVK!lOllllsPtVli XPli.O'll 'toO pl'WCnO\; '~"g1COJ') Il·n;o~ poOps va (Lva1'vrop{O'oU!lGa~LeO'(J)~ 5tLMxou~m fiBl1 cruVo.vt1'lcret ·rcOA.AB~ UI>.XSt; :rcepm't'ciJcrBl~ ~tBtaO''tpo.(pfl<; G'tlivsmO''tlWQVLtcl1 aVtLt..11'!"l, ot 61toi8~ ouvooauoHv tllV tlA.A.UY11 'toO. UrIoost y~Hl'tO~. AOtl)' 11 ETtE}Ctucr1l crtl; XP11'0"11 'tUlV 0- prov <;<UVdAl1'l'lV> Iwl «~A.B1t(il» Oft Q,n4Lt'11oBL o'UVt'O~Ul ~llCt. 'Pl1't'11 (msp{.t()' 1ClO' 1, , fi.A'J...a. np(btct ea. 8ille-OJ 1ta;pa8B('Y~u:t.·m YUl 't'1;V 13qlC!NI.OY1) crtl)V n()(lS'l"

"A<; Sct.YaKolTCi~oU~L& ')lui ~na Ott nt l~ ouo uno Ta 1tnOl1YOlJ~U.Wa. 1!apu5el y~I(J."CCI. O't11V lcr"To.pta 'toO l~AB~'tPLcr~IOO. Ku'(0. TOV 17outri)VIl (hew 1; ~L(o. i\ 11 clA""1, Osropla bq)of1<; KaOoo11yoQO'B Tl)V llPBov6; TOOS, ol '~A.GK't'pOA6yoHpUITuml et3CLvJ e1t(1NBtAl1UI~leya'l. pwL8w. Va nVtl?tllooliV '1; vu lmox(oj1{~OV'[CtL &no1;cJ. 11'~SK"CptctJl{;va aooJlCt"C14 nov tiL sIx·av t'J...K00'Bl. Tou;\.(J,x,tcr:rov CLu't'osbr.av {ht stony ol 1t~p(t,'t"pll:tes crov 1'70 atcbvu} Kal My lixouflS A.oyo vo. a~L<ptcrPlrdlcrO\)~Le; Ctl~)'to nClU etv8cpeprJ,v' 0X:6tUCa ~IB 'tit; 1tapacTt6:crst<; 10\)~ 1tBPLcrcr6~8pO an.'· 00'0 (l&a~u:pLcrpl1tt:)\)aa~LE. uOto 11:00 Ej.lBt<; dva<ptPOUJ.H~. Mnpoato. (f'tllV (o~q a,uoK8911 §va~ crL')'YX;povO~1t.a;pCLTl1p11tli~ OCt. fil)A.81tB 1)ABKtPoO'lCJ.tUn) c.mro9 11 " C!11 (&vd 'Yla. ~LnxaVLK11 i' ~q.putLKJi {LVct1tl,a110ll), O;A-Xo. lcr'top'tKaJ flO J.u4 IlP':

Va,OLK1i .B~C1.LpB(rlll noo uyvoTjOllKB un6 ())..~m<;'1 ~ ilABK'tPOO'''Cq;nlCn o.JtOO011crtl Mv 'Cwayvoop(crt11kS rot; -tCtow' llBXPl1tOU,'T) O'i.)olCcLni J.lcya"'11r;KM~ctKac; 106 Hauksbee ~lGytOuVE 1tOAU tlS cmBpnoBLg't'tV:;. "O~l(JJ~ 11 lhcw011011 ~lEtCt cbto 1, A..Bt;"CPlcrll e~ 61tQ,(p·~g! ,Tr~av ~l6vo~vct Ct1t6 'to. no.Af..U V{iU (l1toteA.tu~l.o.1'a 't~t; O/lt(Oo.llq'11<; :n:ou ·sl8e6 .Hauksbce. "QI1.cp~.K(J,l cr~.I)V rcu.plntWall JlUl~ j)'t1(lP'·FP,OIo.

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Mstctcr't'po(pb; o,lrtOO toO BtSoue; Btv n8pLOpU~ov'ra"L otr'lV aO'tpovo~{a 'lCCl.L rrrov 1~AB'lCtPLO}l6. "EX.Ol)~le ;\011 O'lUlImi>U(H ~LEPtKOUC; 1tup6f,loWOC; I.Ll3tctcrx"1- ~tan(jgouc; no\) Pp[crk'E~ ~avElc; crt11V Ioroplc 'tfis X1W6(CL<;. EL1ta.~lB ()'liL 6 Lavoisior sIo8ol;uy6vQ E:KP,i 7W\) 6 Priestley EPA-61tG a,<pfi.6ytO'10 aepo. Kat UAAOl Mv BrOCtV un,OA.l)'t{J)e; thtota. "Ouoc, "lS 1'6 va ~La.8BL vrl ~A.t7tBt 6~uy6vo, 6 Lavoisier IhliPSlt8 irrda11C; v« «f..A.(J,~81 't11v l.bto'lni tOU YUl nOAAg~ UA-ASC;, 'Yvropt~ "L6<; O~O'[BC;, "Enp81tB, A.X., v6. pAen8t~Va aOV08tO ~l8't!aA.AGuJ.lo. EKet 01tOU 6 Priestley '!Cut cl cruYXpovo( tau li~Ae1ta.v &_rr,Ao Y1llvO m;otxnlo: Kat OEV il'tflV uovo a.U't'SC; ol dAACLI'B<;. To A.'ly6tspo {)~lOJC; nou ~l1topoOJ..le vu. nOD~lE: etvilt O'tL, aav (\no'tsf...sO'f,la '('fie; aVaKu.A.\:l~111<; tot) 6~t)y6vou} 0 Lavoisier elaB tll Cj)\)Q'11 otctC,POPE'tt'K6.. 'En8181l Mv ~;X.OWLB 'ni ouVO/t6tllTCt.yo. npocrrpuYOUjlE 0'1:1iv U1tOCI!::'t'lKl1 (lUt~ c'J,~lB"t'6.P~ll"Cll CPUO"lh 'nlv 61to[ct 6 Lavoisier «i3pA.sne oWCPOPS11- :1((,.0>, 11 Cr,PX11 tfl':; olxovoutcc ~lfi.~ cmpooxvcL v« 1toO~lf3 BtL, ~leta tl1V 6,vCLKCtAt)~ '1111 "Co£> 6~uy6vot>, 6 Lavoisier epy6.0'''tl1KE o' Hvct, 8Ul(POPS'ttKO K6cr~LO.

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~05'

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4.06

ibCKPEIJf1: 6 B1tlO''t'TULOVW; OBV e~A.E1tE TW.pa. uovo atO)pou~L8VS<; n:e'tpec;. Ta EK~ KPB~i1 YIIVVVli011Ko.V dne Ka.n n-ou 110L6.l_;l':l 11.0/...6 ~lB 't11 ~8'tCJ;(npo{pl1 't~~ Gestalt n.oD 7tp.olCaACi iJ aA.A.U'Yl1 i:>nooel'YPU't.oC;.

ElVU'L l5~LOOC; Ctv6YK1l va 7tept'Ypa.\lfOOPE auto nOO XOOpt1.;El 'to fa,/vlAf1.t.o ana tOV 'APLO"'t.o't6A.Tl i' 10V Lavoisier ano rev Priestley roc; ~lc'Co:cr1'poGlllcr'nl Oeropncn; EMaJ} cr'C' aAllOetCi. au·tol ot (iv8pol1tot ola<popS't'lKa 7tPCt'YPtl1U KuOdle;, UOl1;ovaa.p 'CUL.OLa eiCill &v,tllCel~ltV(j)V; MrcopoOJ.te OtKalo/"'0Y1UI6Va. va 1tOI)j.tB on aUToi at ltvE>pOO'ltOl BKa.vav 'tl1V epeov6. 'to\:)t;; at ota.(POPf.'tl1COUC;; K6(j~wljc;; Au'C~C; ol ~Prot"lcr8tC; Mv ~l:rrOpotlV ma va a.va~A118ouv 'Yta'ti sivci q>avepo on U1tapXBL livuC;; aAA.oc;, nOAl) mo crov"eIO'~lBVDC;, 'tpanoe; 'YlU vo. 1tl>pt'Ypa\jJEt Kctvale; 'to. to''t'OPlKCt 1tapaOBtYJ.1CL'ta rcav uVllcPEP811Kf1.V mo 7to.vro. iloA.A.at o.VrJ.iyvtlJcrt's.c;; aty.oupa06; OtA..oUV va ]toOv 0Tt ctu'tO ?t.oU &'AA.a~B~ I.lE i~vC( u1t68fny~a, elvut uovo 1) ep~lllvBla. 'tau btta't~llovll yta 'dC; 1tCtpa:t1lP11aetc; 1(.06, ano ~6VEC; roue, dVatKaeoplcr~n3VsC; ~lt('( yu:t 'roo'v't'(l {J.no 'tll (PUq11 'to!) 7tEP1~(f,A.A.oV'tOe; Kai 'tOY nup(l0''tu'tlK6 ~lllX,a.vtG'~l6. l:6~l(proV(l ~l' aUt11 t11V U1tO\Vn, Kai 6Priestiey lcctt6 Lavoisier dOCLV 6~u'Y6v.o UAAU BNl1iv(maav BU:t(p.oPEtLKU 'tiC; rrapci.'tl1P11- osu; 'tou~' 6 'APLO"'UOtCA11C; Kal 6 raAlAutoC; Bt8av, uKKpqrfj ri.AA.a ol ep~l11vEtEC; tOUc; yt' aUTOIJtOU s15av iha.v otucpope't't.Ksc;.

'E1tt'tpe\I/'Ci> ~IOU vu 1t6':l &1,U';o'(OC; OtL CLll't111i 7tOA.U oUl8.o~Il-:Vl1 ii1tO\1111 'YlCt TO 'tt cru~IPa[VBL ()'tUV cl j~1tlatlh\..ovCC; &A;Aa~OUV 'YVro~lll yt6. .oUO'lro811 Oe~tct'ta, Bev I!1tOPBt va slvrn oun 1t.apB~liYllO'll Dth& a1tAo )'6.00c;;, CtAA& BIven Hva 1tOA.U oucrt6'loec; J.lGp.oC; tvoe; (PtADO'O(ptKOO (m:DoelYJ.w:roc; 1tDV ~YKd..lVuiatllKE ano 'tOY Descartes Kat UVU1t'tl)X,OllKB 'tliv lola. 61t0X1l rCO'o CtVf1.1ttOX0111CB 11 Nsutthviu 8uva~llKil. Auto 'to tnt6ocaYjla. umlPStllO"E lCaAu 'tl1V~1ttO'tlil-ll1 Ka.t ~'i (~LAOQ'O~ tpiu, Kapnoc; -cf\c; eK~et6.A.Aeocrl;C; 'tOU, "Co tOLD onooc; Kat "Ci1.c;; ClqlB'tUAJ .. CUO'11S 't'ii<; OUVCI,J.ll!C1j<;, ;1't11 v ~uu Gel.teA. tCLlC1) KO:to. V611 all 0"'t'11 v 6no{a., Yaroe;, va ~l11 ~1tOpouO'a~lI:; '10. q)t(1.O'OU~lB~l8 tlA.A.O 't'p61tD. t AA.A.U 01tWt; ~A{moww Kai <ino 't'11 NEut:cbVLCL ouva~U1C1i, aK6~11 KeLi 1i mo 'tpavtax."Cli C'Itt'tl)XlCL O"'t'O 7to.pEA.06v oev ssaO"q>CI.;U~8'l ~LLa (Jl)va:t11 ,dvo.~oA."l 'tfie; Kpl0'11c;.~11IJepa gpsuve<; O't 'tD~le[<; 1:1'1<; <ptA.oa.o(plac;, 'tfie; 'l/Ux.oA.oylae;, 't'iic; yA.CtlO'O'.oA.oylac;. UK6J.111 leaL as 't.oj.letc;, 'tile; [O'''eoplw; die; 't'bXY11<;, aUYKA.lv.oov CT'tO va 01tOOB(~OUV Ott !Can 'roaSt a"t'pa.B6. gc 'to napaoaata!Co lm68EtnlC1 .. 'ON O.1to't'UXla. rcp.oO'ap~LoYf1<; ylvc't'r.tt OA.O Kal nspurcorapo E:~l<pa.vli<; uno 'nlv [cr-r0PlK1l jlEAE'tll 'tile; bncrn'U111c;;,0''t11V onD{a, Kat' &'Vo.YK11, 1mptQpts~'t'at 1~ 1tP.ocraX11 pa.C; sl5U'J,

'Ano a~t.oUC; 'tDUe; KA6.BouC; nD\) 1tporoE)o{)v 'tllV kP[CYll, KctVEVac; o.1C61111 OEV aXEL OT1~ll.oup'Ylicret EVa~tooO't.~IO ota00X:D O''tO 1tapao.oO'taKO yvroO'WA.0YLKO 01t68wfj.w: dpX[~dlW 0)100<; vii' urto3elxvoov leola 0u. irvcn ~t6PLKo. CL7tO 'Ca.paO'LKU Xapo.K'tl1PtUtlKtlCI.Ot0u 'tol) lm.oo8fyttCI.tbC;. "EXro, A..X.t 1tA.~ Pll E:nl)'vooO'11 tOlV 6UO'ICDA.lGW nOD 1511111.0UPYO~\ltCU (haY AEPS an l5tUV 6 'AptO''t(JlE:/''11<; Kcd. 6 rct~l~atoe; KOttOOtra,v alropouJ.t6VB~ nt-'tpBc;,6 7tplOt.oC; fi~Ae'1tf; ~uci. ~111~eA.euOep111t't'C1la11 ~v<1J 6 BClnep.oc; ~V(x' BKKp8~1{~C;. Tic; HitES ut)'tcC;BuO"leo/de<; reapouO'U1.l_;ro ~lE' w6n.o (h::6~lll 7&to paO'tKo O''tlC; 1tpcr)'t(:.~ 1tPOtU0'6V; rourou 'roO Ke~paAa.tDl): ttv Kul 6 .K.6cr~m; otv aA.A.a~8l ~L8 It!\ v ui\A.o.'Yl1 {wo.<; 01t056l'Y~utoC;, 6

~ I

"407

Mtlcr'tlhlOVrLt;~ ~l&'ta 1'l)V rLA.A.a.'fIi, epya~6t(n cr' ~Vtl ~'hU(POPE'ttKO xoouo. MoAOV'tOO'tO, BXOJ 1tBWeSt ott n:PE1tCL yo. j..tUOOUtlE va. ~yCtt::ou~m V61ULa <beo npottlO'Btt; nOll 't'OUA.aX,Lcr'tOV fxouv Ktl1totCL 6~tol6tl1'H.t jlE ai)'t't~. Auto '!tOU' O'ullpa[vet O"t11 chapK61C! j..tLiit; SttaO'-tlUtovLlCflc; ibcaVtlOTl:t.0'11,) 61~v slvm 1tA.1;prot; a~ va:yti),yL~Lo aB ~Lla.V £1tCtVGPP11Vdu ~LC~IOV(O~ltVOJV Ka.t O''Ta.Ocp&v 8800~IHVCOV. ITP(i)tel. ure' o'A.u, 'to. OGOo).tBva al~V 8rVa.L a8w.<plA.OvIKIFo. O"taOcpa. "Eva. {;KKpB~I~<; Bsv elvrn j..tlel 1tEtpa nou n:tHj)n:L, oi5't"B to oquy6vo Eiven t;V(lt; CtfpA6ytO''toC; U.Epw;;. KutCt ». auvl::mnu; '(u Od)O~LtVa. 'TtOU ol e1tla't1i~LoV6~ O'u'A.A.{~youv 'D,no. au'tCt 'Cu SU1(popa UVtllCel~leVrL, OIClqJepouv, omoc; Oli SOOPE O'LlV'tOpa, Kai ~16'ra.Su tOl)<;. 'A'K6~la. mo mwuoaio slvctt on 11 ota.olKCtala ~IB 'n)v onoia. 'to i1'to~to i\ 11 KOI v 6't'11'TCI. KCtvOI.)v· 't11 ).tE't6.~llcr'l tl.no 'tIl ~111-I'>NBuOEP11 ntOO0'11 O .. t66K1(pe~LE<; i) ana rov u<pA6YLO''tO uepa a'[o o1;uy6vD, BEv ~lOla~cL Jlt': tp~!11VG{Ct. nwc; Oa ~l1topol)O'a va "~'rav tpIl1lVSill a<poO a1touat6.~ouv til O''taOapu S88o~tl;v('l. rlo. vel CP~111veo'tOOv {mo rov cmO"ni~tova; 'Avrt va elvm tn~L1lV Ut1le;, 6 BmO'tl'Ulo~ va.<; nOD emoosXE'tCtt eva vso U1t6B:SL'Y~Ul, ELvat ~lfiA.AOV ouv 'l:OV tlvOprorro 1lieD (ropl~i Ctvo.cr-rPS1t'tlKOl>C; ,(paKOl)<;. I Avru ICtrorclt;o~'t(.tC; C)1tmt;; KTLl rtp! v tOY 'IOte acrtEplcrpo (I1COaVtLKF,[J.IEva, Kul ~LOAOv6tt ~tpel lSn r:IVfLL 'tu HhCl, cilC}'1;6cro 'tel ~ptcrKet nup€!. YlU 1tl:pa. I.lGTaox.1UlC.t'tlcr~ltva O'e. 1tOAA.l:C;; rbro 'tl~ AG1t'tO~ltp616C; taus·

ITouOev,o, 51.aos, cre 't'ol)tU cOU> 't'u crx,6A.w, Of)V im(tpXF.L rrp60E0'11 vii {moBel" SCO tin 8tv 131vcJ.t, xapalC't11PlO''tlKD t11lv C7Clcr'tlW6v(I)v vei. ~Nll1VeUOl)V 88B'o~ ~ltva. Kat napa til pliO'l':IC;. I Avt! 0 ere, 6 fUAIA.atoc,; f:n~l1'1VEllO'B 1H1.pa.'tl1 P1; csu; 'Yta to BKKPE~1I3S, 6 'APLcr'tOtBA11S Ylcl nB-rpec; '/tal) !:7tSCptCiV, 6 Musschenbroek uppi,veuo"B rrapWtllpflcf,8LC; YLlt Jlul !j)optla~U~Vl1 qnUA.'l Kat 6 Franklin YlU ~vr.£V TtUlCVQ;rn'l. 'AA.A.U KilOs IltQ. ant (tl)'tE.~ Ttl; ~r~l11Ver.BC:; rrpoOn60B't'6 6Va. un60ClYtill, 'A7tOteAOOOav ~lEpOt; 1'11<; «KllVOV1Ki19> l:mcr'tli~11C;; (normal science), tvoe; EYXStP11j.t1l't"0~ 1tOU 01t(11~ 8t6a~U3 CX8l O'Kono Vl\ .~CA:lil(ocr8l va E1tSKtElV6l Kat va ow.pflpcilO'ln TO (m60BLnlll1tOU ;,811 imapX8l. l.:TO 30 KECpaA.Cno 'tol) ~LPAtou rouroo clv(J,(pcp('t~E 1tOA.ACt 1tan(J.BE'('Y~W;'t(l; SnoG 1; l~P~111v81.a 1ta.I~Bt HvaVKSV'tpl- 1(0 p6Ao. Au'tll Tel napCt8B['Y~la't'a x.npctK'tl1Pl~ouv 'e1i crUV1'Pln:-rlK1) nA&lO\jJ11(plu 't'Glv epeuvGlv. LtD JCCt.Otv(t un' (1tl'lf(l 6 em to'tlWOVW; , ~tI'; ~o.cr"l1v!l lL1t0061C'tO U1t60BtnlCt, yVO)PtS8 'tL a1tOtE~6I)d(l l5eSollEvo, 1[OlO. t)pyavll ~11tOpOOO'B yo. XPll~ OLIl.01tOLl;OEt YUt 't(1)V O;VBt)PScr1i TaU Kat 1tOLE<; IiVVOI6t; E1Xav crXliO"11 pu 'tliv ,81'P11Vsta 't"OD. "Av Bo'Osi eva U1t608~nlo., 11 €p~Ll1veta "t'6')v oeBoj..tEvwV slvci 0'1'0 K&V't'PO to\) e'Y'X.~tpl1~tt'tOC; )'Ul. 't~V €~8PEUV1,cni roo.

'A";..A.u auto to epJlI1VeUtl1CO tYXElp1Wa- jl' o.~J't'() dO'X.PA.~OllKct crtl~V npo'tBA,!)Utlltu napaypCt<po - j.17COpst uovo VU SI(XpEipcilcr81. 'to on:65c,l Yj.1CL, ,OX" va to o\.Op@rocrEl. Tu 01to08i'YJJ.ctta Mv )l7tOpoOV va. otopBmOoOv ano 'tl1V«KIlVOV1K11» S1tlatl'U1ll· 'AvtlOE't(l" 07t(Dt;; Etonj.u::, fJ ({Ko.V0V1Kl1)} sma-til }111 6B1l'YEt 'teA.lKCi. uovo O'tliv avayvroptC'll 6.vro~l(1A.t&V Ka.t crt Kn{aCtC;. Kat ol Kp(mw; tslr.:tc.Ovouv 8Xt ~IE: aublltliO'l.nc; 1ml emll1V8te~! dAA.lt jiB I~v(l OXEtLK6. ~rt<pVtK.6 Kat x,mpte; BaCOteptlC1) OO}l111E)'ov6r;, nOll ~LO\aS6t ~IG 'ttl .JlB'tuO''tPO(P11 't~C; Gestalt. O[ (mmtiUlOVG<; t6~6 ~tA.oOV )'\'11 «dVOl"fJ.i!l tIDV Jl{l.tLWV» ~i rLU "I{a «0,·

408'

0''tpa.1t11)} noo «1tA.ll~II·t\)p{Sem ~va'n:p011YOU~IBVa O'KO'tIlLVO 1tp6~1i.111.t[1, ~o11arov~ 't'rt~ ,tOY 81Cl0''tli).t:ova VU8Bt -tCt.O'UO'tO;ttlCCt PCP'1 'toil 1tI'oBA.nJ.1a.to~ fl' BV(1VK:ctl~ VO(JptO tp61to, 1tOU, ,,(La 1tPrott1 (pap6.,. va Mn'tpE:n:Bt 1'n AUQ''ll tau, E'E iiA.A.8~ nB~ ptrt't'cOO'BL<;, ~Ha. 'tC'tOla «li~11tV8\)Crrp) r~pxstC!t crov U1tVO~O.l\BV lntapXBl O'I)Vll~ Olcr~LI~Vl1 eVVQw. toO l5pou 'I~P~111vE[a,' HOU va't'ctLpl.6,~el ~te au'tsc; tt~aGtpCtrrl:~ '(lie; I)LO'..ldO'lcrll<; ~IBO'a. uno tis 61C'O''(,e.~ yeVVl&'tcu Bva veo lnc6Br.uypa. "Av Kal 1'hmB~ QlaLO·01lO'etc;B~apt6)v'tct,l ano tr)v sl(lIanpla - o"\)~I(Provll J1E 'to fm6- o81nLa i\ «avc'o~laAll» '-, Kat not> 'tnv Kep'81O'Il~Le XPT]Q'l~101tOHhv'ta'c; to 1tCLA.16 ()1[68Bl'Y~Ul, rd.ltec; OBV O'UV8t.iDV'tatOUTE );.oyucu ,ps 6},,6K]..l1Pll 'tnv ~~ln8tp[a, oi5te Ct1tocrn:acrJ.1C1.tL.Ka ~18 aoyKsKpt~l8Va: 't:ll1ifla:tO:, 't'11C;, crewe; Gtl ,(J'UVOS6Ta.V, A..x."i BP~l11Vsl(1; ~lS 'tl1V 8~1?tE'Lp{ft, 'AvtWBtU, 0'l)')'lC6VTPOOVOUV JlsyaAa. KO~l~ ~uitta. CLOtf!<; tf]~tj.l1tBtp[U<; Kcd 'to; ~.lGtaO'X1Ula't[~O\)VO''tTlV noA.U O'Lct<POPEttK11 8sO'lltlt~I7t8Lpt((<; Tr06, KO'..'t6m. Elfi O'UVCS0Ei l1.1t'OO'n:Cl0'~lIl·tTKa ~tg 'to veo Dn:6- oeLy~HI Kat 6X1, ~,iE to n:oA.L6,

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-r&v l)w,{POP'Btlldlw 'tou~ U1toof,tr~l6:roov ~lt 'to KOtVo Y1.U OA.OU~ 1t:BptpO:AAOVj B1.b:covtw; ~l1)~EAeu(i)BplT7t'trocr11 6 'AptcrtOtBt.U':OC; 0& j.lB'tpotlcrE (1\ to\)Aa,;<,laTO Ou cru~_11t'OO0"8, Ylct'tl 6 "AptcrtOtIiALKOC; O'1t6:VU:~~IU't'.potlO'B) 'to Papo~ t~<; 7t{itpa~, to Kcrra.K6pu<po i.hl'oC; ate. 6n;oto SlX6 aVll\l/w013t Kat 't6x.p6~o 1tOU xpeta~6ta.v ytli. va. (ptacrsL O"BKC('tnO"tC10'11 npqttac;. Ma~'i ~lE t~V &'v't'[Cf'tD.0'11 toO lU~crou, nuts<; i'j't(lv ot 'Pttcn,K8£EvvOLO/..OYLKt~ K'ainl'Yep(8~ noo xpl1aLj.lo~ 'ltOt;OO0'S 11 "APlO''t'O't'I3A.lKl1 smo"ciWll (J'e CJXBO'11 pe t11V n'tooO'll evo~aro!-la'to~21. <H '«KaVOvlK1l» EPS:UV(t, KCi.Qoti11'You~levl1 an'r;(o'1i&<;, Mv ~mopol)(Jr. va EllU oroest tOU~ V6~lOUS nou &'va1<:6.t...U\I'B 6 raA.tt..atot;. Mrropoi>oe uovo - tw.t a.rto, Uva.v 0.')';)...0 6p6p.o 'Co UK<tVB - v&. oorl'Yli0'8,L ae ~l'I,a alHpa a'1I:0 1<:plaeL~ MccreA (ht'tl<; 6nolE~ l;s?ri10110'S ,') OSOOP1]0'11 toD rat...tA.o.loo "(1.0. tT)V cdropOU).!8VT] m~~ tpa. Lav d1t,o:rt~eaJIC1 ctutG>v tlOy xptcsev Kat, rcup6.nA.80paJ tJ:J...'Aoov OtO:V011t_l" tcffivfJ.'},J .. ayC6v. 6 ra).,.1A.CLI0C; atos 'tllV atropool16V1l nE~pa t6A6troc;olaq>opsnK~. 'H {:pyo.o[a TOts I AP~L~I,11811 n:CtVOl (J'rrl C1CL1CMov't'a: otbpa:ca. KUtecrtll.o& to ~lBO'OV en:oocrL<UO'8C;' ~ 0cropta 'tf1~, 6PIl~<; ~8rocrs tJt1iV idvll-all xapC1.K't'l;pa m~j.ljl6tPLKO Kat OLCLpx:i1' Kat 6 veo1l:A.u't'ooVtcrj.lo<; K:Ct'CsUOuvs 'tllV 1tpoO'oX11 'to\) Tc) ... l)..a(OI) o:dlV KOKI..LK1l ~lOP(P11 lne; 1dv110"1l<;21l, MCtPl10'S I..Ol1tO'V 6 raA.tf..,(!rO~ Jl6vo 'to pa.por;, 'tfJV CtKtlvCL, 'tT11 rrovl(lJ(ll f1s'tU'tO'lttO'l1, Kal fellV n:sp{oBo 't~e; utcbpll'O'lle;' edna aKpL~&C; i;taVtU OElOOMEVU ?tau eo, ~mopo()aCJ.v va f;pJ.!'I1ve\)~ 'Co'i::lv 65O't8 va ocD.aol)V 'toue;; v6Jlou<; -rdi> rUf...lt.,a[ou')'1(J, to ~'lCKpSlU3r;. >:" o.Otn ~nlY 1t8P[~tro0'11 II BP~-111V8{a. OSV 11tO.v Kctfl6t.,ou o,rtapU(tl1t11. Ms 'CQ 61tOOB{nltt~ 'Crt. 'toi'5 f'uAtt..alou aav 6SaD~ltva, KaVOVlK6't'11'CB~ cruv "we glCKp8~10()~ ntav crxeoov npOO"l'tEe;; O''tTtV lips(nl B1to1t'tElla. l1lOr; o.l../...1.6:lC; 06, ~l1CopoocrCt~lS, va e~11- 'lillO-OWLS 'tllV avatcllA.u\Vl'l 'tol) ro.t..tl..a.tou etl 1~ 1tsplo50r; 't11C;'t'o} .. Qv't'OO0'11e; el .. vat '(sli.eicoc; O,v8;a.pnltll o/roo 'to rtA.U:1'o<; 't'11C;1 CAVo.KaX,U~m, nOD 1~ «IWVOVt~ 1<.:11» ~1~1(1t_rHl11 nOll ~sldvrlaG Dim) 'to raAQ.o.ro 81tPC1tS va _6;a}"d'lll3t Kat nOD

409

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~lO(CD(jl1 't11c; &tO~ttKf'lC;; 'tou9(w)ptac;;, OTHtl'Ot1pYllan TEA.lKU. ~llcJ.V aV'O~l.aA.to. tfCSl nOll Bev tmiipXE-1tptv ](a~H6.2!l.

M7tOPBi va. sX.OO~lE, 'tOY 7t8LpaO"IHJ va 1toO~Il~ o-n ol X1HLLK"ot 1tPU. Oco:>p'lcrav tt~ O~CLAUcrBtC;; me; ~llY~l(l1{l, OteJpepav U1t'O 'TOUe;; 8LU06x.ou~ "t:(Hl~ ~l6vo cre Oa~ta 6PlO'~1O(). Me ~t'LC1.V llvvow., «(':),[,0 00. ~l7tOpotsO'e vu t:\TVCH <Jc!)()"tl1. 'A")...AU oev ltp6~ KBl'tat yt' aU't1) T1)V HVVOlcl 1mo OBlXrpSi' 't'OtX; 6r;HO"~I.Oi:lC; altA-eo; cruIl0u't'LICI~C;; nctpcroox.s.c;;. To 6131<0:[0 01'800 aliliva. ~U CPUcrIlC&' ~lt'Y~l(l:W. 81~v ~f.X(iJPl~(LV tGA.cicoc;; anD to. X1WtKCt J.lB olspyrnnUl{a 1tfaptqw:ra Kcd lcrm~ OGV Ou. 111tOpot'/(n:; vel etX.B crup~(lt Ko."Ot 'tBt010. 'AK_6~L11 tel ll:v at X.1UllKO{ ElXctv \V6.~Cl Yltl 't'(~TOla tuO't, Ga, &Na~11'to()crCtV KPL,'tlipHt 'crU~Iq>roV(l ~u~ 'ttl 61tOW. Ii 51U'),.UO'I1 Octi'rrav ~tfy~lO .. "H ota.Kp1crll ~ti y~Lct~cruvBuacr~l6~ 'u1tOJe~o{}O"G, pc poc.; 'too «imoiil-;(YI1.CL1'6c;» "tQ.u<;, 1'00 "'ponou p.E 1;OV 6notoiipAG1tCtV 6A6K:A'1 po 1'"0 1t.a81o 'tfit; i: PBUV6.C; 1:0UC;' Kat 1t' aD'CO epx6taV 1CptV «,nO K((06 O"UYKBKpl~l{:V0 epyacr:rlHHaK~~ '['eCH, 0X\ 5~l(IJC; Imt replv arco 'tIl aucrowpaUJ.IEVll (:1,In:ntpla 't~r; x.'Ulldw; 0"1'6 a6voA.6 tllC;·

'A')..')..6. BVID ai)-c',) i'\tav ,~ 'Y6VlK:11 ,un,Olllll YlU '[Ii x,lwr.lu" (lm.l 1.0. x,n~I1.KU {PUlV6~16Vq. aV(1.0Uov'tUV v6~L'OtBLQ;(popHtucal alt' (tlJtOlJC; 7COU UVi:K"\Ht'tC1.V pb 1'l'IY ChpO~lo(oml1 '['00 vAou «unoBG['Y~la'tOC;» 't00 Dalton, Lllj'KI:I\fHII{:Vfl,. licre ol 6t(l~ A0cr,&v;e~(lKoAouOoDaCLv ,vu.OempoOVtCLl ,.lfYI,laTa, lSO'u. 1\1, (iv li'tuv 't(L XlHUKU Tt8lpallCL1ict OBV O(i~l1topolJcro.v - anD p.6VCL tOUe; --. Vti. O(;)(1'Ol)V 'Tt) V6~lO t'QJV O'taOBpCOv G,VOA.oyt6'.lv. LtC '(GA0C; toO 8l:1(Cl.'tou <5yooou u.ldlVl'I. 1j'((1.V UtlpC.cOC; yvooO'tO 5n O's J1.s(}Lxd ptnlCl'rct (fuvllOwr; ol dV(J.AOy(t;.; 'taw ikJ.fH7)v Taw erotxsfo)V 'tout; 11tCtV 0',;ct08pt~ .. rta.6plO'p{rvl3~ Katllyoplr.c; UVtL!lj1UcrcOlv, U Fsp~.Lav6~ X'ULlKa~ Richter 1tp6crE~6 ~l!iA.t(f't'(l aK6~111Kcd de;; KCl.VOVLK6TI1'tUC;; nOll npoO''tcO IlKI;tV 0'.1 aut€:<; noo KUA.UInS 6 V6".lOCj 't({)Y ;OUI1.-K'6'w tQ'oBuvtil nffiv30·, I A'AJ.,,&' lCctvtvac; 'X1ULt tc6~ .oay XfH10't.~lo1toL '10'6 au't~~ t.iC; KClVOvu~b'['ll1iB<; x_apa uovo 0'8 O'UV1UYCC;, 1':u1 KCl.vui<;; &c; 'to 'tt)"o~ axe86v 'toDal(l)vu OBV crk~(p,[,11Ke vu 'tl<;; -YBVlK&ucrBt. MiiB,eOoIlGvC( KCt'tu<pavf1 aVtLTtl1flC1oelyputu., emmc; to' yuCl.~

- -

At n TO b,AU:tL 0'1'0 vsp6, 11't(lV qOUVU,ito va .y'lvet '¥'l;v!Kcucnl X(llf1lC;; vlLtyl\aTUw

AeupOet 11 OSOJp[a 'tf1«;; Q"UyytV8WC; Kal V(~ avacrX;1WUtlCfTOOV 'fU I~VVOlOA(;)YLK(J. opt/l'toO neo(au 't11c; 'X111lFilac;. 'H crnvsrmw (Ll)Tl) r3y~lCc CTtO fP(OC; a"C() t6,,"0<; 'tot. (tiIDVU '0'& ~na 'YVO)cr,[,l~ ola~LlJ.x.l1 liva~mcra O''liOUC; rC(A.At}Uli X01Ull1(OU~ Proust Kat Berthollet, '0 np&rot;; imocrn'lf)l~B ,tht 8Xt:C; ol X1HLlKI~t; (lvt(aruqf;l~ nrt~ criCOVtU.l O'S cna06rJllci.vu"-o-yta, 6 Beu'tEpoc;, T6 flVttO£:to. ·0 l\uO(;vw; crUYK{;Vrpcoe rUt t1)V U1tO\j1{l :rou~VtUmocr~(tKll1telpa!l(tnKli ~l{Lptupla. 'A'AAU, Kat' tlVUY:Kll' lita.v O"u~li'tJlO'l1 KOU(pwv,K:«L 11 Bl'Il~l6.Xll TOUr;, Stv p.ltOPOOcrB vet 6011~ YliC18t '[ovlivu va o.O'1tucrOel '1:11 YVOOj.-l11 TOO li)"lou. 'EKeI onou 6 Bcrthollet g'. Pil,81t8 8VCL X1UUK:O ~Ei'Jla. '[O~ 6notou ~l1tOpOOa{LV VU~I.6'tC1.Bu""AOV'Wl o] &'VClA.OY{B~, {) Proust gpA81t8 Uvu <puO'lI~O ~l[Yll(J.31. £' auto to 61(t~.lCtx.o ~11tlW(t) Sav ~l1tOpolJcrCl;V va papuvouv a \:It 8 TO rcs(pcWa oute 1) dAAUY1l "toO IIp LcrpOO. M~XoDO'av ·YLC1. rooo Ba.crnca. 6lWPOP6'tlKU 1tp6.YIlCJ.'fCt, l:5cro l<i:ui 6 rUA.t"-~to<;; ~Ie rov , Aptc:rtotl::A:11·

AO'n~ ~)Ka16.crtctcr11 S1tlKpC1:rof5crs tOV K((.lPO nov 6 John Dalton (LvliA.a~G 'tlC; MpsuvsS 1(00 TO" O()li'YllO'(tV 'tEA-U;:a. atl) qnnUOIl{:Vll il'WIUldl roo DCOJj1(o;.

416

• A'A) .. o, (he; n1 "CBA.Clrmta O't'CtOtCLa.U"CGW 'ttOv f.iPEDV&V, 6 Dalton oEv ~'tctv Oilte XIWU\:O~ oi5tG 'tov dvotu<pspe· 11 XIULB[a,TH'tCtv [i,vac; J.ls't"ccoP.OA.DyoC; Kcd 'sDaovo(jcm 'CCt- KUt&; "tIll 'YVcb~Lll 'tou - lPUC!nKO. npopA.1Wa'tct un;opp6(p110'11C;t{OV CtBplo)V cmo 'to vepo l\:at 'toO vaDoD areo 'Ill v Ct-un6crcpa.tpa. 'A:n:6 T11 ~LHl ~IEPl6., 11 ~lctOl1'tc{a 1'OU 0'6 QUl(POj1Ct.LKO tO~l8a, Kl (mo 'tl1v MA.A.1h 1; (hK~ TO\) spyaO'[u .0" al:I1;O 'tov 'tO~lta, 'tOY 68i1'Y110'ilV 0'1 autu. ta. 7tPOpAl1~la'Hl ~t' eva. «tl1COOEtnlU}). OIC(.(papBtlKO cur' aUTO t&v CfI)Y'XP6v(()v X;lWLK<'DV. 2:0'YKElcPL~l8V(',(, 8eropllOB to ~tfy~lCI. aeplmv " tl)V c1nopp6q>'W11 EVOI; UBp[OUd1tO to VEp6, we; cPUC!:t1Cl1 omOlKUO'lu O'tl)v 6no(a, Bev UnrLl~ctV KctV8VCt p61\0 ol 5UVaJ.l8lS1i~C; O'uyytVl':lac;. ·E7tO~U3Vc!)C;. 'tt' al.lT6v, 11 6~IOtOY{!VBLa. nOll TtCLPct'tl1Pl1011K'c cr't'a(haM~latCL li'rCLV llva7tp6~1\11lla.)n:ou ollCOr:; O'Kt.qn:lliC& on 0a~l7topotkrB va ~;ua8,(; liv yt~ v6~'av VU;1tp,ocrOtoplmH TCt' crX8''tlKU ~IEYE811 Kat~apl1 twV Stct<p6pwvt1to!l\'lc61v crm~ICL'tIB(cov O''ttt rrmpo.ga:rtKa. 'rot) ~llnl(;t't'U. no. v&. n:pocroLopfast nOta to. Ba~ Pll lcat to. I·LI~y{;Olll 6 Dalton 0''tpatp1ltm tBf..L'KU O't11 X1U18la 1<01 01ttOBOE (mo 1(1) v c'tpXJ1, {hi TO TtefHOfHO'~ltvo {r6.O'~lCJ. 't'lilv avnOpUGCffiV 1tOO Osropo()crs w~ XllIHI\(:~, 't(i.lho~lO. IJrtO(}OOcrllv wI. O'UVOtl!lO''t'otlv; ~L6vo GVt:Htpor;-l!va, 11 JIB KanOla,\! t1t-.i\:q [~,VCtA.oyl.o. o'Tti\(iJv 1tOA.A.a1t"'ucrt(JJv3~. Aimll1 (PU(fLOADYlKl~ un6QEall 't',l)V l\u/r(:(Jl:llcrB [Kavo va. 1tPOcrOlOp.lO'GL tu. ~tgYBOll Kat 1'Ct PUPIl TroV O'to.t .. xntClloClJv O'WIIU'ta6ict)v. fLA.A(L Kcd~tf;tCp();i .. 13 'to V6~lO 'C&v crtaDsprov aVCLA.oytlIlV CfG 'tI1UtOAOyl.fL. rUt 1'ov Dalton KaOE dVttBpacrl1'C~C; 6noiac; 'en QUO'1iCl:tLKU BEv Bv<OVQVt(l.V ~1P. a1'o.Of3PG~ aV(1li.oyIBg,88v Ct'TCO't6I\OOO'G ipso facto ~Lla Ka.0apel XIUUIC1~ i5LUOtKilO'[a. "Ev[l~ V6~LO;;; 7touaBv OCt JUtOpol'5cra va exut :eelleAtc00et J-l.c 1mlpa~LCL. nplv (treo 'tl1V CPYCLO((l ':00 Dalton, BYLV6 ~no. O'\)O''ta't'tK~, QUalOO· Ollt:; apx III ~t6Ii.tt; 11 cpycmlct'tob ayt vs u1toBelctll., ~uu apX1; nOD KIlVBVGt. 0'6voA.0 X1HlLK(OV pet(llicre(J)v, (mo ~16vo tau, 'OBV ~tn:opa(jO'B va 't11V CtvuaK.eUo.crEl. 'Q~ ri.Ttott'::XEcr~W anrcoD, 7tOll alvm tcrro<;. 'to 1tt06AO'KA.'I1p(j}~ltVO 1tapti~hn'Yga 8mOl'lUlOVll\ii~ ~nCL.Vacr'tTWlle;1 ol H5Lec; Xll~nI\8C; otEpyuolec; CL7tSK'tl1GCLV fiB '&'11 Xll" JUKll 'YBvtKlmcrll JLtll. CTX80' 11 1t.OAO OUHPOPBTI'Kl1 urea 'tl)V Ttpoyev{:O'tEpil'to\j~ oxtail·

6..€V dvat UVUYK11 V(). 1toOj.l€ (S1'~ tucr\J~l1tr;p6.O'~w,'t'a toO DnltonKC1/t'CL1tOA.8IJ.il" 011K«V circo 1COA."-OOC; lhavo.VC1KolvroOllKcW 'YUl1tPOO'tll cpop6.. L:I)YKBKpl~lBva, 6 BorthellctSev HGtOtl1KE nott.nAv A.ttBOI.lI.lS (m6\j1n 1:1) <PUO'11 "Ci1r; BtaHax,n;, Mv lltct.V ol6ivou U.YUYIW,to Va 1tBLaQet, 'A?JiJ, yta, t~V 1t.AfnO\V'1CPld. t(Dv Xl1~n~ K(QV, to veo un6.BElYJ.lCL 'to.O Dalton l~taV 1tBtCJ1itK.6, €Ket01tot) toO Proust Mv ,'tav, ywtl 0.1 (n)VC7tl~ltt;t0U etXCLV noM.! peYCtAut8Pll crnouSctt61:11't:O~ K.cLi BUpircfrcct an0 00'11 eIXE gVIl VEO KPLtil pta oU1X'roPLO'!lOO 'tD:Jvqm.O'uc(iJvCt1tO Ita X.1UUKo. lJ.[nlcna;"Av, A,.X .• 'eu li:CWlUj.l1tOpoOcrav va otJV5\)a~ovtCJ;L X11ttt1\:u ~.6vo, an hvaA,Qyh~t; UTtXlbv 1tOf..A.Q1tA.ua[rov,il tm,;vC:;E'mO'n 'taw tm~p;¢6vtrov X11!JLK:6)v 8()S.o~Ltv(Ov. f3npnJta vo. &ItOK:ClA.U1tt&L nClpct5e[ygcttCt 1tolA;{1f7t/dDV Kat crtaOsp&v avaAOYlIllv. O[X.1ULLI~Ot CJta~ui'tllcrav vu. ypUq10UV6'Ct'HL OUO 6~8t~ OHI, liS noOllll, 'toO (LvOptlKrL 7tepu;Txav 56. 0''Cv. ClcQ:1'6 Imt 72 erta. SKClTO osoy6- VO (TTD naper; "Com;' o.vtlOt:tCl., 'llypa!pav, (itL Uva pupas; (lVOpctKtl crDvoua~6'tuv ~,lr. l.3 1) ~lfi 2,6 Pr'lP1l !'j!;uy6vo\). "Oruv 1'6. aTtot6AGolIClitll, tc1wTtuJ.uUJJV sPYIl"

417

O''t'llpl<lKCZlv XElptcrf.llOV Kct:t'rL'YPa.Q)11KetV ~l' ui.l'~o tOY 't'p6n:o t;wpvt1cn cpaVr.pmOl1- ICE mu. &VaAoyla 2:1. Kt au't'o, EYLVE Katu. tl1VtlVUAUcrll1tOAAGlv YVODO''t'I1>V nc~ltbY &;YtlOp40l~(i)V; 0.')..J..0. Kul vt.rov. 'Emn:A-(:ov 't~) «oTt6~krnlC1» 'toO Dalton xu't80't110'8 'Suva'tl) 't'llV U<p0JloimUll 'tilt; cpyacr[w; 't()O Richter KU.O(OC; Kat brlnpG~Ia vCr. SO()~18 tl1 YIlVlK61i11tU 'tl1t; o' {)"-o 'tl1t; 'to p(;Yf.OOC;. 'Ert[CfIV;, (J1ttBel~(l vlla 1tetpa.~ct't'a, Q'UYKm(p.l~I{;V(l, tU 7tBtpa.pCL't'U 'roO Gny-Lussuc, YIU tOl)(; Q'uvouaOll~UC; 'ttJ)V 6YKCt)V. Kcl &1tO (J;U'tu miYctcrfl v Kut (u'"Ar:r; 1\(1 VO Vl 1<:6t111'e<;, nOli 1tp011YOO~LEv.a, 0{ X.l1PLKOl OEY' Ou. ~l1tOpoOcruv oi.l1:c vu. tlC;; "velpeutoDv. Auto nou of X.'ll .. U1colnllpav unO rov Dalton O&V lj'CtlV K((lVOufllot 1tf.t.po.pru'IK:ol VO~ ~IOt, &J .. :).,uevac_; vtoc; 'rp6n:oC; acrKl1O'llS 't'ile; 'XlUU:lw; (6 'lOtoe; 'to .QVOj.lCtO'e «vco QUO'tl1J1CL X1Wl~f\C; (PlAOcrOtpta.~»)· Kl auto roco Y(ll\yOpCL (J.'Tt()6GlX1'11K8y6vl~lO, &0'18 uevo Myot area '"Cous 1mAL6upouC; 'X'HllKOU<; O"r11 faAA.[u. xnl 1'11 RPE:'ravlal.m6paoav va 'toD &'vnO"tCLOoQv3:l. L(LV 11.1tO't{;AI;(JIHl ol X.q~I.1K(Jt npl';OllK:UV va soiSv cr' Yvav K6a~to (hWl) 1) aOj.I'TtSrHq>opu T(i)V a.vnOp(~(TC(l)V ~tav 'TtOAi) olCt(POPc'tlK1l uro' O,'Ct npo)'cUt!lpa.

KuOt:hr;rLl.lt11 l1IWt{W"tctcr11 quvr.x.L~6t(l.v, I!yi vn ~ltl'( itA-A.1l, 1tOA.i1 -cJ"1tOUBa.[I1, KaL x.UrCLKtl1PtO"'tlKl'), prruJ,Bo'}...'l. TtL (I)w '((1. GjllOJIl,nJdl OI:thllll':VU. Tfie; ;<.11116[0.<; UPXLcrCLV v' uAA&'~ouv arto nIlY'wiS. ,. ruv 6 Dalton l':fll:\'V11CTI: 'Ylt1nflLll"t1l (popti, 1(1 x,lULlKa cruyyp6.~L~lat'u "lui. ,O(l80~ltV(J .. reau Ou. (Ht()(T't"illn~(J.v t1) CrlJalK11 O{-;(Ilpia. roo, PpijKB KatnXCOplULEVn.C; ~u~p'LdC; (lvtlof1Lt.al~lC; 1Wtl 'tllV (nton .. tll!'HSClV, UAACt. a~T(paAG>c; Bev ~l7t6peerB Kat vb. ~ll) r~nl'll11/";Ar;C;; no') 61~.v tl1V tl1tO(i'n'lf1lSav. I AnD 'tiC; ~LEfpl1cre\<; 'roi} roton tot) Proust 'YlU tU 8uo o~e[i'hlL toO ;:'f1A.l\o{). 11Y~KE, A..x., fila o.vaA.oylet papol>~ 6~uy6vou 1.47:1, (i.vtl "ILL 2:1 nov l~m(_tt1;oOcrG 1Io.fO~ltKl) @eroplf1: Kcd 6 Proust dv(tl a.K(nOlOc; GKEtvo~ emu rev 61Co.rO Or). Jl1tO~ poDo"l) vu .1tEpl~levBL 1CuvetS va 1t8't'UX.m 't"Iiv &vuAoyla 1'00 Dulton'", EtV{1t "18- yovec; on 11't"uv p.vag e~atpetllCOC; 1tetra~let'tlKOC; Kul 1; U1tCl'I/1'l rou yui 'rll ax.tall ava~LeO'a crt(~ (pUaLK.U "Kat X,'UlUW. ~ll'Ypct'{rL ~"t«V 1tOht' KOV't"U. a' ,Ull'C11V 'toO Dalton .. 'A"AAo. e{VUl OUO"ICOAO va teUVSL KUVntC; 't"'~ (Pl)(Jll wi. "'t'al(Jl.6.~BL ~I~ llva «07t60BtY~La». Ti' aUtO 0 [ 'Yplcpot 1~<; KO,VOVI1( ns t.r(lCTt" III L llt; (lTtOTGA.O{}V 1IiPI..1- KA.1l<J'11 KeLt YL' aUTO ol ~11:;"Plicili:~<; not> yl vovrut U~(V (.tJtl..~ l~vu «tI1tMislYllCX» 't00'0 crn:a.Vla 6011yollv ers O'u~L1tep6.cr~IU.'tct, O[ 'X.'UllKOl Si'w ~11tof1oDaav Xomov vu 3e:;cmDv rnl Osoopla 'toO Dalton ~.IB pacr11 :nl ~lap'tup[a. YUltt 'Co JleyuAlrtepO ~16- po~ "t11C; 11taV aK6~11 BVqVt[ov tllC;. ' AvtlOGtu, a~61·l11 ,wl ~IC,"U. 'I"1~ v anoeo;:.,) 't~~ eB(J)'p{U~, 8npSTtS va «paAOtlV 'Cl~ cPU(JIl CHIl mnp{m: ~tlU OlCXOltWO(U 'Yla 11)V (mota xpma.crTTlKE l' aouAElu ~llClC; 6A6K)..11PllC;; Q'X;Eo6v YCVLUC;, "Orcv ~:YlVE 1) 'ltoO'oO"tta~a cruvOecrll 'Ciilv X1U1tKiilv ~lt'Y~lflT(i)v, CtK6JL11 I'>:l BK8lv11 tl7lv 7tOAU YVaiO''r&v aiU' nOta, i'l'tCtv otacpopsttKl,. Ta 10L(( 't'u (5Eoo~ttva. stxQV aA.f.u~r.t. Al)'t11 eIvat ~ TUAEuta.(U <l7tO de; I!VV<>tE<; cr(,~l<ProVct ~IB 'tic; l17toTuC; O~1. 06)..l'100Ufie tero>,c; va. 1tO{}~lE Otl, J.um1. 0.7C0 IHc1. dn:avaerTllO'll, ol bncrttWOVBC;; ~pya~OVtal cr' gvaolU(pbpEtL.K6K6cr~LO.

Mirr:aqu,}W:111 UP.ll,lr.V01.: w/Ja~1~ l(ovtofJyuo~ 'E'J'Ctf.tSAetG xeL~'61'OV ",d Wrr:cirp(](J.C1tl mJ~u)uo(rtW))l: II. X.

418

I.' Areo to ~tnHo'toa Thomas S. Kuhn, The Structure of Scientific Revolutions, 211 EK.OOcrll (The University of Chicago Press, 1962, 1970) KE(PdiA.al0 X, Revolutions as Changes of TIVodd View O"CA.(08<; 111-135 (I.t.EK.).

2. Mil tOV opo u1t66slyga rmoB6811lCs 6 8po~ paradigm not') crrHwtvBl «Cl?;'6KA.11 po TOV uO'tGP\cr~I.o dno 1tE1COllHlaEl~,&SIp.<;, 'tSxvt'KEl;, 1<:1).., mOD ac:m6.SE,[Cll ~lla 6PlO'pt.V1l K01V6't11'ta» Kal cruv6.~ICt, {moOllf..WVEl "'tiC; crl)'YKBKPlJIEVE<; AUO'ElC; repOOI.1UtCtT(OV 1to()j XfnlrrqI07tOlll1lGVU<; we; ~Iov'ttf..a i' n<lpaoe[YIlIl'tf.L, I.l7tOPOOV vu. ('(V'tlKtL't(LG'tliO'ouv 't'ou~ Pll'touc.; K:r.i;v6vEC; IDC; PUO"ll 'YtCt. 'L"11 M0"11 tCO\' brcbXolf[OJY rcPoPfl.l111(.Lt(OV 't11<; K(.LVOVI1\~C; €1tlcrtli~L.l1C;! (0'. 175). MB 5J .. A.fl ;"6y in, 6 l5 po~ KCJ.?()'1t'Ce \ 1'1) V xot ViIlVl Kll U1tO\lt11 't11e; C1nO"'tlHlovl Kil<; xowcrn'rCte; Kat I·l((~l TOV \ 1to3Blyp(nl1«~ r6,..0 6Pl<r~Il~V(aJV A.UcrEmv. (L.t.E.).

3. '0 (JU)''YpcHpeuc; (Lvacpl'irHttCtL O't1) YV(OC5't11 &XA.Ct,),1\ JIOP(Pi1~ TOO crXilWlroc 1to\l l1~/..O't!r: cprdVGto.L m~vk:mp4~t 7to:relUe; Kllt tlAA.O'tS pl}'ta.Tt1]6lt O'lt11 popep'l 1(O\)VCA.wO. '1-1 nrtr{LCr~aall '[00 O"uv61.ou slvut YV(I)O''tl1 w~ Gestalt, LlEC; crx.1iw1 crt'l (rlHlsiCJ)O'll 28. (:£.'t.EK.).

4. '0 5po<;do6~I~lG't'poC; (incommensurable) &'Vct(pnp8't1lt ·O"t1i aX-so" 88mpL~V rco() Bev ~11tOpOtlV va O"U'YKPI8olJv A.6yro O".JIJCLyi1·C; TCOV ,tvvotlllv 't&V 6prov nOll slvmxoivot [L.t.M.]'

5. TO. '1!pli'na 1tElpCt~lutCL 'tel. EIWVS 6 George M. Stratton, «Vision without Inversion or tho Ro tin a I Image», Psychological Review) IV (1897) 341~60, 463-81. Mta. monp6aqJctt1l ~~(.;TClo:l1 KtlVGL 6 Harvey A. Carr, An Introduction to Space Perception (New York, 1935), 0', 18-57.

6. To 7tCXpaBlwYllCL stval to \jIUXOXOYLKO 1tetp.<lllct t&v I.S. Bruner Kat Leo Postman ({(Ot'} the Perception of Incongruity: A Paradigm», Jou,rnal oj PhilosojJ!Jy XVIII (1949), 206-23}. TIep1'YpU(PStCLt areo tOY Kuhn GtC KEtpa~utO 6, O'(l~. 62·63.

To :rte[pC1.~u Y{VEt<ll ~IE 6pla~.lBVO aptOl!o av8p6mrov O"tOU~ 61totouc; 013( .. x,vouv Ilto. 0'8tp.a UltO x,apna ano ~LLU tpa1touA.IJ.. lloA.A.u XCLpno. e.tV<lt K<lVOV1::Ko', r'llXu ~UlP'~KU, ~xouv of.A.(l.XJe(· f...X., Hva K:.6KKLva g!;l CinuOl Kilt ~Vll JlOOpo 'tBaO'Epa KapOLU. L'n)vapxi" ol UVOPOO1tOL Mv .Pf..E7tOUV 't~ Otatpopll. M6vo u<pof) fOU~ oelsouv CTtaVelA.A.1ULJleVCL to' dvro~lu/..a Xllpnu apx(~o\)V vu dJlcptpnAA.OUV Kill vel I~xouv tnlyv(oO'll 't~C; &.vro~lnA.la<; .. A."I';" K(i1tOtO~ /..Em: Aoto slvct tl~ l!l;t (maOI, aA.Au. ~XBl Kat~ O''t fHl po' - 'to !-mOpo ~XEl ~V(1; K6KICLva nB~ p[ypCJ.~t~ta. DM1tovtac; rc 1tI~rllO'0'6tBPO, CLu~6.VEt 11 d~uptpoMa Kfll 11 GUn.ucrll dlOl'ltOtl ate 'tflXo~, Ktl;1tOte 6Vtf$A.<Or; ~r.tq>VtKa, ol 1teplo0'6't'EPOl ota/tl)J[mvonv

419

II

t1l crcaO'tli CtVaywnpta11. Kuiex,ov't'tic; 'to Ka.VBt ~U~ SUO 11 'tpla'tpo,nouA.6x,a.ptu, Mv §UO'KOAEUOV:t'U1, met va. "CQ lCtlVOl)V Kat '1U)', OA.r/. 1iCtUTt6A.Qt'lto,. ".QO't6cro uePlKa {itO~lfJ. ()BV ~m6p&crfJ.v WOTS va UVU'IvruptO'ouv (J"CLlO:'CU;' '(a xapnclKai ~l6vo BvuJlOo.vavTovll eV6XA1lCJ1l 1I;:6.0e" (popa. '/tau j._:pA.B7CaV 'tel «1!tvtb~laA.CO) xap'tla. ~O Kuhn npocrOC'rIH (0'. ,64): «Ei'!B {he; ~LgttttpOPIJ. eLtB yw:dK.aOpB(l)'rU~fll. nl '(PU~ all 'toO vob, noto, t6 WOXOAOY1KO 7tBlpaUIl napaXGl !iva OaU~lCtcrLCL ((11::\0 Kat lWt6.A.A.11Ao O'XfiJLCt. "'(leL tic; OlCt5llCaalse; 't'fie;; 6n'LO''tlU10vLKf1:e;; O;vuKaAmV'lC;». (:E.'t.,E.).

7." rut 1CapaoB[y~u:f,'t'a, ~~t'lte Al bert 1-1, Has torr, «The Influence of S uggestion 011 the. Relationship between Stimulus Size and Perceived Distance», ]ou1'Jtal oj Psychology) XXIX (1950), 195-217' Ked Jerome S .. Bruner, Leo Postman I{'cd John Rodrigues, «Expectations and the Perception of Color», AmeticlUZ ]ou1.'Iwl oj Ps),cholog')!, LXIV (1951), 2] 6~27.

8. B.R. Hanson, Patterns of Discovery (Cambridge, 1958), KC(paA. i.

9. '0, cruyypmr~ctr; a.vacpepexctt crtO 1t'8t'pa;~lr.L not) ,1Ceplyp(~t\j1agE CY'tl1V 6noU1HLetoocr11 6. (l::r. E.).

10. Peter Doig, A Concise History or ASll'OllOIUY (London, 1950), G, 115~16.

11. Rudolph Wolr, Geschichie der Astronomic (M6vCLXO., 1877), 0'. 513~ IS, .683-93. npoali~'t8 (SLahepct 1t6cro BIvfn 8UO'KO,AO vu. C~11"'(11000V, ~lE ~adll 'n)V(;~1'lYl1(J'11 toC Wolfau'tr:c;; ot UVCLKUt.(}\VBU; d.l'i.O'uV(.:1{[UBC; 'toG N6~lOU 1"00 Bode.

12. Joseph Needham, Science ami Oivili<:.ation in CMua, In (Cambridge, 1959.), 423-29, 434-36.

13. T. S. Kuhn, The Copemican RClJolllt£011 (Cambridge, Mass., 1957), 206.:9.

14. Duane Roller Kcd Duane H. D. Roller. Tho Deualojmumt of the Concept of Electric ChaTge (Cambridge, Mass." 1954) 21-29.

. 15. '0 llAEK't·poo:m't1Kos n,l)Kvoo'"nlS noo U\)vtut{.('tcn cm6 nvu yl>LtA.lVO 0·0'-

x,eto ~lE ~leto;h.A.L"K1) ecrro'tcptK11 'Kai e~co"t&pl"Kll trdO'Tj1OJlJl1' 'AVCtlWAUJpOl1Ktl O"~o Leyden to 1745. (t.t.E.).

16. AsC;. 'eli (J"u~"rtl1O:ll ato Keep. VII Kat 'tIl ~l~Moyp(L(p(a O't11V 07to(a OCt MllYTlo'Bt 1i clv(upopt'J. noo Pp{,o'lce'tat atli o11pelcoO'11 9 [S'lX. H. Guerlae, Lavoisier-the Crucial reat (Ithaca, N.Y., 1961). ·OA.6KA11PO 't6 ~lPMo (pepV8,~ 'It&LO"ttK11 ~la.ptOp[ct y~a t1\v ~st?>.l.l;" Kat l11V npO:)'t11 a.vayvWptO:l, J.ttuc; xplall~! ria'lll&; craq'l11fC'EPLypu(p1i -cfjc; 'iCC!itua'tua"lr; O"XE'tlKcl He tOV Lavoisier, Be~ ,0'. 35].

17. Galilee Galilel, Dialoguf!.5 ctmcerzr-ing Two Neu: Sciences, &'1'y;"11(11 ~Le'ta~ppa.crll H. Crew lw.l A. de SHylo (Evanston, 1113 1946), 80-81, 162~66.

18. 1:,;6 rs LOi cr. 91-94, 244.

19. M. Clagett, The Science oj Mechanics fn llu: ,l1liddle Ages (Madison, wu, 1959), 537-38, 570.

. 20: [Jacques]' Hadamard, Sttbcoftscient) illtl~Wo.'t et Logiquc 'dans 'lCl te ..

420

.cherche matluJmMiquB (Conference faite au Palais de la Decouverte Ie 8 Decembre 1945 [Alenson, n.d.]) cr. 7-8. Mitt 1[OAD 1[t.11ptO"'t'BPll m:ptypaq>11, goA.ov6n 1l8a1[OKA.BLcr"tTI~1i' uVCl.<popa cr'tl~ lCCUVO'tOjl[s<; ff'tfL Pa.O'l~La'tLICIi, PpiO'ICEtCl.l O''to The PS)lcllOlogy of Invention in the MatlwmaHaal Field (Princeton 1949) 'toO lOLQU O'uyypacpsa,

.21. T.S. Kuhn, «A Function for Thought Experiments» 0',(0 NUlanges Alexandre KOJr8 BIdS, R.. Taton KCJ.l I. B. Cohen, fWD OU 6KBo0et 01[0 rev HC1'111aIHi (Ilaplot) 'to 1963.

22. A. Koyre, Etudes Galileenues (Iluplm, 1939), I, 46-51' Kat «OaLileo and Plato», Journal of the History of Ideas, IV, (1943), 400-428.

2'3. Kl1 h 11· , «A Function for Thought Experiments», cro -NUtangcs Ate-

sandre Koyrtf (SCt; 01tOcrll~tBtro.cr'l 21 yta 1tXfJp11 't£1:'-0).

24. Koyrc Etudes ... , II,. 7-11.

25. Clagett, op. cit. Keep. IV, VI Kat IX.

26. ·OCP&[t.~'taL 0'1:0V Jastrow, T1lv ttK6AoUOTl Ilop<P11 Jt'1tOpO~~lE v« OOj)~lE 11AI.OtE roc; my.1tLC1. (t6 pa~l(pOC; tllS elvni apLeJ'tsfH't.) tlt.,,"Ot6 roe; 'J.o:yo (au-co 1[OV llto;V PU.1HPOC; dVaL rroopa 1{L (l(pnu 'toO Aa.you). (t:t.E.).

C--

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27. N. Goodman, The Structure of Appearance (Cambridge, Mass., 1951),0'. 4-5. 'A~[s£n rov K6rc:o veL n;ap(XOecroupe 'to xwp[o: «"Av 0).,01 KCl.t ~l6- vo ol t<:UtOLKOl 'toO Willmington 1'0 1947 1to{,t;:uylt;:ouv uno 175 &~ 180 A(~1tpS~ 6[vCL1 KOKKLVO~L6:}\ok'10BO::;I 1161:6 to ({KOKKWO).t(LA.~l'C; KO:tOlKOG 't'Q('j Willmington to 1947» Kat ''to «KUtolKOCj 'toa Willmington 'to ]947 1[OV ~\)y(~St ano 175 toCj ] 80 M~l1tPBC;» unopst v(LO'\)vevroOoOv crf: Evav «O'uv'tuypa'tLKo» 6pttr)..1o (constitutional definition) ... To ~li't:'HW V.V «~lreopo{jO'e vu. u1[!lPseo) KCtnoloc; orov 61toro rtatpto.~Bt ';0 eva fJ:x.'A.u. OX~ Kat 'to UAAO O:1t-O (tina 't'rl KUtl1yopiuul"CCL Stv &XBL OUall •.. ~tt6. 1tOU KctOoptcrctjl!; 'ltOO~ Mv tm6pxeL ,];B'tOW' lho~lO ..• Elvci eUluX1Wtt O~tL oev E{val8sj.,LC1. KaL ll'J-..A(JJV npanUi'CCllV' yw:tl ~ svvom 'o\)vate~' 1tEpt7t'tCOcr&t<;, 7tEpm'truO'ELt; nOll BEv {ma.pxouva.x,x,&. 'ltOD SU urropotiouv va. u'7tapsot)v, n:OA\J o'TtBXEt o.TtO 'toD vuelvuL crtlep~C;».

28. H. Metzger, Newton, Stahl, Boerhaaoe et la doctrine chimique (Paris, 1930), 34-68.

29. Tol) tOtOU, cr. 124-29,. 139-48. tl,a 'tov Dalton, 6[;<; Leonard K. Nash, The i1t01J#C - Molecular Them] (<<Harvnrd Case Histories in Experimental Science», Case 4; Cambridge, Mass., 1950) 14';21.

42l

30. J. R. Partington, A Short History of Chemistry (211 gK5oO'l1, AovlHvo, 1951) cr. 161-63.

31. A. N. Meldrum, «The Development of the Atomic Theory: (1) Berthollet's Doctrine ofVa-dubie Proportions», Manchester Memoirs, LIV, (1910) 1-16.

32. L.K. Nash; «The Origin of Dalton's Chemical Atomic Theory», Isis XLVn (1956), 101 ... 16.

33. A.N, Meldrum, «The Development of the Atomic Theory: (6) The Reception Accorded to the Theory Advocated by Dalton» , Manchester Memoirs, LV (1911), 1-10.

34. rtti t:6v Proust, ot~ Meldrum «Berthollet's Doctrine of Variable Proportions», Manchester Memoirs (1'910), 8. "A~6!111 oEv Mx,eL yp~cp,"Ei i~ AE7t~0- ~18p'~C; tcr'toptu 'Caw Pa.f)~L.tU[(OV jlBtIlP'OAI1lV O''tt«;; J.U~tPl·lO'Bt~ tfJc;' XiWt1C~C; cruvO'Ca11C; ~Ilt 'tmv &'t'o~L1.KlOv paplilv, CLAAa 6 Partington, D.n., K6.VBL 1tOAA.8~ Xpl'l~ O'L~lES v6~EtS.

422